Ebooks

Fisheries science and Aquaculture stand at a decisive crossroads - challenged by climate instability, resource depletion, environmental degradation, and increasing demand for aquatic food. The solutions to these challenges demand innovation grounded in science, reinforced by sustainability, and guided by global responsibility. This edited volume brings together contributions from young researchers and emerging scholars addressing these multidisciplinary frontiers across six key thematic areas. Theme 1 — Aquaculture and Fisheries presents contemporary strategies for improving aquaculture resilience, efficiency, and circularity. Topics range from climate-smart aquaculture systems, innovations in non-conventional feed ingredients and precision feeding, to regulatory and technological advancements that enable sustainable fish production. This section also highlights tools such as PIT tagging and the prospects of integrating mycoproteins and polychaete-based waste valorization in aquafeed systems. Theme 2 — Fisheries Biology, Resources and Post-Harvest Management explores ecological and biological underpinnings essential for resource conservation. Papers examine the role of biosystematics in species protection, trophic cascades, marine landings, oceanographic predictability of stocks, and comparative insights into coastal governance frameworks — linking science to management. Theme 3 — Fish Processing, Fisheries Engineering and Technology showcases emerging frontiers in value addition, green fishing and pollution control. Innovative waste-to-resource concepts, nanotechnologies for aquatic foods, advanced non-thermal preservation techniques, and biotechnology-enabled pollution control signal a paradigm shift in post-harvest and engineering practices.

Abstract Climate change significantly impacts the aquaculture industry, threatening productivity and food security. Rising temperatures, ocean acidification, extreme weather events, and shifting habitats disrupt species’ growth, survival, and reproductive cycles. This chapter explores climate-smart aquaculture (CSA) as a response, which focuses on sustainable practices to enhance resilience and mitigate climate change effects. CSA strategies include the selective breeding climate-resilient species and using advanced technologies like integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) to reduce environmental stress. These methods help maintain aquaculture productivity while reducing climate-related vulnerabilities. Adopting spatial technologies, including satellite remote sensing and site-suitability models, allows identifying optimal aquaculture sites less susceptible to climate impacts. Furthermore, disaster relief programs and insurance provide financial protection against the effects of climate-related losses, offering support during extreme events such as storms and algal blooms. Implementing these climate-smart practices is crucial to ensuring aquaculture’s sustainability and long-term viability, helping to secure global food systems in the face of a changing climate. Keywords: Climate change, salinity intrusion, sea-level rise, ocean acidification and salt-resistant

Abstract Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production sector globally, with finfish and crustaceans playing a significant role in meeting the growing demand for animal protein. However, aquaculture’s reliance on marine capture fisheries for essential feed ingredients, such as fishmeal and fish oil, presents significant sustainability challenges. The Fish In: Fish Out (FIFO) ratio, which estimates the quantity of wild-caught fish used to generate one unit of reared fish, has become a key metric in assessing the sustainability of aquaculture. A high FIFO ratio indicates greater dependence on wild fish stocks, contributing to overfishing and ecosystem degradation. This chapter explores the FIFO ratio, its role in promoting sustainable aquaculture, and innovations to reduce its environmental impact. Over the years, the global average FIFO ratio has improved, reflecting advances in feed efficiency and the incorporation of alternative ingredients such as plant-based proteins, insect meals, and by-products from fish processing. However, challenges remain in these alternatives’ availability, cost, and nutritional performance. Case studies, including salmon rearing in Scotland and shrimp farming in Thailand, demonstrate the potential of alternative feed ingredients in lowering FIFO ratios and enhancing sustainability. This chapter also addresses the limitations of the FIFO ratio as a singular sustainability metric, calling for a more holistic approach to evaluating aquaculture’s environmental and economic impacts. Ultimately, achieving sustainable FIFO ratios will require continued innovation, improved feed formulations, and global collaboration to ensure aquaculture’s role in providing a sustainable source of protein for the growing global population. Keywords: Sustainability, Fish In: Fish Out (FIFO), Plant-based feed and Insect based feed

