Ebooks

In the ever-evolving landscape of agriculture, the quest for sustainable and efficient crop management practices has become paramount. We are delighted to publish our book entitled “Revolutionising Crop Management Practices for Ensuring Food Security”. In an era marked by environmental challenges, shifting climates, and a growing global population, the need for innovative and resilient crop management practices has never been more pressing. This book brings together a diverse array of insights, methodologies, and case studies that collectively illuminate the path toward ensuring food security for present and future generations. This book brings together a diverse array of perspectives, methodologies, and case studies that illuminate the path toward sustainable and resilient crop management. It is born out of the conviction that sustainable agriculture is not a choice but a responsibility, a commitment to future generations and the planet we call home. We will delve into topics ranging from soil health and fertility management to precision agriculture, crop rotation, and integrated pest management. The aim is not only to impart knowledge but to inspire a profound sense of stewardship and a vision for an agriculture that respects the Earth's capacity for regeneration. The chapters in this edited book delve into multifaceted aspects of crop management, addressing issues of precision agriculture, climate-smart practices, technological interventions, and the integration of traditional wisdom with cutting edge innovations. Each contribution is a unique piece of the puzzle, contributing to the broader picture of how we can ensure not only an abundance of crops but also the conservation of natural resources and the mitigation of environmental impacts. From soil health to pest management, from the use of advanced technologies to indigenous wisdom, the content of this book reflects the holistic approach necessary for a comprehensive transformation in crop management practices.

Introduction Agriculture has been the cornerstone of human civilisation for millennia, providing sustenance and livelihoods to communities around the world. As the global population continues to grow, reaching an estimated 9.7 billion by 2050, the need to ensure food security becomes increasingly urgent. However, this burgeoning demand for food coincides with numerous challenges such as climate change, dwindling natural resources, and the pressures of sustainable farming practices. To address these complex issues and meet the world's food requirements sustainably, modern agriculture must embrace innovative technologies. One such game-changing technology that has emerged in recent years is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which is revolutionising various industries, including crop production. AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, particularly computer systems. It encompasses a range of capabilities, including learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. When applied to agriculture, AI holds immense promise to transform how we grow crops, optimise resource utilisation, and enhance overall productivity (Fan et al., 2012). By leveraging AI's power, farmers can make data-driven decisions, improve efficiency, and implement precision farming techniques tailored to specific field conditions. By employing AI technologies, it is possible to mitigate the impact on natural ecosystems and enhance worker safety. This, in turn, can contribute to keeping food prices down and ensuring that food production remains in step with the growing global population (Ranjan et al., 2023).

Introduction Biofortification, also known as biological fortification, involves enhancing the nutritional content of food crops to improve bioavailability for the human population. This is achieved through the use of modern biotechnological techniques, conventional plant breeding, and agronomic practices. Unlike our current agricultural system, which primarily focuses on increasing grain yield and crop productivity, biofortification addresses the nutritional needs of the human population. The prevailing approach has led to a rapid increase in micronutrient deficiency in food grains, contributing to higher rates of micronutrient malnutrition among consumers. Biofortification presents a one-time investment that offers a cost-effective, long-term, and sustainable solution to combat hidden hunger (Sow and Ranjan, 2021a). Once biofortified crops are developed, there are no ongoing costs associated with purchasing fortificants and adding them to the food supply during processing. Agronomic biofortification methods involve the physical application of nutrients to temporarily enhance the nutritional and health status of crops. The consumption of such crops subsequently improves human nutritional status. Successful implementation of the biofortification initiative requires farmers to receive support for using micronutrient fertilisers on fortified cultivars and marketing assistance. Despite challenges, the biofortification of millets holds a promising future in addressing the issue of malnutrition.

Introduction Crop modeling in agriculture involves utilising quantitative data on eco physiological processes to forecast plant growth and development, leveraging environmental conditions and management inputs. These models simulate how crops respond whether in terms of growth, yield, or other factors to a dynamic interplay of elements like management practices, water, weather, and soil parameters throughout a growing season. They serve as computational tools emulating the intricate growth patterns of crops by mathematically representing various facets within the cropping system (Nath et al., 2023). The roots of crop modeling trace back to the 1960s, when researchers began integrating physical and biological principles to model agricultural systems. These models heavily rely on measurable inputs, obtained via sensors, machinery, or manual measurements, to predict desired outputs such as plant growth, crop yield, soil nitrogen levels, or crop staging. Crop Modeling Crop modeling involves the creation of mathematical or computational models that represent the growth, development, and yield of crops. These models are based on scientific principles and empirical data, aiming to simulate and predict various aspects of crop behaviour under specific conditions. The primary purpose of crop modeling is to provide a theoretical framework for understanding and predicting crop responses to environmental factors, management practices, and genetic variations.

