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Veterinary and animal husbandry extension and management as a discipline and profession in all dimensions. The most important aspects of its always on socio economic transformation of rural community. It also combined different stakeholders who directly or indirectly contribute to the success of farming as well as better livelihood of all concerned rural households. In tune with the advancement of veterinary science, it is equally important to take forward the innovations from research institute to the farmer’s field. Hence, for effective and efficient technology transfer, trained manpower is necessary who can channelize need and location based research to farming community. Students who are ambitious and aspiring to become experts in the field of extension education, this book compile the theoretical as well as multiple objective questions of whole syllabus of JRF, SRF, ARS, NET etc. competitive examination.

Father of Extension: James Stuart • Word Extension: Derived from Latin roots “ex” - Out “tensio” - Stretching Extension term originated in England as University Extension in 1866. The term Extension Education first used in 1873 by Cambridge University. Philosophy of Extension (Kelsey and Hearne, 1967): How to think. Binet test: Intelligence test (IQ) Function of Extension: Change in Attitude, Skill and Knowledge of an individuals. Extension Education Process: Extension education is a participative and continuous process Learning Situation: It is a condition or environment in which all the elements necessary for promoting learning are present. Elements of effective learning situations in Extension are:  

The Constitution of India related to women Guarantees to all Indian women equality: Article 14 No discrimination by the State: Article 15(1) Equality of opportunity: Article 16 Equal pay for equal work: Article 39(d) Securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief: Article 42 The All India Women’s Education Conference was held in Pune in 1927 The National Policy For the Empowerment of Women came was passed in 2001 In 2010 March 9, Rajya Sabha passed the Women’s Reservation Bill requiring that 33% of seats in India’s Parliament and state legislative bodies be reserved for women. Women perform 2/3 of the world’s work Women earn 1/10 of the world’s income Women comprise 2/3 of the world’s illiterate Women own less than 1/100 of the world’s property

Father of sociology: Auguste Comte The term sociology was coined by Auguste Comte (1789-1875). Sociology word comes from two roots i.e. Latin word ‘socius’ meaning companion Greek word ‘logos’ meaning speech or reasoning. Sociology: Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior and its origins, development, organizations, and institutions. It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social actions, social structure and functions. Rural sociology: The study of social life of peoples lives in rural areas. Social organization: The study of the various institutions, social groups, social stratification, social mobility, bureaucracy, ethnic groups and relations, and other similar subjects such as education, politics, religion, economy etc. Social psychology: The study of human nature as an outcome of group life, social attitudes, collective behavior, and personality formation. Social change: Alteration in the structure and function of society. It may be structural, functional and cultural changes and it deals with the study of such current problems in society such as juvenile delinquency, criminality, drug addiction, family conflicts, divorce, population problems etc.

Research: The word research is composed of two words “Re” and “Search”. “Re” - ‘Again or over again or a new’. “Search” - ‘To examine closely and carefully’ or ‘to test and try’. Research is a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge undertaken to establish principles / policies. Science: It is a systematized knowledge derived through observation, experimentation or any other systematic method or procedure in order to determine the nature of phenomenon or process being studied or the causes behind specific events. Research Methodology: The study of conducting research is research methodology. Pure/Basic/Fundamental Research: Gathering, knowledge is termed as ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research. Just to gather knowledge in order to formulate or generalize theories or policies. Pure research involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher but may or may not have practical application at the present time or in the future.

Communication word comes from Latin ‘Communis’ - Common Communication: The communication is the process of human interaction in which one person communicates a message/idea to another person. Diffusion: It is the process by which an innovation/new idea/new technique spreads. According to Rogers (1983) ‘Communication is the process by which the message is transmitted from the source to the receiver’. Function of communication 1. Informative 2. Instructive/Command 3. Influence/Persuasive 4. Integrative Communicator: Person who starts the process of communication OR he is the sender of message Message: It is the information the communicator wishes his audience to receive, understand and act upon Encoding: It is a process of interpreting the message Decoding: It is a process of receiving the message