Abstract As global food security becomes increasingly urgent, high-density aquaculture systems present a viable solution to meet the rising protein demands of the world’s growing population, projected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050. This chapter examines the integration of various innovative aquaculture techniques designed to improve the sustainability and efficiency of fish farming. High-density systems such as recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), biofloc technology (BFT), cage culture, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), flow-through aquaculture systems (Raceways), hybrid systems, and vertical farming are explored for their potential to optimize production while minimizing resource consumption. The chapter highlights the critical role of stocking density in improving system performance, influencing factors such as growth rates, water quality, and overall resource use. IMTA, which combines fed species with extractive organisms like seaweeds and shellfish, facilitates nutrient recycling, promoting environmental sustainability and enhanced productivity. Hybrid systems, including Partitioned Aquaculture Systems (PAS) and Bio-RAS, integrate traditional and advanced technologies to overcome the limitations of conventional methods, enabling high-density production with reduced environmental impact. Additionally, vertical farming and aquaponics are examined as complementary strategies, integrating fish farming with plant cultivation to create sustainable, resource-efficient models suitable for urban settings. Through a comprehensive analysis of species selection, stocking densities, and system design, this chapter illustrates the potential of high-density aquaculture as a critical contributor to global food security, reducing pressure on wild fish stocks and promoting long-term environmental sustainability. Keywords: High stocking density, maximize production, economic viability, environmental sustainability

Abstract Single-cell proteins (SCPs) have gained huge attention in the aquafeed industry as a suitable alternative to traditional protein sources, including fish meal and soy protein. SCPs obtained from the algae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast often contain high protein content and superior amino acid profiles. The presence of essential fatty acids and additional bioactive compounds further support their role as adequate replacements for the current protein sources. Among those, mycoproteins are currently a major area of interest due to their favourable nutritional profile, higher growth rates and efficient production process. These have the ability to use a variety of agricultural and industrial by-products as their feedstocks. PEKILO® protein is such a commercial mycoprotein obtained from carbohydrates containing lignocellulosic wastes from forestry by-products. It was produced from the fungal species Paecilomyces variotii from the substrates such as spent sulphite liquor and molasses through a continuous fermentation process. Pekilo protein consists of 60 to 70% crude protein content, essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, β-glucans and nucleotides. Its high digestibility and amino acid content make it a suitable protein source for the aquafeed industry. Recent research studies suggest that pekilo protein has a high potential as a non-conventional protein source in commercial salmon and shrimp feeds. Being a sustainable alternative to fishmeal, pekilo protein can help reduce the future challenges of fish meal supply and long-term sustainability. Keywords: Pekilo protein, Mycoprotein, Non-conventional ingredient and Single-cell protein.

Abstract The development of aquaculture from its prehistoric beginnings to a highly developed, international sector emphasizes the need for cutting-edge equipment to guarantee sustained production. Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tagging is a cornerstone for selective breeding programs, enabling precise monitoring and managing aquatic species. PIT tags, tiny electronic microchips implanted into fish, offer a reliable and durable method for individual identification without affecting species growth or survival. Their versatility extends across various applications, from studying migration and behaviour to monitoring genetic traits critical for breeding. PIT tagging stands out due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with various aquatic environments. PIT tags offer a long-term solution with less interference than external tags, which are more likely to be lost or damaged. Technological advancements have refined PIT tagging, allowing its application even in small-bodied fish, thus broadening its utility in ecological and genetic studies. These tags also play a pivotal role in reducing inbreeding in hatcheries by maintaining precise genetic records. Despite the proven benefits, PIT tagging requires careful consideration of fish species, size, and environmental factors to optimize tag retention and ensure minimal stress. Advancements in tagging techniques, such as improved surgical techniques and new equipment for tag implantation further increase the dependability of this technology. Studies confirm that PIT tagging has negligible effects on fish physiology and behaviour, making it an indispensable tool in aquaculture research and management. The aquaculture sector can enhance broodstock quality, guarantee genetic diversity, and tackle climate change issues by incorporating PIT tagging into selective breeding strategies. This technology not only supports the production of high-quality seed stock but also aligns with sustainable aquaculture practices, ensuring the long-term viability and growth of the industry. Keywords: Tag retention, Biotelemetry, Tag implanter, Tag position and Broodstock

Abstract The rapid growth of aquaculture as a critical food production sector brings significant challenges, particularly the management of organic waste, which can harm aquatic ecosystems and reduce farm productivity. Polychaetes, a diverse group of marine annelid worms, present a sustainable and efficient solution to these issues. This chapter investigates their potential in aquaculture waste management, focusing on their ability to bio-assimilate organic matter, mitigate pollution, and enhance nutrient recycling. Polychaetes efficiently process uneaten feed, faecal matter, and organic sludge, converting these into protein and lipid-rich biomass suitable for use as high-quality feed ingredients or bio-products. Their integration supports the circular economy’s principle and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), fostering a synergistic system that minimizes waste and optimizes resource utilization. Additionally, polychaete application enhances water quality, reduces reliance on chemical treatments, and promotes sustainable aquaculture development. Integrating polychaetes into aquaculture systems, emphasizing their potential to drive eco-friendly practices, offers a pathway toward more sustainable, resilient, and economically viable aquaculture production. Keywords: Polychaete, Bioremediation, Aquaculture, Waste management and IMTA

