FISH DISEASE: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: FULLY ILLUSTRATED - Volume 04
authored by: B. K. Das & Vikash kumar
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The book explores various categories of diseases affecting living organisms, including bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal diseases. Each category delves into the unique characteristics, causes, and impacts of these diseases, providing a comprehensive understanding of their significance and the challenges they pose to health and well-being.
Dr. B.K. Das, Director attained his Ph.D. in 1998 from Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology and later on completed Post-Doc at FRS Marine Lab, Aberdeen, Scotland (2006-2007). An influential figure in fisheries science, He has served as President of the Inland Fisheries Society of India and a member of the Professional Fisheries Graduates Forum (PFGF). His research contributions include research on Hilsa and river dolphin conservation, Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in fisheries, and cage culture diversification, improving Hilsa fish stocks across the Farakka Barrage on the Ganga River, and ranching in Hilsa upstream. He has worked on fisheries development in Bihar's Kothia Maun and major river valley projects like the Sardar Sarovar Reservoir and Narmada in Gujarat. The innovative "Waste to Wealth" project explores using black soldier fly larvae and silkworm pupae in collaboration with the Insect Institute and Central Silk Board.With more than 32 awards and honours, his notable recognitions include the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for postgraduate research (1999), the Lal Bahadur Shastri Young Scientist Award (1999-2000), the Dr. M.S. Swaminathan Award for Best Indian Fisheries Scientist (2011), the Krushi Ratna Award from Orissa Krushak Samaj (2016), and the prestigious Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award for Outstanding Research in Agricultural Sciences (2020). In recent years, He received Lifetime Achievement Awards from VDGood Technology and the International Academy of Science and Research in 2023. He hasextensive international exposurewith institutions like WorldFish, IUCN, FAO, and the World Bank, and countries like Malaysia, Bangladesh, Switzerland, Germany, Canada, and Australia. Dr. Das is associated with many collaborative projects with global organizations including GIZ, TWAS, NACA, and SAARC.With over 495 international publications, his scholarly output includes 37 books, 27 book chapters, 5 technical bulletins, 15 radio talks, and 29 documentary films. They have also guided 25 Ph.D. and 35 Master's students, along with postdoctoral and international students. His technological innovations include the commercialization of seven products, such as the CIFRI PEN HDPE®, CIFRI GI CAGE®, and CIFRI CAGEGROW®, registering four designs with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and seven patents. He also signed 11 MoUs with government departments, three for commercial ventures, and several for consultancy, research, and academic collaborations. His leadership in fisheries science and numerous contributions to both national and international projects reflect a commitment to innovation and sustainable development in the fisheries sector.
Dr. Vikash Kumar, currently working as a senior scientist at a research institute (ICAR, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, India), completed his bachelor's in fisheries science (B.F.Sc.) at the College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, India. He obtained his master's in fisheries science (M.F.Sc.) degree in Fish health specialization from ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR-CIFE), India. Later, he moved to Belgium and completed his PhD at the Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center (ARC), Ghent University, Belgium. During his study period, he received Government of India funding, based on his performance in class, to pursue bachelor's, master's and PhD programs. He has learned Transcriptomic, Proteomic, Cellular biology, Histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and other techniques.He has published over 50 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 10 book chapters, and > 20 popular articles. He has also presented the scientific outputs of his research at international congresses (World Aquaculture Conference, European Aquaculture, etc.). He received two patents (Method for producing synergistic microbial composition to promote fish health and disease protection; Means to detect whether acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus is virulent or non-virulent).He has supervised fivemaster's students (Mr. Bipul Kumar Dey, Bangladesh; Ms. Thi Ngoc Phuong Tran, Vietnam; Mr. Alexander Goossens 2020, Belgium; Angana Mondal 2024, India and SaikatBarui 2024, India). He served as an associate editor and member of the editorial board for several reputed journals, including Frontiers, MDPI, Aquaculture, Fish and Shellfish Immunology, Microbiology Letters, etc. He was awarded the Best Scientist Award (ICAR, Government of India), Best Speaker awards (College of Fisheries, India; Indian Virological Society; Conference Mind; Asian Fisheries Society Indian Branch and Society of Fisheries and Life Sciences), Young Scientist Award (College of Fisheries, India) and International Achievement Award (Society of Fisheries and Life Sciences).
