Preface Science and practice of Horticulture have witnessed significant improvement in content, technological inputs, crops covered, diversified products development, marketing and above all awareness in healthcare and wellness. Globalization of horticulture and trade in products have made visible changes in the profession of marketing and trade. Modern nurseries with updated devices for control of water, nutrients, light and energy have resulted in the development of quality planting materials –coated seeds, hardened seedlings, seedling grafts (stions), rooted cuttings, Tissue Cultured (TC) plants. Biofortification of propagules using biocontrol agents has boosted seedling stand and survival in stressed soils. The limiting factors of production like reduced area (space), water, nutrients and energy are addressed by techniques of protected cultivation. Polytunnels, rain shelters, polyhouses,solar powered cold frames and modern glass houses have made cultivation of horticultural crops a reality throughout the year. Crops forcing is now a reality to grow crops during offseason and for periods of high demand. Fertigation (application of fertilizers dissolved in water) has minimized loss of nutrients and enhanced uptake considerably.Use of pheromones and colour traps inside the growing structures have reduced damages due to insect attack. Many biocontrol agents are identified which are eco-friendly and leaving no residues to crops as detected after application of pesticides especially systemic insecticides. High density planting is now practiced in mango, guava, avocado, pear, peach, plum and apple. Training and pruning are tailoring techniques to modify plant structure to utilize optimum space and harvesting within reach of hand both manual and mechanical. Peri-urban and urban horticulture are gaining attention for nutritional security, greening of cities and towns and ultimately to make earth green enough for humanity to live. Floriculture has emerged from the status of potted plants to commercial ventures. Harvest and post harvest technology are further strengthened by innovations much cherished by consumers and processors as well. Nano technology is emerging in products development. Vegetables, fruits, plantation crops, spices, ornamentals, tubers, medicinal and aromatic plants, bamboos, mushrooms and beverage crops are keys to human welfare and wellness. Information on above crops are updated. The present revised edition has 21 chapters including 10 appendices. Forty six scientists from eight Institutes, States Agricultural Universities and two organizations have contributed to the revised book. Since publication of first edition of BASICS OF HORTICULTURE in 2009, there is increase in number of Universities of Horticulture, Research Institutes and trade in products. A village market has now all kinds of vegetables, fruits, tubers and ornamentals which vouch for progress in the science and art of horticulture. Many educated youth are taking up Horticulture as a profession.

1.    Major Branches of Horticultural Science      2.    Potential Production Zones of Various Horticultural Crops in India      3.    Indian Horticulture      4.    Current Production and Projected Demand of  Horticultural Products      5.    Extent of Value Addition in Fruits and Vegetables      6.    Horticulture as Profession      7.    Projected Demand for Horticulture Professionals in 2020      8.    Major Career Opportunities in Horticulture      9.    Level of Employment (%) in Horticultural Processing Sector      10.    Conclusion          References

1.    Greenhouse Effect      2.    Global Warming      3.    Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2)      4.    Aerosols and Global Cooling      5.    Clouds and Global Warming/Cooling      6.    Ozone Depletion and UV Radiation 7.    Climate and Horticulture      8.    Climate and Cashew      9.    Climate and Cardamom      10.    Climate and Coffee      11.    Climate and Tea      12.    Climate and Cocoa      13.    Climate and Coconut          References

1.    Vegetables for Nutritional and Health Security      2.    Status of Vegetable Production      3.    Classification of Vegetable Crops      4.    Influence of Environment on Vegetable Production      5.    Management of Seedlings in Nursery      6.    Vegetables Based Cropping System      7.    Water Management      8.    Plant Nutrients and Integrated Nutrients Management      9.    Micro-Irrigation and Fertigation      10.    Pollination Management      11.    Integrated Pest Management      12.    Biological Management of Diseases      13.    Mechanisms of Biocontrol      14.    Weed Management      15.    Management of Vegetable Crops Under Polyhouse      16.    Post Harvest Handling and Storage of Vegetables      17.    Marketing and Export of Vegetables      18.    Export Trade of Vegetables in India      19.    Seed Technology          References

