Preface The Fifth Deans’ Committee of Indian Council of Agricultural Research has recently revised the syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.) Horticulture which is uniform throughout the country. The course ‘Principles of Landscape Architecture’ is taught in the first semester. The present textbook covers the syllabus in nine chapters. Simple and lucid language has been used for easy understanding of the beginners. The information contained in the book has been gathered from various published sources and internet websites. Questions are set at the end of each chapter to assess the understanding of the students. We have tried our best to remove the errors, typographical or otherwise, from the text; still there might be some. We would highly appreciate if it is brought to our notice for rectification in next edition. We cherish the encouragement and cooperation received from our family members during preparation of the manuscript. We congratulate M/S New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi for their support and publishing in a short time.

1.1 Introduction Irrespective of caste, creed, culture, sex, age or religion people like garden. A well-maintained garden serves as lungs of the city or locality as it is a prime source of plenty of oxygen and people enjoy the surrounding and feel happy by fresh air. In holy books of Hindu religion, the importance of plants as well as gardens are explained very beautifully. In the holy Bible it is mentioned that Adam and eve lived in garden. In Quran it is explained as the paradise on earth. So, scriptures of all religions explain about gardens. It shows gardens and plants are closely related to human from the origin of human belief.

2.1 Introduction Generally, gardens are divided into different sections as per the rules and regulation followed in the placement of different elements and features in it. On the basis of this garden types are divided into 4 categories such as

3.1 Introduction Many gardens follow strict rules. So those are known as formal gardens. Generally formal gardens include: Italian gardens French gardens Persian gardens Mughal gardens

4.1 Introduction Many styles of gardens do not follow strict rules and so those are known as informal gardens. Some gardens evolved as informal garden in due course of time as per the choice of people but some gardens are informal in nature from origin. Informal gardens are: English garden Japanese garden Hindu garden Buddhist garden

5.1 Elements of Landscape Gardens 5.1.1 Introduction Elements of a garden are the basic units of any visual design which form its structure and convey visual messages. Elements are based on the art principles of landscaping. Process of landscape design includes concepts and elements of landscape designing. Generally, elements of a garden are divided into 2 types

6.1 Introduction Garden design encompasses the aesthetic beauty, artistry, knowledge of plant growth and development with basic maintenance of plants and other elements as required. Principles are the basic rules of designing a landscape. The basic principles of garden design are very simple; however, each is often referred to by more than one name. Principles of landscape garden keeps the garden lively and beautiful. The principles of gardening should be kept in mind always while designing a garden. 6.2 Axis It is an imaginary line in landscape designs around which the garden is created striking a balance. In a formal garden the central line is the axis.

7.1 Introduction Garden designing is an important and crucial step as whole aesthetic view of the garden depends upon it. A beautifully designed garden can attract plenty of viewers as well as fauna while a poorly designed garden can destroy the view of the garden as a whole. So, while designing a garden all the basic principles and elements of gardening should be kept in mind. 7.2 Steps in Preparation of Garden Design Site identification Generally, the site for garden development is provided by the client itself. So, in this case we should go for site analysis step directly. Site identification is always a choice of client/human. If landscape architect has liberty to identify a land for garden establishment, he should identify the site as per choice of the client, usage and special considerations of the client.

8.1 Introduction One important aspect of bio-aesthetic planning is to landscape public places on a priority basis compared to private places. For this specific reason, the railway station and the railway lines should attract attention at the very outset for landscape gardening. 8.2 Definition Bio-aesthetic planning means the proper utilization of the available flora and fauna in the beautification of the surroundings. The concept of bio-aesthetic planning is given by concept of Prof. Lancelot Hogben. In India, the theme of bio-aesthetic planning was propagated by Dr. M. S. Randhawa. Le Corbusier and his associates, Pierre Jeanneret, E. Maxwell Fry and Jane B. Drew had planned Chandigarh city as per the principles of bioaesthetic planning.

9.1 Introduction Xeriscaping is the fine art of creating water-efficient landscapes by using plants that are appropriate to the natural environment. Xeriscaping (zer-i-skaping) is a word originally coined by a special task force of the Denver Water Department, Associated Landscape Contractors of Colorado and Colorado State University to describe landscaping with water conservation as a major objective. The derivation of the word is from the Greek “xeros,” meaning dry, and scape meaning the pattern of the landscape – thus, xeriscaping. The term xeriscaping represents a practice or philosophy with the goal to establish and maintain an attractive and healthy landscape while reducing water usage. One of the prime practices in xeriscaping is the use of drought tolerant plants, but xeriscaping is more than that. It also includes changes in the landscape design, soil improvement, efficient irrigation, mulching, and other maintenance practices which contribute towards a water-wise landscape. But xeriscapes are not dry and dull. Well-designed xeriscapes are enchanting and beautiful. The best xeriscapes use a fraction of the water needed by traditional lawn-dominated landscapes. Some xeric plants require little or no supplemental watering once they are established. And xeriscapes require far less ongoing maintenance.

Bibliography Anonymous (2001) Xeriscaping and Conserving Water in the Landscape, University of Maryland extension folder. Arora JS, Kumar R and Bharadwaj BM (2010) Environment and Bioaesthetic Planning, https://www.scribd.com/doc/40545855/Bio-Aesthetic-Planning, pp.1-30. Bose TK, Maiti RG, Dhua RS and Das P (1999) Floriculture and Landscaping, 2nd ed., Naya Prokash Publication.