Extension teaching methods: Methods by using them new information can pass freely between the extension worker and rural communities. Extension education is mainly concerned with the dissemination of useful and practical information relating to rural life and helping the rural people in the practical application of such knowledge to rural situations. Extension teaching methods can be classified on the basis of: Some Definition Farmer’s call: Call made by a farmer or homemaker at the working place of the extension agent for getting information. Adoptive/minikit trial: It is a method of determining the suitability of a new practice in farmer’s situation. Farm clinic: It is a facility developed for diagnosis and treatment of farm problems and provides specialist advice to individual farmers. Field day/ Farmer’s day: Methods of motivating the people to adopt a new practice by showing what has actually been achieved by applying the practice under field condition.

Rural Development: The economic betterment of people as well as greater social transformation. The efforts for rural development comprises the direct and indirect involvement of people at the grass root level for development of agriculture/animal husbandry, industry, communication, education, health and allied sectors. Democratic Decentralization: To ensure people’s participation in rural development programmes, democratic decentralization has been the core principle of the government since 1957. In the process, people’s participation in all developmental activities has been the unique phenomena to find out the solutions of their problems. Panchayat Raj: On the principle of democratic decentralization, Panchayat Raj institutions were launched in 1957 as per the recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee. Under this, the government has derived its authority from the people, and distribute to some extent to the people for decision and action at the local level called Panchayat Raj.

The term ‘Management’ derived from word ‘manage’ derived from French word menage means ‘housekeeping’. According to Knootz and Weihrich 1988, ‘Management as the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims’. According to Louis E.Boone and David L.Kurtz ‘management as the use of people and other resources to accomplish objectives’. POSDCORB is an acronym widely used in the field of Management and Public Administration., it first appeared in a 1937 staff paper by Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick. The acronym stands for steps in the administrative process: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting.

Statistics: Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions. Sir R.A. Fisher: Father of modern statistics. Population: All subjects possessing a common characteristic that is being studied. Sample: A subgroup or subset of the population. Parameter: Characteristic or measure obtained from a population. Statistic: Characteristic or measure obtained from a sample. Karl Pearson: Study of correlation and chi-square test of goodness of fit. W.S.Gosset: Student’s t-test for small sample Francis Galton: Regression analysis. Descriptive Statistics: Collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data. Inferential Statistics: Generalizing from samples to populations using probabilities. Performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships between variables, and making predictions.

Statistics: Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions. Sir R.A. Fisher: Father of modern statistics. Population: All subjects possessing a common characteristic that is being studied. Sample: A subgroup or subset of the population. Parameter: Characteristic or measure obtained from a population. Statistic: Characteristic or measure obtained from a sample. Karl Pearson: Study of correlation and chi-square test of goodness of fit. W.S.Gosset: Student’s t-test for small sample Francis Galton: Regression analysis. Descriptive Statistics: Collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data.

Different Theories of Adult Learning 1. Learning by association (E.L. Thorndike) - Called as Operant or Instrumental Conditioning. He stressed the importance of reward in forming association. Early Behaviorist has conceived teaching as manipulation of environment to produce desirable change. 2. Learning by conditioning (Skinner) propagated this theory related to stimulus response behavior. • There are two types of conditioning 1. Respondent conditioning 2. Operant conditioning • Pavlov’s experiment, Natural Stimulus got the properties of the Un-Conditioned Stimulus. This is called Respondent Conditioning (Classifiable). • Skinner Operant Conditioning a response occurs spontaneously in the absence of any specifically correlated stimulus.

TBT Agreement- The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (the “TBT Agreement”) establishes rules and procedures regarding: •             Development, adoption, and application of voluntary product standards, •             Mandatory technical regulations, •             Procedures (such as testing or certification) •             The Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement aims to ensure that technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures are non-discriminatory and do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade. •             At the same time, it recognises WTO members’ right to implement measures to achieve legitimate policy objectives, such as the protection of human health and safety, or protection of the environment. •             The TBT Agreement strongly encourages members to base their measures on international standards as a means to facilitate trade. •             Through its transparency provisions, it also aims to create a predictable trading environment.