Abstract The aquaculture industry has undergone significant transformations in recent decades, yet issues like feed waste, pollution, and economic inefficiencies remain unresolved. One possible remedy is precision feeding, which involves providing fish with precise nutrition tailored to their physiology. Precision feeding is an innovative and sustainable approach in aquaculture to optimize feed utilization and reduce waste. Traditional feeding practices often result in overfeeding, nutrient imbalances, and environmental degradation. By matching the feed supply to the dietary requirements of various fish species, precision feeding improves feed efficiency, growth, and health. Advanced technologies, including demand feeders, acoustic systems, sonar imaging, and intelligent feeding devices, enable real-time monitoring and control of feeding processes. These systems reduce environmental pollution while improving operational profitability. Precision feeding has potential, but adoption is hampered by factors like expensive costs, complicated technology, and the requirement for specialist knowledge. As aquaculture grows, precision feeding offers a promising pathway to sustainable practices by integrating automation, artificial intelligence, and real-time monitoring systems. This approach ensures ecological responsibility and aligns with industry goals for productivity and economic viability. Keywords: Precision feeding, fish nutrition, feed waste, intelligent feeding systems and sustainability

Abstract Aquaculture has emerged as a key solution for meeting the rising global demand for aquatic food products, contributing significantly to food security. However, its rapid growth faces significant challenges from climate change, including rising temperatures, ocean acidification, extreme weather events, and habitat degradation, which threaten production systems and the livelihoods dependent on them. This chapter explores the role of regulatory frameworks in mitigating climate impacts, promoting sustainability, and enhancing resilience in aquaculture. It emphasizes the importance of integrating aquaculture into national and global climate adaptation plans, adopting ecosystem-based approaches, and fostering innovative practices like integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) and cultivating climate-resilient species. The chapter highlights the need for advanced tools, such as climate monitoring systems and genetic advancements, to mitigate risks while ensuring resource efficiency and productivity. Addressing barriers like complex governance structures and limited resource access is essential for effective policy implementation, particularly in vulnerable regions. By combining robust legal instruments, technological innovations, and community-based governance, aquaculture can transition toward a sustainable and climate-resilient future, ensuring long-term environmental health, economic stability, and social equity while continuing to play a vital role in global food systems. Keywords: Rising temperature, Salinization, Ocean acidification, Resilient aquaculture and Climate adaptation

Abstract The global biodiversity crisis emphasizes the necessity of effective conservation strategies, particularly in aquatic ecosystems that possess vast yet poorly understood biodiversity. This article explores the role of biosystematics, which combines taxonomy, evolutionary biology, and ecology, in protecting aquatic biodiversity. It emphasizes species identification, genetic diversity, and evolutionary relationships as key to targeted conservation efforts. Modern tools like DNA barcoding, eDNA, next-generation sequencing, and ecological niche modelling improve conservation precision. Despite challenges such as cryptic species and climate change, advancing technology, collaboration, and policy support are essential for protecting endangered aquatic species and maintaining ecological balance. Keywords: Biosystematics, Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Insights, Aquatic Conservation, Evolutionary Relationships, Endangered Species

Abstract Food webs are essential for understanding ecological interactions, and the discovery of trophic cascades marks a significant milestone in food-web ecology. Over the past four decades, debates on the prevalence and importance of trophic cascades have spurred extensive research and theoretical progress, yet the topic remains contentious. Trophic cascades, where alterations in one part of the ecosystem affect others, play a crucial role in shaping ecosystem structure and function. Rooted in foundational theories like the Green World Hypothesis, the concept has evolved to address more intricate ecological dynamics. Cascades often occur through top-down and bottom-up mechanisms, with top predators playing a key role in regulating ecosystems. This article explores their diverse impacts in aquatic environments, including changes in food web dynamics, biodiversity loss, water quality degradation, and disrupted nutrient cycling. Case studies, such as the otter–sea urchin–kelp system and Atlantic cod overfishing, highlight the profound consequences of these interactions. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining balanced trophic relationships to ensure ecosystem stability and resilience. Conservation efforts should focus on maintaining these dynamics to mitigate cascading effects and preserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. Keywords: Trophic cascade, Food web, Impacts and Case studies, Top-down, Bottom-up cascade, Ecosystem stability.

