UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH VALUED PRODUCTS
authored by: Renu Agarwal
Hardback
Buy from FlipkarteChapter
The present book deals with the research work carried out in the past related to conversion and utilization of agricultural waste into useful products and to increase their economic values. The book mainly aims in analysing the various application and research carried in the fields of potential utilization of agricultural wastes. The recycling and utilization of agricultural wastes is an important step forward towards environmental protection, energy structure and agricultural development. The recycling and utilization pathway of agricultural wastes have also been discussed. The book also deals with the laws and regulations and strengthening of rural market. It will provide more comprehensive fundamental information for the recycling and utilization of agricultural wastes during the modernization and urbanization around the globe.
Author Speak
Renu Agrawal is the Ex. Chief Scientist at CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, India and Rural Program Coordinator for outreach activities at CFTRI. She has over 20 patents to her name, with 67+ publications in International and National Journals. She has presented more than 160 papers in various national and international conferences and delivered more than 700 talks. She has guided students for M.Sc, M. Phil and PhD in Biotechnology and Microbiology. She has represented India as a team leader taking scientific delegation for the Asia meet at Indonesia, Bali nominated by DST, Government of India. She had her PhD from University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. Her areas of specialization include Biotransformation and Probiotics. Her research involves lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and Bacillus as probiotic properties inhibiting harmful diseases and reduce the use of antibiotics improving health in the society. Her group has developed greener probiotic technologies used by the common man. As CSIR-800 Rural Program coordinator she led CSIR-CFTRI for CSIR 800 to give a better quality of life to 800 million people in India through scientific and technological intervention. Many awareness camps, demonstrations of technologies were dissipated around the country. She has been passionate about farmers and has organized many national level conferences for all India farmers and for women farmers. She has also been proactive to show them alternate cropping with high nutrient crops. The microbial processes of her team on Ready to make idli and dosa batter are the most downloaded processes from CFTRI.
She has been awarded at multiple scientific associations. Some honourable mentions are Scientific fellow awards as FAMI,FNABS,FSAB,FISBT. She has been awarded Karamveer Chakra by REX-UN both bronze and silver, Best woman scientist NABS, Woman achiever from International Guild of woman achievers, Reflections Excellence Award from All India Association of Rotary Inner wheel, Kissan Ratna Puraskar from JCI International, Abdul Kalam Lifetime Achievement Award, Nari Shakti Award from Random Kindness and the Ministry of Women and Child development and Bharat Shiksha Gaurav Puraskar to name a few. She has been selected as the “Best Woman Scientist” by National Academy of biological sciences, felicitated by Rotary Inner wheel for scientific excellence with “Suguna Award” and felicitated at various scientific and societal forums. In Rotary Innerwheel she was awarded the Best secretary for two times and also Best ISO twice in the district 3180. She is the editor of seven and reviewer for sixteen research Journals and has authored scientific books for the welfare and good health of the community. Her books include "Role of Probiotics in improving human health", "Utilization of agricultural wastes to high valued products", "Making Food safe free from pathogens" and "Traditional Foods and Nutritional Security". The books are being published by CRC publications, UK and NIPA, India. She has written many book chapters with Marcell Dekkar, USA and Taylor and Francis, UK. Her work has won many best paper awards at the national and international conferences. She has taught as faculty of M.Sc Food Technology at CFTRI and as Professor to ACSIR students. She has served as the president of ‘Association of Microbiologists of India” and treasurer in "Society of Biological Chemists", Mysore chapter. She has served on the board of many International Technical Advisory committees at Dubai, Bulgaria, Argentina and Indonesia. She has been on the National committees of NCERT of national Science Talent Search, both for moderating the papers and selection of meritorious children for scholarship under NCERT. She has been on the scientist selection boards of UPSC, DST and DBT and many International technical committees. She is an Executive committee board member of “National Academy of Biological Sciences”. She has been nominated as a National Experts Advisory Committee (NEAC) member from Government of India on; Scheme for Young Scientists and Technologists (SYST), National children science congress, Ministry of science and Technology; member in TIASN (technological intervention for addressing societal need),ASAR, CODER, projects to be taken in cold and Desert areas, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Sankal Pariyojna, AWSAR for augmenting writing skills and‘KIRAN” which involves projects for women all from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She has been invited by