Introduction Sustainable agriculture focuses on practices that ensure the long-term well being of the environment, society, and economy. In India, the government has instituted various policies and initiatives to encourage sustainable farming practices and enhance farmers' income. Embracing sustainability is crucial for making agriculture both profitable and environmentally friendly for future generations, and technology emerges as the key enabler for achieving this goal. Technological advancements empower farmers to make informed decisions regarding optimal planting and harvesting times, as well as the judicious use of water and fertilisers. This leads to reduced waste, increased crop yields, and ultimately higher profits for farmers. Additionally, technology plays a significant role in mechanisation, encompassing the use of modern agricultural implements that multitask while minimising soil impact (McFadden et al., 2023). Addressing major challenges such as crop residue management through environmentally friendly technological methods not only enhances efficiency and productivity but also reduces the physical labor required, transforming farming into a less strenuous occupation.

Introduction The managemment of pests and diseases in agriculture is challenging for farmers. Antibiotics and chemical pesticides are commonly used in traditional methods, which can be harmful to human health, the environment, and the long-term sustainability of agricultural practices. This article explores innovative approaches to pest and disease management in agriculture that are changing the game (Lykogianni et al., 2021). Techniques for controlling diseases and pests in field crops are necessary to keep agricultural systems healthy and productive. Farmers and agricultural professionals can prevent, monitor, and control pests and diseases that can significantly affect crop yields in a variety of ways. These administrators are practicing strategies to find a balance between restricting the use of chemical inputs, promoting sustainable agriculture, and maintaining financial viability. Principle of Integrated Pests and Disease Management (IPDM) • Suppression and Prevention: The elimination and prevention of pests are the first tenets of IPM. IPM aims to prevent a single pest from dominating a cropping system or causing damage, not eliminate all pests (Barzman et al., 2015). Three distinct sub-principles are combined in this principle: crop rotation and management, ecology, and a multi-pest strategy in combination The papers in this Special Issue discuss each of these guiding principles. A genuine illustration of the mix of strategies and multi-pest approaches is crafted by Poggi et al. (2021), who discussed ways to control wireworms in field crops. A risk assessment based on the production context (such as crop, climate, soil characteristics, and landscape) and monitoring of adult and/or larval populations should be the first steps in any new agro-ecological strategy.

Introduction The realm of agricultural policies and environmental policies stands as two critical pillars influencing the sustainability and equilibrium of our ecosystem. Agricultural policies primarily focus on regulations and measures instituted by governments or institutions to manage agricultural practices, production, distribution, and rural development. Conversely, environmental policies aim to safeguard and conserve natural resources, biodiversity, and ecosystems while mitigating the adverse impacts of human activities on the environment. Overview of Agricultural and Environmental Policies Agricultural policies often encompass subsidies, price controls, land use regulations, and trade agreements aimed at bolstering agricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and supporting rural economies (Fischer & Edmeades, 2010). Conversely, environmental policies encompass a broad spectrum of regulations, such as pollution control measures, wildlife protection, habitat conservation, and climate change mitigation strategies (Boyd & Banzhaf, 2007). Importance of Understanding Their Interactions Understanding the interactions between agricultural and environmental policies is crucial due to their interconnectedness and potential trade-offs. Agricultural activities significantly impact the environment through deforestation, water pollution from agricultural runoff, greenhouse gas emissions, and loss of biodiversity (Pretty et al., 2008). Conversely, environmental conditions greatly influence agricultural productivity and sustainability, including soil quality, water availability, and climate patterns. Recognition of these interdependencies is vital for devising coherent policies that foster sustainable agricultural practices without compromising environmental integrity (Tilman et al., 2011). The challenge lies in formulating policies that strike a balance between agricultural production goals and environmental conservation imperatives.