Abstract Fish populations are essential for global food security, marine biodiversity, and the health of ocean ecosystems. However, threats such as climate change, overfishing, and habitat degradation jeopardize their sustainability. Understanding fish population dynamics is vital for effective fisheries management and conservation. Insights into environmental factors affecting fish distribution, migration, and spawning are derived from oceanographic data collected using advanced technologies such as satellites, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), and remote sensing. By integrating these data with fish population models, predictive capabilities are enhanced, enabling proactive management and conservation efforts. Despite technological advances, data gaps and the complexity of biological and environmental interactions pose challenges. Integrating big data and artificial intelligence offers promising opportunities to improve predictive accuracy, optimize real-time fishery management, and tackle sustainability challenges effectively. This article discusses the role of oceanographic data in predicting fish population dynamics, the technologies involved, and the challenges facing current models. Keywords: Fish population dynamics, Oceanographic Data, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), Forecasting models.

Abstract Balancing human development with the protection of fragile coastal ecosystems is crucial in Coastal Zone Management (CZM), especially in the context of climate change, rising sea levels, and environmental degradation. This paper offers a comparative analysis of global CZM policies, examining case studies from regions like Canada, the United States, the Netherlands, Morocco, and Bangladesh. Through these examples, the paper explores adaptive strategies, including nature-based solutions, community-driven governance, and innovative technologies such as GIS and remote sensing. It highlights the importance of ecosystem-based management and stakeholder involvement in building coastal resilience. By examining diverse regional approaches, this paper highlights the importance of flexible, integrated, and locally tailored CZM policies that foster sustainability and resilience in coastal communities worldwide. Keywords: Coastal Zone Management (CZM), Coastal adaptation, Stakeholder Engagement, Ecosystem-Based Management, Coastal resilience.

Abstract Marine sponges are a rich source of bioactive compounds with diverse therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflam-matory and antidiabetic effects. These organisms produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that help them survive in harsh marine environments and offer significant potential for drug development. The bioactive molecules derived from sponges, such as anticancer agents like Ara-C and novel antibiotics, are increasingly studied for their applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. This review highlights the importance of marine sponges as valuable sources of functional ingredients with promising health benefits and therapeutic applications. Keywords: Marine Sponges, Aquatic Environment, Drug Development, Oceanic Bioactive Compound

Abstract Kerala with its extensive coastline and rich marine resources, plays a pivotal role in India’s fisheries sector. This paper delves into the multifaceted dimensions of marine fisheries in Kerala, highlighting its economic, environmental, and social significance. Kerala boasts an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) spanning 2.19 lakh sq km and a coastline spanning 590 km. Its marine waters, especially in the Arabian Sea, are highly productive. The paper explores the recent advancements and achievements in Kerala’s fisheries sector, driven by mechanization and motorization initiatives. In 2022, Kerala recorded its highest marine fish catch of the decade, totalling 6.87 lakh tonnes, marking a 24% increase from the previous year. Key species such as oil sardine and Indian mackerel demonstrated significant recoveries, underscoring the sector’s resilience and adaptive capacity. Sector-wise analysis reveals that pelagic finfishes dominate the landings, with oil sardine and Indian mackerel leading the pack. Demersal and crustacean landings also contribute significantly to the state’s fishery output. The abstract discusses the distribution of catch among different districts, with Ernakulam emerging as a major contributor. Furthermore, the socio-economic impact of marine fisheries is examined, highlighting its role in livelihoods for approximately 8 lakh people across 222 fishing villages. The sector not only provides income but also supports cultural identities and community cohesion along Kerala’s coastal areas. Keywords: Marine resources, Production, Kerala, Landing and Fisheries sector.

Abstract The oceans, which make up more than 70% of Earth’s surface, are home to a vast variety of marine ecosystem services that sustain human civilization, health, and the economy. The 8.06% percent of the ocean covered by marine protected areas with an around of 18,200 marine protected areas with a total area about 29,202,667km2. A novel, pertinent, and science-driven framework for classifying regions and connecting their effects on people and the environment is the marine protected area system. Marine protected areas create high-quality metrics to augment the official World database on protected areas reporting by utilizing science-based frameworks to evaluate the degree of protection and stage of setup throughout the world. This article presents the most recent official coverage statistics for marine protected areas. Keywords: Marine Protected areas, Ecosystem, Protection and International Distribution of Marine Protected Areas There are 8.06% marine protected areas (MPAs) in the world. The Global Ocean can be divided into areas within national jurisdiction (National Waters) and those in international waters (Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ)). Governments in national waters with established legislative frameworks find it easier to establish MPAs. MPA creation is more challenging in ABNJ because of the intricate legislative system that governs the state. As a result, compared to ABNJ, a significantly larger number of MPAs have been established within national waters. 39% of the world’s ocean is made up of national waters, of which 18.43% are currently protected areas.