DST and Vigyan Prasar for a lead talk on "Emerging Technologies with nutrition" under Atma Nirbhar Bharat - science, society setu. She has been nominated to the Consultative Group made by the Principal Scientific Advisor, Dr. Vijay Raghavan, cabinet rank,who reports to the prime minister of India for inputs on science and technological developments in the country. She has been appointed as a committee member of evaluators by DST on Smart village in Karnataka and is a committee member with Karnataka government for Sustainable Development Goals. She has been nominated in the expert committee of Bangalore Chambers of Commerce and Industries. She is an expert in the committee on export and guidelines of vegan foods by APEDA, ministry of commerce and Industry, Government of India.She writes for City Today newspaper and Biostand Ups a science magazine. Her views on women empowerment have been relayed on All India Radio on women's day both at the state and national radio. She has been an excellent speaker on "Gender sensitization" organized by DST, Govt of India, Mysuru University and various colleges. She has been honoured as “SHERO” by Biostandups and Biosetup both online science magazines and is on their editorial board. She an advisor to the International journal IJBST, a publon publication. Dr. Renu has been leading innovations and change in organisations. Her programs and scientific interviews are telecasted on Doordarshan (DD science). She is also involved in the upliftment of rural education of Karnataka through “Pratham” for teachers training workshops and in translating course material to be made into short videos for the children which is helping them to learn science as fun. She has been a family counsellor at Police helpline, Mysore for last twenty two years and has saved many lives across various age groups. She has served as a Jury member for the selection of I- woman global awards under science and innovation.
Currently she is a science communicator, reviewer, author, visiting professor in many universities and colleges and a National Expert Advisor in many committees with the Ministry of Science and Technology and has been imparting training to KAS and KPS officers for Sustainable Development Goals, in Karnataka. She has written the nutritional policy for Government of Karnataka on Food and Nutrition. Her commitment to work can be seen as she was taken as Project Advisor by CFTRI even after her retirement. She has been serving the society with her work. She has served as the secretary of "CSIR Pensioners Welfare Association, Mysuru centre, after her retirement and organized a national level conference on "Health and Wellness". She is a philanthropist and has been running many fellowships, national level competitions for poor meritorious students, novel writing competitions, constructed a pre fixed auto stand in Mysore for public use, donated serum analyser for rapid detection of HIV and also Paediatric HIV Kits to Asha Kirana hospital at Mysuru.
Foreword
Preface
1. Introduction
2. What is Agricultural Waste?
3. Different Types of Agri-Industrial Wastes
3. a. Sources and Problems of Agricultural Wastes
3. b. Waste Reduction
3. c. Waste Treatment
3. d. Waste Disposal
3. e. Clean Technology
4. Useful Products from Waste Utilization (Reuse/ Recovery/Recycling)
4. a. Biofuel
4. b. Enzymes
4. c. Flavonoids
4. d. Anthocyanins, Flavones and Flavonols
4. e. Alkaloids
4. f. Terpenoids
4. g. Steroids
4. h. Natural Phenols; Essential Oils, Auto-Inducers
4. i. Phenazines
4. j. Polyketides
4. k. Fatty Acid Synthase Products
4. l. Non ribosomal Peptides
4. m. Ribosomally Synthesized and post translationally modified peptides
4. n. BioEnergy
4. o. Nano materials
4. p. Compost
4. q. Microbial Bioconversions
5. Novel Approaches for Natural Product Biogeneration
5. a. Strain Improvement
5. b. Genetic Improvement
i. Classical Genetic methods: Mutation, random selection
ii. Protoplast Fusion
iii. Molecular Genetic Improvements
6. Future Implications and Prospects
Commercial Utilization of the Products Produced
Bibliography
Preface Agricultural wastes are obtained after the production and processing of agricultural products. It is possible that these can benefit the human mankind. The economic values should be more than the cost of collection, transportation and processing for beneficial use and should be economically feasible. In Agriculture many wastes are obtained. The use of chemicals in agriculture also affects the environment which causes a lot of pollution. The wastes generated from crop have a good potential to convert into energy or can be converted into useful products. The waste produce from animal waste and crop residues has many physicochemical properties. The present book deals with the research work carried out in the past related to conversion and utilization of agricultural waste into useful products and to increase their economic values. The book mainly aims in analysing the various application and research carried in the fields of potential utilization of agricultural wastes. The recycling and utilization of agricultural wastes is an important step forward towards environmental protection, energy structure and agricultural development. The recycling and utilization pathway of agricultural wastes have also been discussed. The book also deals with the laws and regulations and strengthening of rural market. It will provide more comprehensive fundamental information for the recycling and utilization of agricultural wastes during the modernization and urbanization around the globe.