1 Background
2 Bacterial Diseases
3 Viral Diseases
4 Parasitic Diseases
5 Fungal Diseases
The challenge of feeding a growing global population while minimizing environmental impacts is particularly pressing in developing countries. The demand for animal protein is expected to rise, exacerbating environmental challenges like droughts and floods. Increasing fish and seafood consumption, particularly through aquaculture can serve as a potential solution. The aquaculture industry, crucial for livelihoods and food security, faces risks from disease outbreaks due to intensified production. Environmental factors like water quality and climate change further heighten these risks, making fish more susceptible to bacterial pathogens, which can cause significant economic and ecological damage. Advances in molecular diagnostic techniques for detecting fish pathogens offer promising solutions for managing these risks. These techniques, which include DNA sequencing and PCR can allow for faster and more accurate diagnosis of diseases, in comparison to traditional culture methods. However, widespread adoption of these methods requires validation and integration into routine diagnostic practices. Disease prevention in aquaculture focuses on maintaining a healthy environment through proper sanitation, chemo-prophylaxis, vaccination, and environmental manipulation. Treatment methods vary depending on the situation, including the use of chemicals in water, feed, or direct application to f ish. The success of fish production depends on the health of species, making disease monitoring and management crucial. Despite progress in diagnostic techniques, there are a few of challenges, such as variability of disease symptoms, involvement of multiple pathogens, and human error in diagnosis. To ensure the effectiveness of new molecular methods, large-scale validation and trials are needed. These efforts will be essential for advancing fish health management and sustaining aquaculture production in the face of growing global demand and environmental pressures. The initiative by ICAR-CIFRI to publish the book entitled "Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment" with an innovative approach is commend-able. We believe this book will set a significant benchmark in addressing fish diseases and their prevention.
A key challenge for the years to come is feeding a rapidly growing human population while lowering the impact of food production on the environment. This is particularly true for low and middle-income countries where the demand for animal protein is likely to rise and further increase several folds in existing environmental changes (e.g., droughts, floods, extensive wildfires) have in recent years led to major food crises. To achieve these goals, food production not only needs to be increased, but most of all, good husbandry practices must be followed to reduce its negative impacts on the environment. Several studies have suggested that shifting the human diet towards increased consumption of f ish and seafood could be a solution to the need for protein that would sustain human and environmental health. In fact, fish and seafood consumption is forecast to increase by 27% on the horizon of 2030, mostly sustained by the aquaculture sector, which is expected to grow by 62% during the same period. The aquaculture industry contributes significantly to livelihood, food security, and poverty alleviation, with over 100 million people estimated to rely on aquaculture for their living. Fish is a cheap source of animal protein, and the current per capita consumption of fish in India is around 9 kg per annum, which is compared to the 11 kg recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Presently, the contribution of the fisheries sector to the gross domestic product (GDP) and agriculture GDP has been estimated to be 1.2 and 4.2%, respectively.
Clinical Symptoms • Gasping for air • Discoloured gills with trapped materials • Swollen gills with enhanced mucous secretion • White to grey spots on the gills • Diseased fish gather near the outlet of the pond • Fish become lethargic and remain on the surface waters Causative Agent: Flavobacterium branchiophilum, Cytophaga spp., Flexibacter spp. Host (Common sp.) • Goldfish • Koi carp • Cichlids • Fighter fish • Gourami fish
Clinical Symptoms • External haemorrhages • Pale gills • Ascites • Destruction of tissues in the kidney, spleen, and liver • Excessive mucus secretion • Skin hemorrhages with edema of the tissues • Skin ulceration around the mouth and base of the fins Causative Agent: Rhabdovirus Host (Common sp.) • Common carp • Koi carp • Crucian carp • Silver carp • Bighead carp • Grass carp • Goldfish
Clinical Symptoms • Anchor worms can be seen with the naked eye • Frequent rubbing or “flashing” • Localised redness • Inflammation on the body of the fish • Tiny white-green or red worms in wounds • Breathing difficulties
Clinical Symptoms • White/brown cotton-like foci on the surface of the skin and/or gills • Peritonitis • Extensive haemorrhage • Necrosis • Adhesions
background, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, parasitic diseases, fungal diseases