Abstract The growing demand for fish products, recognized for their nutritional composition and contribution to a healthy diet, has led to a significant increase in seafood processing waste, including shells, bones, skins, and other by-products. This chapter explores the potential of utilizing these seafood by-products to develop edible films and coatings, aligning with circular bio economy principles of, resource efficiency, sustainability and waste reduction. Edible films and coatings derived from seafood waste, such as chitosan, proteins, gelatin etc. offer various advantages, which include extention of the shelf life of products, preserving sensory qualities (aroma, taste, and appearance), and reducing the need for synthetic packaging materials. These biodegradable films also demonstrate antimicrobial, antioxidant, and mould-inhibiting properties, which contribute to improving food quality and safety. However, despite the benefits, challenges remain in terms of the physical properties of these films, including water resistance, mechanical strength, and consumer acceptance. The commercial application of these biopolymer-based materials is still limited by these issues, as well as by the complexities involved in scaling up production processes. To optimise the qualities of edible films and coatings made from seafood waste, more research is essential, particularly through the development of composite materials and innovative gelling systems. With ongoing advancements in biopolymer technology and processing techniques, edible films from seafood waste hold great promise as a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative to traditional plastic packaging, contributing to the circular bio economy and reducing environmental pollution. Keywords: Biodegradable, Edible coatings, Edible films, Seafood Processing waste

Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the study and manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, where unique phenomena allow for novel applications. Nanotechnology is the utilization of components smaller than 100 nanometers for manufacturing and bio-fabrication. This adaptable technique had a wide range of uses, from clothing manufacture to medical advancements such as cancer detection and treatment, among others. The name “nano” comes from Greek, which meaning incredibly small, and a nanometer (nm) is equal to 10 -9 m. Nanotechnology, also called as Molecular Manufacturing based Nanotechnology (MNT) as it involves experimentation and manipulating of nano particles, in order to design and build materials and devices with the basic structure in the nanometer scale. Nano material which can exist in the form of powder or liquid, exhibits significantly different physical and chemical properties at nanoscales compared to their micro size materials with similar chemical composition. Nano food refers to food in nanoparticles, nanotechnology techniques or tools are used during cultivation, production, processing, or packaging of the food. The development of both organic and inorganic materials achieved through conversion and manipulation of the materials on an atomic and molecular scale [Grumezescu et al., 2018; Dera & Teseme, 2020]. By reducing the particle size below its outset to approximately 1–100 nm, the physical and chemical properties of the materials significantly differed when compared to the original materials despite they contain the same base materials. The unique and incomparable properties of nanoscale materials are arise due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio compared to the microscale of the same materials [Grumezescu et al., 2018, Berekaa, 2015].

Abstract Fish, a vital source of nutrition globally, faces challenges in maintaining microbiological safety and sensory quality due to its perishable nature. While effective in microbial reduction, traditional thermal processing methods often compromise fish’s nutritional and sensory attributes. In response, non-thermal technologies such as High Pressure Processing (HPP), Ultrasound (US), Ozone, and Pulsed Light (PL) have emerged as promising alternatives. These technologies offer effective microbial control while preserving the sensory and nutritional integrity of fish products. Ultrasound processing, has shown efficacy in microbial inactivation and quality enhancement without significant thermal impact. Studies on oily and white fish varieties demonstrate its capability to reduce microbial load while enhancing specific sensory attributes. In the same way, Ozone, which is known for its durable oxidative qualities, is useful in eliminating a wide range of bacteria on fish surfaces, although it must be taken into account when considering penetration depth and any sensory effects. Pulsed Light (PL) has shown quick microbial inactivation on fish surfaces and packaging materials by using high-intensity, short-duration pulses over a wide spectrum. High Pressure Processing (HPP) has become a reliable technique for increasing shelf life and guaranteeing microbiological safety in a variety of fish species. It works at moderate temperatures and high pressures. This chapter reviews the principles, applications, strengths, and limitations of these advanced non-thermal techniques in fish processing. It highlights their potential to revolutionize the industry by meeting consumer demands for safe, high-quality fish products while overcoming the drawbacks associated with conventional thermal methods. Keywords: Fish processing, Non-thermal techniques, Ultrasound, Ozone, Pulsed light, High pressure processing