In today’s times, a lot of innovation has come into agriculture. This very hard occupation requires an amalgation of farmers with the scientists. From the rural areas after education the technocrats are moving to the cities and this is creating a great loss to the agriculturists. As the population is growing so is the demand for food. Due to shortage in the storage systems the amount of wastage has increased a lot. It is an important aspect to be looked into. A lot of waste material is seen in the vegetable markets, city markets and near the slums. This causes a lot of pollution and spoils the environment. It is important to know why is it increasing and why the facilities for wastes do not exist.
After the agricultural activities a number of by-products are obtained and these are known as agricultural waste. These include residues of different crops like stalks, straws, leaves, roots, husks and shells. The animal waste is in the form of manure. All these agricultural wastes are free of cost however; they can be utilized as an important resource (Lionel and Arnold, 1931). Agrawal (1998) has mentioned India as the final dumpyard. The wastes obtained from various resources can be converted into heat, steam, charcoal, methanol, ethanol, biofuel, compost, energy, biogas, construction and high valued chemical compounds. Many times these agri-industrial wastes are not completely utilized and either they rot in open areas or are burned in the fields.
3a. Sources and problems of agricultural wastes 3b. Waste Reduction 3c. Waste Treatment 3d. Waste Disposal 3e. Clean Technology Different Kinds of Agricultural Wastes Table 1: Common Hazardous Wastes: Community Source
All these methods of utilization and the conversion to useful energies depend on the climate, population density of the area and the basic infrastructure. It is important to work out the market for the products which are produced. Bio-waste management: It needs to take from small actions to the ambitious ones. European Commission proposes to use wastes which could make up to 25% of total energy consumption by 2020. They propose to have directives for the promotion of renewable electricity (Directive 2001/77/EC) and biofuels (Directive 2003/30/EC). The waste production in Europe has gone upto 2 kg per capita per day. Recycling rates are also rising (European Commission, 2017). The Member states must develop a national action plan and outline the national policies to develop existing biomass resources and mobilise new biomass resources for different uses. A European project has studied the amount of renewable energy to be used in 2020. According to them it will be around 195 million tons of oil equivalents (Mton) of biomass which is biodegradable part of MSW. This will be 20% of renewable energy target. It has also been estimated that the amount of bio-energy from the MSW will be 20 Mton, which would account for around 7% of all renewable energy in 2020. This may be available after composting and anaerobic digestion (Atanasiu, 2010).
The possibility of making genetic changes in the laboratory in plants, animals and microbes used in food started almost 10,000 years ago. Along with natural changes taken place during the evolution totally different species have come into existence. This has helped in increased food production with better taste and nutrition. The losses caused by biotic and abiotic stresses from fungi and bacterial pathogens have reduced.
In the Asian and Pacific ‘region, it is China alone which produces the largest quantities of agricultural waste and also crop residues. This is followed by India. From the production of rice, corn and wheat alone 587 million tons of residues are generated per year in China. Maheshwari (2014) has surveyed the proportions of waste that Malaysia generates from the production of rice, palm oil, rubber, coconut and forest products. In Myanmar the crop waste and residues constitute about 4 million tons per year out of which more than half constitutes rice husk.
Future Implications and Prospects With the growing population the farmers must produce more food per unit of land, water and agrochemicals. However, they will be facing many challenges like that of climate change, volatility, shifting nutrition needs and scarcity of the physical factors of production. There is a paradigm shift taking place in agriculture. If one looks into the most important priorities for sustainable food and agriculture systems in the next 20 years then farming has enormous impact on the world’s most critical resources. The resources versus needs have to be looked into so that enough food is provided to every body. Small and medium farmers need to work together in a progressive manner. The focus needs to be on the use of natural resources in a sustainable manner with better production and better food systems. Newer and innovative approaches need to be undertaken with checking the environmental impacts and simultaneously looking into the social consequences in evolving agri-food systems. It has been seen that in developing countries large amount of food produced does not reach the market each year. Also in developed countries much food is wasted. In a statistical study it has been found that the obese/malnutrited people are almost equal in number. Therefore, from growing more food the attention should be on more nutrition or healthier food. The food resources are being used in an inefficient manner bringing crises and volatile market dynamics.
agricultural waste, recycling, utilization, economic value, environmental protection, energy structure, agricultural development, laws and regulations, rural markets, modernization, urbanization, practical purposes, research applications, waste management, comprehensive information