1.    Botanical Background/Classification      2.    Nutritive and Medicinal Values of Fruits      3.    Genetic Resources      4.    Plant Propagation      5.    Design and Orchard Management      6.    Physiology of Fruit Trees          References

1.    List of Spices      2.    Biotechnological Interventions in Spices      3.    Micropropagation      4.    Protocols for in vitro Multiplication of Some Spices      5.    Factors Affecting Large Scale Propagation Systems      6.    Field Performance of Tissue Culture Plants      7.    Other Tissue Culture Techniques      8.    Secondary Metabolites Production      9.    in vitro Germplasm Conservation      10.    Somaclonal Variation      11.    Molecular Marker Studies      12.    Disease Diagnostics      13.    Genetic Engineering      14.    Identification of Adulterants      15.    Future Prospects          References

1.    Land Preparation      2.    Tillages      3.    Planting      4.    Field Maintenance      5.    Vegetation Control      6.    Animal/ Bird Control      7.    Insects and Diseases Management      8.    Irrigation      9.    Manuring      10.    Harvesting      11.    Collection and Transportation      12.    Integrated Mechanization          References

1.    Postharvest Losses of Fruits and Vegetables      2.    Minimization of Postharvest Losses      3.    Postharvest Management Practices      4.    Selection of Varieties      5.    Harvesting      6.    Sorting /Grading      7.    Washing      8.    Trimming      9.    Curing      10.     Delatexing or De-sapping      11.    Waxing      12.    Pre-cooling      13.    Hot Water Treatment      14.    Postharvest Disease Management      15.    Regulation of Ripening      16.    Sprout Inhibition      17.    Packaging      18.    Transportation      19.    Marketing      20.    Storage      21.    Conclusion          References

1.    Factors Causing Spoilage of Foods      2.    Methods of Preservation      3.    Preservation by use of Preservatives      4.    Preservation by Irradiation      5.    Preservation by Low Temperature      6.    Methods of Food Freezing      7.    Principles of Preservation by Fermentation      8.    Preservation by Dehydration      9.    Preservation by Thermal Processing      10.    Advantages of Processing      11.    Demand for Processed Products          References

1.    Groups of Apomixis      2.    Recurrent Apomixis      3.    Non-recurrent Apomixis      4.    Vegetative Apomixis      5.    Genetic Control of Apomixis      6.    Mechanism of Apomixis      7.    Ovule, Seed and Fruit Development in Sexual Plants      8.    Double Fertilization and Control of Embryo Initiation      9.    Sequential Events in Apomictic Pathway      10.    Gametophytic Apomixis      11.    Significance and Scope of Apomixis in Crop Plants          References

1.     Groups of Polyembryony (PE)      2.     Mechanism of Polyembryony and the Genetic Bases      3.    Classification of Polyembryony      4.    Polyembryony – Its Practical Implications          References

1.    Breeding Systems Utilized in Production of Vegetable Hybrids      2.    Male Sterility-Theory      3.    Hybrid Seed Production in Chilli Using GMS      4.    Hybrid Seed Production in Muskmelon Using GMS      5.    Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility      6.    Hybrid Seed Production in Onion Using CMS      7.    Hybrid Seed Production in Hot Pepper Using CMS      8.    Self-Incompatibility Systems      9.    Types of Incompatibility      10.    Hybrid Cultivars in Cauliflower and Cabbage      11.    Male Sterility in Tomato and its Uses in Hybrid Seed Production          References

1.     What is IPM      2.    What is a Pest      3.    Importance of Crops in IPM      4.    Impact of Environment in IPM      5.    Crop Stage Specific IPM      6.    Management Practices      7.    Tropical Tuber Crops      8.    Ornamental Plants      9.    Medicinal Plants      10.    Aromatic Plants      11.    Plantation Crops      12.    Masticatory      13.     Spices      14.    Fruit Crops      15.    Vegetables          References

1.    Fruit Crops      2.    Spices      3.    Masticatory Crops      4.    Vegetables      5.    Plantation Crops      6.    Tuber Crops      7.    Medicinal Plants      8.    Ornamental Plants      9.    Future Prospects          References