Abstract The use of Genetically Modified Microorganisms (GMMs) and Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) offers a groundbreaking solution for tackling environmental pollution, especially in highly contaminated areas. These microorganisms, engineered for enhanced degradation of pollutants, offer significant potential for restoring polluted environments such as soil, groundwater, and wastewater. However, concerns regarding their uncontrolled persistence, gene transfer, and potential environmental risks have prompted the need for further research and the development of safer, more efficient strategies. Key advancements in the field include the use of suicidal genes to ensure the safe removal of GMOs post-degradation, as well as the use of bioluminescent signals to monitor microbial activity in real-time. Furthermore, composting has proven to be an effective strategy for reducing the risks associated with horizontal gene transfer. Despite these innovations, the widespread field application of GMOs for bioremediation remains limited to controlled systems. This article explores the challenges and advancements in utilizing GMOs for bioremediation, underscoring the importance of ongoing research to ensure their safe and effective application. Keywords: Genetically Modified Microorganisms (GMOs), Bioremediation, Environmental Pollution, Biosafety, Biodegradation.

Abstract The growing need for sustainable fishing practices has increased attention to eco-friendly fishing technologies designed to minimize their environmental impact. These technologies focus primarily on reducing habitat destruction, bycatch and overfishing, which is essential for maintaining a balanced marine ecosystem. Traditional fishing methods such as bottom trawling and non-selective fishing practices have caused notable harm to the ecosystem, including the destruction of seabeds and accidental catches of non-targeted fish populations. Advancements in eco-friendly designs, such as turtle-excluding devices (TEDs) and bycatch reduction devices (BRDs), have crucially mitigated the bycatch of vulnerable species such as turtles and juvenile fish. Modifications in longlines, traps, and biodegradable nets have further reduced ecological damage. In addition, electronic innovations such as sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) system and Global Positioning System (GPS) enable precise fish targeting, reducing unwanted habitat damage. However, the transformation to eco-friendly technologies faces issues such as investments, lack of awareness and inadequate regulatory support. Government and international bodies play a vital role in promoting these technologies through various regulatory policies and frameworks. Further, fostering cooperation among the stakeholders and using innovations can ensure a future of sustainable fisheries, balancing ecosystem conservation with economic livelihoods. Keywords: Bycatch reduction, responsible fisheries, ghost fishing, environmentally friendly

Abstract Quality management of fish and fishery encompass the several aspects such as ensuring of food safety, preserving of freshness, promotes consumer confidence, minimize the loss and enhance the traceability. While managing the whole food supply chain becomes the most difficult endeavour. Unfortunately, biosensor emerged to fulfil the requirement of quality management in seafood supply chain and these sensors consist of detection, discrimination and avoidance of risk. Novel sensors are being origin due to evolved in every phase of requirement. The sensor has primarily performed to tracking the level of freshness or spoilage of fish product and also detection of contaminant from time of processing of fishery product to point of consumer before they eat. Recently, various biosensor based on principles of nanosensor, graphene based biosensor and evanescent wave optical biosensor arising its role in fish quality management through monitoring,and tracking of significant compound. Keyword: Fish quality, biosensor, nanosensor, graphene based sensor, freshness, biocompounds

Abstract Coastal wetlands, including mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows, play a critical role in regulating the global climate by sequestering carbon. These ecosystems act as vital carbon sinks, efficiently absorbing and storing carbon in their biomass and soils. Despite covering only 2-3% of the planet’s surface, coastal wetlands are believed to store more than half of the world’s carbon in the top meter of soil, helping to mitigate climate change. The unique hydrological and biological characteristics of these ecosystems, such as their ability to slow the decomposition of organic matter and facilitate sediment burial, are crucial to their carbon storage capacity. In addition to their role in carbon sequestration, coastal wetlands provide essential ecological services, including supporting biodiversity, preventing erosion, and protecting against storm surges. However, they face significant threats from pollution, climate change, human activity, and hydrological alterations, which could jeopardize their ability to store carbon. Preserving and restoring coastal wetlands is essential for maintaining their carbon sequestration capacity and strengthening climate resilience. Effective wetland conservation efforts, including sustainable land-use practices and restoration techniques like sediment augmentation, are essential to ensure these vital ecosystems continue to contribute to climate regulation. Keywords: Coastal Wetlands, Climate, Carbon Sequestration, Blue carbon

