AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS, MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Authored By M. Kalpana, R. Parimalarangan, B. Sivasankari & U. Arulanandu
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The comprehensive text on Agricultural Statistics, Mathematics, and Computer Applications delves into theoretical concepts and provides extensive information on a variety of subjects in a structured manner. This book encompasses Agricultural Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Applications, and Agricultural Economics. It also includes multiple-choice questions in each unit. The first unit, Agricultural Statistics, covers various topics such as definition, frequency distribution, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode, geometric mean, harmonic mean), measures of dispersion (range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation, variance), probability (conditional probability, theorem of probability, Bayes theorem), discrete and continuous probability distributions (binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, normal distribution), sampling methods, theory of hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, analysis of variance, and design of experiments. The second unit, Mathematics, covers topics such as real and complex numbers, set theory, matrices, eigen values and eigen vectors, vectors, differential calculus, integral calculus, beta and gamma functions, double integral, ordinary differential equations, and interpolation. The third unit, Computer Applications, covers topics such as input and output devices, memory, hardware and software, classification, booting, computer viruses, operating systems (Windows, MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS Access), computer programming, algorithms, programming languages (BASIC, FORTRAN, C language), and bioinformatics. The final unit, Agricultural Economics, covers topics such as principles of economics, law of demand and supply, factors of production and product, factor-factor and product-product relationships, law of equi-marginal returns, cost concepts, balance sheet, types and systems of farming, farm budgeting and depreciation, agricultural marketing (market classification, marketed surplus, price spread, market integration), and agricultural finance (classification of credit, nationalization of banks, and regional rural banks (RRB)).
M. Kalpana, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Computer Science at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore has 18 years of experience in handling courses in Computer Science and Statistics for Under Graduate and Post Graduate students. She obtained her B.Sc Degree (Statistics) in 2001. She is a rank holder in an undergraduate degree. She obtained her MCA degree from Bharathiar University in 2004 and M.Phil in Computer Science at Madurai Kamaraj University and her Ph.D. in Computer Science at Bharathiar University during 2014. The research area is around Artificial Intelligence, Image processing and Mobile computing. She has to her credit Four books, Ten book chapters, 8 papers in National Conference and 7 papers in International Conference, 32 papers in International Journals, 16 popular articles and edited a book in IGI Global, USA. Developed mobile based fertilizer calculator and disease diagnosis app for cotton. She has also won numerous awards/medals in her professional career. She is an editorial member in the International Journal of Data Mining and Emerging Technologies.
R. Parimalarangan, Ph.D., working as an Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics at Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. He has 12 years of experience in teaching and research in Agricultural Economics. He completed his B.Sc.(Ag.) degree programme in TNAU, Coimbatore and his MSc.(Ag.) in Agricultural Economics in ANGRAU, Hyderabad. He is a rank holder in ICAR entrance examinations for his post graduate studies. He completed his post graduate degree programme through ICAR exams. He completed his Ph.D in Agricultural Economics at TNAU, Coimbatore. He received fellowship for his Ph.D research work from Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, New Delhi. He has published more than thirty research and popular articles in reputed national and international journals and has participated in National and International conferences and seminars. He is currently working in the research area of Agricultural marketing and trade.
B. Sivasankari, Ph.D., working as an Associate Professor (Mathematics) in the Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai. She has fifteen years of experience in Teaching and Research in Mathematics and Econometrics Discipline. She did her Masters in Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai and her Doctoral programme in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. So far, she had handled more than 50 undergraduate courses for students of Agricultural, Horticulture, Agrl. Engineering and Food Science. For Post graduate students she handled 60 courses in the field of Mathematics, Operational research, Mathematical modeling and Mathematical statistics and for Ph.D students. She organized 4 workshops as organizing secretary and one national webinar to her credit. She also served as a resource person and an organizing committee member for seminar, symposium and workshops. She served as a coordinator and organized the Webinar titled “Application of Statistical Model in Agricultural Sciences – An Overview” for Staff & students. To improve professional competency, had also Published 4 books with ISBN, 6 book chapters with ISBN, 35 research papers of national and International level, NAAS rated above 4.0 Points, 8 poster papers in seminar and conferences. She has also received three awards in recognition of the teaching and publication of research findings at state and national levels.
U. Arulanandu., Ph.D., is working as a Professor (Statistics) in the Department of Social Sciences, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli. He has 30 years of experience in Teaching and Research in Statistics. So far, He had handled more than 75 undergraduate courses in the field of Statistics and Mathematics for students of Agricultural, Horticulture, Agrl. Engineering. For Post graduate students, he handled 60 courses in the field of Statistics and Mathematics. He also served as a resource person and an organizing committee member for seminar, symposium and workshops, conferences. He has published more than twenty five research articles in reputed national and international journals and has participated in National and International conferences and seminars. He guided more than five post graduate students for their research work.
