Migration is encrypted with our DNA, we are migrants by nature. If pollen migrates from even continent to continent, it&rsquos quite natural human being would migrate from place to place, occupation to occupation and rural to urban ecology. The book empirically tested the nature, cause and impacts of migration in a typical CDR, complex-diverse-risk prone, ecosystem of Purulia district of West Bengal. In a typical rain fed farm ecology, where uncertainty in all terms reigns, migration has become systemic with life and livelihood. Rural people have been migrating since they are reeling under abject poverty, which is attributed to less crop yield, uncertain weather, fragile market support and livelihood. To avert stresses and risks, most of them find migration as a better option. They migrate to adjoining districts, other states and to far way destinations as well. The geo-economic trajectories along with social dynamics, migration here in this book imbibes and anchors methodological innovation and hard evidences to draw upon the attention of the global audiences.
Indian rural economy has long been deeply impacted by rural migration in a response to both Pull And Push factors. It has characterized our fiscal economy, rural urban economic binary and policy frame working. During Covid Pandemic, the occupational migration as well as territorial migration, followed by re-migration as experienced by millions of Indians with fragile economic back up have made it a global concerns. Although Govt took up a comprehensive measures, yet the perennial nature of uncertain agriculture has attributed to genomics of occupational migration Migration is encrypted with our DNA, we are migrants by nature. If pollen migrates from even continent to continent, it’s quite natural human being would migrate from place to place, occupation to occupation and rural to urban ecology. The book empirically tested the nature, cause and impacts of migration in a typical CDR, complex diverse-risk prone, ecosystem of Purulia district of West Bengal. In a typical rain fed farm ecology, where uncertainty in all terms reigns, migration has become systemic with life and livelihood. Rural people have been migrating since they are reeling under abject poverty, which is attributed to less crop yield, uncertain weather, fragile market support and livelihood. To avert stresses and risks, most of them find migration as a better option. They migrate to adjoining districts, other states and to far way destinations as well. The geo economic trajectories along with social dynamics, migration here in this book imbibes and anchors methodological innovation and hard evidences to draw upon the attention of the global audiences.
Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new geographical location. The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration, within a single country, is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form of human migration globally. Migration is often associated with better human capital at both individual and household level, and with better access to migration networks. Age is also important for both work and non-work migration. People may migrate as individuals, in family units or in large groups. There are four major forms of migration: invasion, conquest, colonization and emigration/immigration. Persons moving from their home due to forced displacement, such as a natural disaster or civil disturbance, may be described as displaced persons or, if remaining in the home country, internally-displaced persons. A person who seeks refuge in another country can, if the reason for Annual Net Migration Rate 2015–2020. Prediction by UN in 2019.leaving the home country is political, religious, or another form of persecution, make a formal application to that country where refuge is sought and is then usually described as an asylum seeker. If this application is successful this person's legal status becomes that of a refugee.
Migration shows the trends of social changes. From the historical viewpoint during the process of industrialisation and economic development, people migrate from farms to industries, from villages to cities, from one city to another and from one country to another. In modern times, technological changes are taking place in Asia, Africa and Latin America due to which these regions are witnessing large-scale migration from rural to urban areas. Economists are interested in the study of migration because migration affects the supply of skilled and semi-skilled labourers, development of industries and commerce causing changes in the employment structure of the migrated people. Formulation of economic policies has a close relation with the process of migration because migration affects the economic and social development of a country.
A Literature Review is a systematic and comprehensive analysis of books, articles and research papers to a specific topic providing a base of knowledge on the topic. Literature reviews are designed to identify and critique the existing literature on a topic to justify your research by exposing gaps in current research. This investigation should provide a description, summary, and critical evaluation of works related to the research problem and should also add to the overall knowledge of the topic as well as demonstrating how your research will fit within a larger field of study. A literature review should offer critical analysis of the current research on a topic and that analysis should direct your research objective. This should not be confused with a book review or an annotated bibliography both research tools but very different in purpose and scope. Key to a good Literature Review is to document your process.