Abstract Phytotechnology, particularly through the utilization of plankton such as phytoplankton, offers innovative solutions to pressing environmental challenges, including pollution control, resource scarcity, and climate change. These microorganisms excel in carbon sequestration, pollutant removal, nutrient recycling, and resource recovery. They can address issues like eutrophication, heavy metal contamination, and oil spill degradation, while also contributing to biofuel production, agricultural enhancement, and the development of high-value products. However, large-scale implementation faces several challenges, including energy-intensive processes, high costs, resource competition, and environmental safety concerns, particularly the risks associated with genetically modified organisms. Progress in genetic engineering, photo bioreactor design, and integration with wastewater treatment systems, along with collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and industries, is essential for overcoming these challenges. Strategic investments have the potential to fully harness the capabilities of plankton as sustainable agents for environmental restoration and resource recovery. Keywords: Phytotechnology, Planktons clean-up, Plankton recovery, Remediation

Abstract Mangroves are vital ecosystems that maintain biodiversity, protect coastal areas, and sequester carbon. However, unsustainable aquaculture techniques, notably shrimp farming, are under considerable threat to these essential habitats, contributing to widespread mangrove destruction. The consequent environmental damage highlights the critical need for sustainable aquaculture practices. Aquasilviculture, or silvofishery, is a novel concept that combines aquaculture and mangrove protection. This approach combines shrimp or fish farming with mangrove planting and management, which promotes ecological restoration while preserving aquaculture productivity. Mangroves serve as natural filters, improving water quality by absorbing organic and chemical contaminants, while their organic content enriches pond habitats and promotes the growth of aquatic animals. Successful aquasilviculture schemes, such as Indonesia’s empang parit system and integrated mangrove-aquaculture farms in Vietnam and Bangladesh, illustrate the ability to resolve economic and environmental goals. These approaches increase aquaculture yields, protect biodiversity, and give socioeconomic advantages to local populations. Despite its potential, aquasilviculture confronts obstacles, including financial and technological impediments to implementation. Supportive policies, capacity building, and research are critical for expanding this approach. Keywords: Silvofishery, Juvenile fisheries, Mangrove-shrimp aquaculture, Global warming and Blue carbon

Abstract Climate change is a significant threat to global fisheries, affecting the livelihoods of approximately 39 million people engaged in fishing. This chapter discusses the challenges fishermen face due to climate change, ranging from environmental to social and economic issues. Rising sea levels, warmer ocean temperatures, and unpredictable weather patterns disrupt fish populations and traditional fishing methods, resulting in severe socio-economic difficulties for coastal communities. Trends concerning marine heatwaves have doubled since 1982, while ocean acidification is on the rise; these trends form a complex set of problems for fishers. Besides changing fish distribution, it causes damage to essential habitats and, thereby, further endangers marine biodiversity. Economic impacts include reduced catches and increased operational costs, combined with market fluctuations that can threaten their financial stability. Socially, the effect of climate change increases health and safety risks and creates mental health problems due to economic instability. Traditional fishing knowledge is becoming less relevant because fishermen must adapt to new circumstances. The chapter strongly emphasizes the need to develop adaptive strategies involving community-led and government-supported programs that strengthen the ability of fishing communities to build resilience. Fishermen can benefit by changing the marine resource landscape through a greater focus on more resilient species and modifications in practice. Finally, the chapter concludes by arguing for a holistic approach to address these interconnected challenges to ensure the sustainability of fisheries and the livelihoods of those who depend on them in the face of ongoing climate change impacts. Keywords: Extreme Weather, Economic Damage, Habitat Degradation, Environmental Challenges

Abstract Ocean acidification, caused by rising atmospheric CO2, is a major environmental issue that threatens marine ecosystems and human livelihoods. This process decreases the pH of seawater, increasing its acidity, through a series of chemical reactions that result in the formation of carbonic acid. These changes negatively impact marine food webs, especially calcifying organisms like corals, molluscs, and plankton, which depend on carbonate ions to build their shells and skeletons. The cascading impacts of acidification jeopardize the biodiversity, productivity, and resilience of marine ecosystems, including fisheries that millions depend on for food and income. Factors such as ocean warming, deforestation, and natural CO2 emissions exacerbate acidification. Mitigation efforts, including reducing CO2 emissions, restoring habitats, and promoting sustainable fishery management, are essential for minimizing future impacts. Addressing and mitigating ocean acidification are critical for conserving marine life, sustaining fisheries, and preserving ecological balance in the face of global climate change. Keywords: Ocean acidification, Marine food webs, Impact, Calcifying organisms