Introduction Throughout their existence on this planet, human beings have adapted to the diverse environments they inhabit. Depending on the topography and prevailing natural conditions, individuals have successfully navigated the challenges posed by nature and their surroundings. As life has progressed, humans have gained insights into nature, its resources, and the prudent utilisation thereof. This understanding encompasses various natural phenomena, the associated challenges, and the methods to mitigate them. Over time, humans have evolved into repositories of such knowledge, collectively known as 'indigenous knowledge' or 'traditional wisdom,' passed down from one generation to the next. Each specific region possesses its unique set of indigenous knowledge reflecting the harmonious coexistence of humans with their environment. Indigenous agricultural knowledge (IAK) stands as a crucial force in the realm of agricultural development. It represents a systematic and collective body of knowledge, practices, and beliefs that evolve through adaptation processes and are transmitted across generations through cultural channels, elucidating the intricate relationship between living beings and their environment. With this collective wisdom, farmers have adeptly cultivated food crops in diverse environmental conditions and seasonal variations, relying on indigenous techniques in the absence of external inputs, resources, and scientific knowledge. This includes refraining from the use of synthetic agrochemicals and instead embracing practices like crop rotations and soil fertility restoration through closed nutrient cycles (Melash et al., 2023).

Introduction Embarking on the journey of legume cultivation in India reveals a nuanced landscape marked by both challenges and promising horizons. The agricultural scenario is akin to orchestrating a symphony, where legumes play a vital role, contributing melodies of resilience and significance. Unveiling this leguminous symphony in India is an exploration into the intricate interplay of obstacles and potential triumphs within the agricultural sector. As we delve into an overview of legumes, commonly known as pulse crops, their significance in Indian agriculture becomes apparent. Belonging to the Fabaceae family, these plants possess a distinctive feature - the ability to harness nitrogen from the atmosphere. This unique characteristic renders them pivotal components in sustainable agricultural systems, impacting not only food and nutritional security but also influencing the broader scope of soil fertility enhancement and economic prosperity. The journey through legume cultivation in India unfolds as a harmonious narrative, weaving together the challenges faced and the promising prospects that lie ahead in this agricultural symphony (Sow and Ranjan, 2021).

Introduction Millet is a small grain cereal grass bearing coarse seeds, and since ancient times has been considered a valuable and nutritious grain. It includes jowar, bajra, ragi and small millets. Small millets include Barnyard millet, proso millet, kodo millet, little millet and foxtail millet. It is rich in fiber, protein, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin B, has a low glycemic index and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties (Ranjan et al., 2023). These have been added to the modern lifestyle as healthy foods because they are beneficial for human health due to the presence of nutritional ingredients. The nutritional quality of food is the most important parameter for maintaining human health and comprehensive physical health. Good nutrition is the driving force for growth and maximisation of human genetic potential (Radhila et al, 2011). Food quality in the diet must be considered to maintain optimal human health and fitness to address the deep-seated problem of malnutrition. Diversification of food production at both the national and household levels should be encouraged, in addition to increasing domestic productivity and technology (Singh and Raghuvanshi, 2016). Some agricultural foods are not used by humans as staple foods due to human ignorance. Millet is one of them. Millet is used as food for animals and birds. Millet has many nutritional and medical functions (Yang et al, 2012).

Introduction Plant Parasitic Nematodes (PPN) belonging to the kingdom Animalia are considered the most serious threat to agriculture and horticulture crops worldwide. The estimated yield loss on average is about 173 billion USD (12.3%), among which developing countries are more prone to nematode infestation (14.46%) than developed countries (8.8%). Nevertheless, these PPN aggravate the loss by forming disease complexes with other soil-borne pathogens (Jones et al., 2013). PPN gain entry onto the host roots through their secretome which secretes various kinds of proteins that are mandatory for the expression of disease symptoms in host plants. These proteins are generally called Nematode-Associated Molecular Patterns (NAMPs). The management of nematodes through synthetic nematicides paves the way for the production of commodities with toxic residues that may have severe ill effects after consumption. However, the use of resistant plants is another strategy to combat major PPN and suppress their population in soil and roots. Recent research progress has revealed the various defence mechanisms exhibited by plants against the invasion of PPN. Here we will discuss in brief about the various mechanisms followed by the host plants to recognise the invading PPNs and the resulting host immune response in response to recognition of various effector proteins of PPN.

Introduction Agrochemicals are categorised based on the specific target organisms they are intended to control, including insects, weeds, and fungi. Among these target organisms, weeds significantly contribute to the highest economic losses due to their interference in crop production. Herbicides, the predominant class of agrochemicals globally, account for 48% of the total expenditure. The largest consumers of agrochemicals are Europe, Asia, and the United States. Herbicides have various biological and chemical properties (Roy et al., 2023a). They exhibit variations in behaviour and spectrum weed control. These properties play an important role in herbicide selection, method of utilisation and application, post-application effects such as toxicity and residue accumulation in the soil. The crucial factor for any herbicide application is the behaviour of the herbicide in the soil and its transformation or modification once it reaches the soil (Miller and Westra, 1914). The fate of herbicides and their efficiency are regulated by herbicide properties, soil characteristics and climatic conditions.