Research setting refers to the detailed information of an area where the study was conducted. The study area generally comprises of a particular geographical area viz. a state, district, block, or gram panchayat area selected according to the convenience of the investigator who possess adequate knowledge regarding the location, communication facility etc. of the locality so that he can easily approach each and every corner of the area for data collection. Besides the investigators must also have the basic knowledge about the socio demographic background of the people so as to have an easy understanding of their knowledge, attitude and behavior. This chapter is intended to present a brief description of the area in terms of social, economic, and agricultural aspects where the present study has been conducted.
The deliberation on the methodology has been made to understand the concept, methods and techniques which are utilized to design the study, collection of information, analysis of data and interpretation of the findings for revelation of truths and formulation of theories. These chapter deals with the method and a procedure used in the study an consist of eight main parts- A. Locale of research. B. Pilot study. C. Sampling Design. D. Empirical measurement of the variables.
This chapter deals with the findings of the study along with the discussion based on the analysis. This study tried to represent its findings as per the objectives of the study. At the end of this chapter, interrelation has been made, explanation has been tried to put out down and attempt has been done to reveal the cause behind it. The results and their pertaining discussion are presented according to the specific objectives of the study. This table 6.1 presents the distribution of 15 independent variables (x1-x15 ) in terms of their Minimum, Maximum, Mean, Variance, Standard deviation, and Coefficient of variation.
Summary It has been found from the study that for the independent variable Family size (x1 ), the maximum is 9.00, and minimum is 2.00 where Coefficient of variation of this variable is 38.124 per cent, which shows that the level of consistency in the distribution is high. For Average family education (x2 ), the maximum is 6.00, and minimum is 1.250 where Coefficient of variation of this variable is 33.074, which shows that the level of consistency in the distribution is high. Average age (x3 ) of the respondents, the maximum is 58.00, and minimum is 12.500 where Coefficient of variation of this variable is 35.341, which shows that the level of consistency in the distribution is high. The study reveals that Average family income (x4 ), the maximum is 10833.00, and minimum is 3666.00 where Coefficient of variation is 30.796, which shows that the level of consistency in the distribution is high and Family land holding (x5 ), the maximum is 5.500, and minimum is 1.00 where Coefficient of variation of this variable is 38.241, which shows that the level of consistency in the distribution Family land of holding is high. In the study maximum and minimum House type (x6 ) of the respondents are 9.00 and 2.00 respectively where Coefficient of variation of this variable is 30.399, which shows that the level of consistency in the distribution is high. In case of material possession (x7 ), the maximum is 13.00, and minimum is 1.00 where Coefficient of variation of this variable is 70.780, which shows that the level of consistency in the distribution is medium. Source of information for migration (x8 ), the maximum is 4.00, and minimum is 1.00 where Coefficient of variation of this variable is 35.679, which shows that the distribution of the variable is high. It has been found from the study that for the independent variable money required for migration (x9 ), the maximum is 5.00, and minimum is 1.00 where Coefficient of variation of this variable is 26.639 per cent, which shows that the level of consistency in the distribution is high.
The study, which was conducted for nature and dynamics of farm ecology in occupational migration in some areas of West Bengal with the stipulated objectives, the following course of action can be considered in future while conduction repeating study. • Gender dimensions on occupational migration is the future research area. • Educational issues for families on transit could have been a very interesting area of research. • Climate refuge; that is migration due to climate change can be an important area of research. • Application of data analytics could be effective for modelling and simulation on occupational migration. • The social ecology of migration itself, is a zone of future research.
Afsar, R. (1999). Rural-urban dichotomy and convergence: emerging realities in Bangladesh. Amungla, A. & Thungchanbeni, K. (2007). Rural Urban Migration – A Thematic Report on Nagaland, GOI UNDP Project. Ankrah, K.T. (1995). Rural Urban Migration & Socioeconomic Development in Ghana; Journal of Social Development in Africa, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 13 – 22. Banerjee, Narayan & Ray, L. (1991). Seasonal Migration: A Case Study from West Bengal, CWDS (Mimeo), New Delhi Black, R., Hilker, L.M. & Pooley, C. (2004). Migration and Pro – poor Policy in East Africa; Working Paper C 7, Sussex Centre for Migration Research. Black, R., Kniveton, D., Skeldon, R., Coppard, D., Murata, A. & Schmidt, K. (2008). Demographics & Climate Change: Future Trends & Their Policy Implications for Migration; Working Paper T 27, University of Sussex, UK, Development Initiatives, Wells, UK.