Abstract The aquafeed industry is a cornerstone of modern aquaculture, providing essential nutrients to support the growth, health, and productivity of farmed aquatic species. This chapter provides a thorough overview of the industry, focusing on its evolution, current trends, challenges, and future directions. The formulation of aquafeeds has progressed from simple raw ingredients to sophisticated, nutritionally balanced diets tailored to meet the specific requirements of diverse species at different life stages. Critical components, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, are discussed in the context of their roles in promoting optimal growth and physiological functions. The importance of optimum ratio of the digestible protein: digestible energy (DP:DE) is also explained in the section along with the nutritional requirement of commercially important Indian major carps (IMC), Chinese major carp (CMC), trout, catfishes and crustaceans. Keywords: Aquafeed, Plant-based protein, Feed formulation, Precision feeding, and Protein utilization

Abstract Infectious diseases pose significant threats to global aquaculture, causing substantial economic losses exacerbated by intensive farming practices. RNA viruses, including birnavirus, nodavirus, rhabdovirus, and others, infect both wild and cultured fish, leading to severe mortalities. This study focused on detecting two RNA viruses, Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) and Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV), using the TRIZOL reagent method. Fish samples, including Tilapia, Mrigal, Catla, and Minor carp, were observed for clinical symptoms and dissected to collect organs like kidney and spleen. RNA extraction was performed using TRIZOL, followed by cDNA synthesis and PCR amplification targeting specific viral genes. Gel electrophoresis confirmed the absence of IHNV and SVCV in all samples tested. This comprehensive methodology ensures efficient surveillance and early detection of viral infections in aquaculture, thereby enhancing disease management strategies and economic sustainability. The findings indicate a current absence of IHNV and SVCV in the studied fish populations, emphasizing the importance of ongoing monitoring to safeguard aquatic health. Keywords: (RNA Viruses, Trizol reagent method, Viral detection)

Abstract Ornamental fisheries, known as aquariculture, represent a flourishing industry that cultivates and trades vibrant fish species for aesthetic pleasure. Originating from the earliest public aquariums in Europe, this sector has grown into a global market exceeding US$15 billion annually, with significant contributions from developing countries. West Bengal, particularly Kolkata, emerges as a pivotal hub within India, generating 90% of the state’s ornamental fish revenue, primarily driven by local communities across suburban areas. This chapter explores the landscape of ornamental fisheries in Kolkata, detailing its economic significance with insights into market dynamics, from collection to export. Despite its economic contributions, the sector faces market informality, technical deficiencies in breeding practices, and occasional regulatory setbacks impacting sales. For instance, regulatory changes in 2017 temporarily disrupted market stability, highlighting vulnerabilities within the industry. Looking ahead, the chapter discusses strategic pathways for growth and sustainability. Government initiatives, including financial support and technological advancements under schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana, offer promising avenues for enhancing production capabilities and market integration. Moreover, stakeholder collaborative efforts to streamline distribution and pricing could bolster profitability and market resilience. In conclusion, while ornamental fisheries in Kolkata confront multifaceted challenges, proactive government interventions and industry collaboration are crucial to unlocking its full potential. The sector can foster sustainable growth by addressing existing barriers and leveraging emerging opportunities, enriching local livelihoods and global aquariculture enthusiasts. Keywords: Aquariculture, Ornamental Fisheries, Kolkata, Status

Abstract The global shrimp market has experienced steady growth, driven by rising consumer demand and advancements in aquaculture. Valued at US$ 69.0 billion in 2023, the market is projected to reach US$ 100.2 billion by 2032, with a CAGR of 4.1%. Shrimp farming, a major contributor to this growth, offers economic benefits such as foreign exchange earnings, job creation, and increased land value. However, the sector faces significant environmental and socio-economic challenges. These include mangrove deforestation, groundwater depletion, water pollution, and socio-economic disruptions such as land salinity and reduced local employment. Addressing these issues through sustainable practices and inclusive policies is essential for balancing economic gains with environmental and community well-being. Shrimp farming’s future lies in adopting eco-friendly technologies and equitable strategies that ensure long-term viability. Keywords: Shrimp farming, aquaculture, environmental impact, socio-economic challenges, sustainability.