1.    Biological Control of Insect Pests      2.    Biocontrol Agents in Vegetables      3.    Mass Multiplication of Predators and Parasites      4.    Microbial Control      5.    Transgenic Plants      6.    Biological Control of Diseases      7.    Conclusion          References

1.    Marketing Scenario of Fruits and Vegetables      2.    Marketing Systems of Fruits and Vegetables      3.    Vertical Coordination in Food Chain      4.    Supply Chain Management      5.    Post Harvest Management          References

1.    World Export/Import of Ornamental Plants      2.    Recent Trends      3.    Flower Auctions      4.    Domestic Trade of Flowers      5.    Marketing Channels and Price Spread in Traditional Flowers      6.    E-commerce in Floriculture      7.    On-line Information Systems Dealing with e-floriculture      8.    Flower Auctions      9.    Floriculture and WTO      10.    Documentation Indexing              Further reading.

1.    Entrance Gate      2.    Garden Walls      3.    Dry Wall      4.    Green Wall      5.    Fences      6.    Steps      7.    Garden Drives      8.    Garden Paths      9.    Hedge      10.    Edging      11.    Shrubbery      12.    Herbaceous Border      13.    Flower Beds      14.    Carpet Bedding      15.    Ground Covers      16.    Topiary      17.    Creating Shapes      18.    Lawn      19.    Arches      20.    Pergolas      21.    Bridges      22.    Gazebo      23.    Vertical Garden      24.    Roof Gardening      25.    Planning      26.    Plant Materials Suitable for Roof Gardening      27.    Terrace Gardening      28.    Planting      29.    Water Graden      30.    Plants for Water Garden      31.    Rock Garden      32.    Plants Suitable for a Rock Garden      33.    Healing Garden      34.    Clock Garden      35.    Greenhouse      36.    Garden Adornments           References

1.    Placement      2.    Growing Media      3.    Media Preparation      4.    Containers      5.    Potting      6.    Propagation      7.    Watering      8.    Feeding      9.    Diseases      10.    Precautions      11.    Indoor Plants

1.    Classification of Trees      2.    Flowering and Foliage Trees of Indian Gardens      3.    Palms and Cycads      4.    Coniferous Trees and Deciduous Trees for Temperate Climatic Situations      5.    Propagation and Planting of Trees      6.    After Care of Trees              Further Reading

1.    Basic Principles      2.    Scale and Proportion      3.    Balance      4.    Rhythm      5.    Simplicity      6.    Unity      7.    Transition      8.    Focal Point or Emphasis      9.    Elements      10.     Variety      11.     Grouping      12.     Mass      13.    Sequence              Further Reading

Appendices      I.    Released Varieties/Hybrids in Aromatic Crops from KAU      P. Skaria Baby, P.P. Joy, Samuel Mathew, Ancy Joseph and Ragina Joseph       IIa.    Released Varieties of Fruit Crops in India     T. Radha      IIb    Released Varieties of Arid Fruits     S.K. Sharma      III.    Released Varieties of Ornamental Plants     P.K .Valsala Kumari       IVa.    Released Varieties of Coconut     P. Maheswarappa      IVb.    Release Varieties of Cocoa     P. Maheswarappa      IVc.    Released Varieties of Plantation Crops     P. Maheswarappa      Va    Released Varieties of Spices from Kerala Agricultural University (KAU)     Asha Sankar           Released Varieties of Spice Crops Through All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices     K. Nirmal Babu      Vb    Released Varieties of Spice Crops Through All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices     K. Nirmal Babu      VI    Released Varieties of Vegetables from KAU     T.R. Gopalakrishnan      VII.    Research and Educational Infrastructure in Horticulture in India     P.G. Sadhan Kumar and S. Nirmala Devi      VIII.    Important Websites in Horticulture     T. Pradeepkumar       VIIIa.    Horticulture Institutes in India     T. Pradeepkumar       IX.    Vital Statistics on Horticultural Crops     National Horticulture Board, Gurgaon, Haryana      X.    Nutritional Values of Horticultural Crops         Indian Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad

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