Unit-I: Agricultural Statistics, Unit-II: Mathematics, Unit-III: Computer Applications, Unit-IV: Agricultural Economics
The inclusive book on "Agricultural Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Applications: At a Glance" explains theoretical aspects and gives an in depth information of various concepts in a sequenced manner. This book consists of Agricultural Statistics, Mathematics, Computer applications, and agricultural Economics. This book has also brought out Multiple Choice Questions in each unit. Unit I – Agricultural Statistics deal with Definition, Frequency distribution Measures of central tendency- Mean, Median, Mode, Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, Measures of dispersion, Range, Quartile deviation, Mean deviation, Standard deviation, Variance, Probability, Conditional probability, Theorem of probability, Bayes theorem, Discrete probability distribution Continuous probability distribution, Distribution- Binomial distribution, Poison distribution, Normal distribution, Sampling methods, Theory of testing hypothesis, Correlation, Regression, Analysis of variance, Design of Experiment Unit II - Mathematics deals with Real And Complex Numbers, Set Theory, Matrices, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Vectors, Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Beta and Gamma Functions, Double Integral, Ordinary Differential Equations and Interpolation
Statistics has originated as a science of statehood and found applications slowly and steadily in Agriculture, Economics, Commerce, Biology, Medicine, Industry, planning, education and so on. Sir Ronald A. Fisher, (1890 – 1962), who is called “the Father of Statistics”, drew many solid conclusions 1.2 Definition Statistics is the science which deals with the collection of data, organisation of data (or) classification of data, presentation of data, analysis of data and interpretation of data, which are known as the statistical methods. “Statistics is the science, technology and art of creating new knowledge.” –RA Fisher. “By statistics we mean, aggregate of facts affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of causes numerically expressed enumerated or estimated according to reasonable standard of accuracy collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined purpose and placed in relation to each other.” – Professor Horace Secrist
Number line Every real number occupies a position on the number line and conversely, every point of the line can be matched with a real number. Absolute value The absolute value of modules of a number is equivalent to the value of that number ignoring the sign. For example, the absolute value for -1 is 1, and the absolute value of +1 is also 1.The absolute value is defined by the symbol ?x?.
Computers: Input and Output Devices 3.1 Input Device Input devices are the pieces of hardware that allow to enter or input data into a computer. Keyboard • A computer keyboard serves as a data input device. • A keyboard is a device containing keys, each of which denotes an alphabet, number, or number instruction that may be served to a computer to do multiple tasks. • The keyboard is a significant input device, both computers and laptops use keyboards to enter commands into the computer. Mouse • Mouse is a pointing device. • The mouse is used to open various files and programs by directly clicking on the various icons on the system. • A mouse has three buttons on top and one trackball on the bottom, which are used to select and move the mouse. • A touchpad is provided as an alternative for the mouse on laptops, which aids in mouse pointer movement.
4.1 Principles of Economics • ‘Economics’ word derived from two Greek words, oikos (a house) and nemein (to manage) means ‘managing an household’ • Microeconomics: Study of the behavior of individual, small, isolated and disaggregated units. • Macroeconomics: Study of groups and broad aggregates of the economy. • Adam Smith wrote the book- “An Enquire into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of • Nations” or in short “Wealth of Nations” in 1776. • Adam Smith is known as father of modern economics. 4.2 Wealth Definition - Adam smith • Adam smith (1723 - 1790), in his book “An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations” (1776) 4.3 Welfare Definition - Alfred Marshall • Alfred Marshall (1842 - 1924) wrote a book “Principles of Economics” (1890) • Alfred Marshall defined “Political Economy” or Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of well being”. 4.4 Scarcity Definition - Lionel Robbins • Lionel Robbins published a book “An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science” in 1932. • Robbins defined, “economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses”.
Keywords
Agricultural data analysis, Statistical methods in agriculture, Farm yield forecasting, Crop production analytics, Precision farming statistics, Agricultural surveys, Mathematical modeling in agriculture, Data-driven farming decisions, Agroinformatics, Computer applications in farming, Agricultural technology trends, Big data in agriculture, Machine learning for crop prediction, Statistical tools for agronomy, Digital farming statistics, Agricultural data visualization, Mathematics in agribusiness, Farm management software, Remote sensing in agriculture, Computational agriculture, Statistical analysis of soil data, Data integration in farming, Decision support systems for farmers, Precision agriculture technology, Mathematical optimization in farming