Introduction Agriculture faces a massive challenge: by 2050, it needs to sustainably feed over 9 billion people while supporting economic growth and protecting the environment. Meeting this demand requires a staggering 70% increase in food production from 2006 levels, mainly by making the most of existing farmland and resources. Precision agriculture offers a promising way forward. It's about smartly managing soil and crops using technology and information to boost profits while being eco-friendly. This approach involves giving the precise amount of resources—like water, nutrients, and pesticides—at the right time and place to optimise farming. It's all about understanding and using the differences within f ields to improve crop growth and protect the environment. Traditionally, understanding these differences involved collecting tons of soil and plant samples for lab analysis. But this can be costly. So, finding better, more efficient ways to assess these differences in soil and plant growth is crucial. Precision agriculture relies on high-tech tools like GPS, GIS, yield monitors, and remote sensing to measure differences in soil and crop growth across f ields. By integrating these technologies with tools that adjust resource usage based on these differences (called variable rate technologies), farmers can apply fertilisers and water precisely where they're needed, optimising crop yields (Ranjan et al., 2022a). This method has three main parts: collecting data, understanding that data, and then making smart decisions based on it, all tailored to specific areas and timings. New technologies like yield monitors, satellites, and handheld sensors have made data collection faster and easier. But the real challenge is making sense of all this information and using it effectively for better farming. This review delves into how these technologies can enhance agricultural production and the hurdles they bring.

Introduction The importance of soil in agriculture cannot be overstated, as it serves as the foundation for crop growth and sustenance. However, many regions grapple with problematic soils characterised by issues such as poor fertility, erosion, contamination, and structural degradation. In recent years, significant steps have been made in addressing these challenges through innovative approaches and technologies. This change in outlook includes the combination of imaginative advancements, protection procedures, and biological standards to enhance farming efficiency while limiting ecological effects (Singh et al., 2011). Farmers are challenged with the management of problematic soils characterised by fertility issues, erosion, contamination, and structural degradation. Sustainable agricultural techniques depend on the efficient management of problematic soils, which is also critical to environmental sustainability, global food security, and farming systems' ability to withstand climate change. The idea of changing soil and harvest management practices a complex system that incorporates accurate horticulture, agroecology, and computerised cultivating innovations (Fu et al., 2021).

Introduction According to the United Nations (UN, DESA 2019) the world population will reach around 9.7 billion by 2050. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has predicted that the world food grain production must increase by 70% by the year 2050 to feed this ever-growing population (Bernard et al., 2017). United Nations World Population Prospects (2022) also predicted the same (Fig 1). However, it is a matter of great concern that the global food grain production has not increased to any significant level (Fig 2) in the past 15 years. As seen in Fig 2, the global food grain production trend has reached a plateau. The main reason behind this fact is the degradation of this valuable natural resource (soil) beyond the tolerance limit due to anthropogenic activities such as imbalanced fertiliser use with the application being largely skewed in favour of nitrogen (N) fertilisers. As per the available data from 2020-21, in nutrient terms, India consumes a total of 32.5 million tonnes (Mt) of fertilisers swhich are distributed over a stable net cultivated area of 141 million hectares (Mha) (Singh et al., 2022). Associated with this is the expenditure of a huge amount of energy for producing these fertilisers, which principally comes from fossil fuel burning, pumping a gigantic quantity of groundwater to solubilise these fertilisers and so on. Not only nitrogen, but the usage of phosphatic and potassic fertilisers has also witnessed an upsurge in the last 50 years (Fig 3).

Introduction Soil fertility is a key factor in successful crop production measures the ability of the soil to supply nutrients to plants. Soil fertility and fertilisers are closely related concepts. Soil fertility acts as a "SOURCE" from which plants can absorb nutrients for maximum yield, while manure acts as a "SOURCE" from which we can continuously absorb various nutrients and also add to the soil. The importance of soil fertility and fertiliser management has been increasingly recognised in all countries to meet the demand for food and other agricultural commodities. Intensive use of fertilisers and cultivation of high yielding varieties has undoubtedly increased food production and reduced food scarcity, but it has also brought with it a host of problems related to soil fertility, soil and water pollution (Sow et al., 2023a). On the other hand, rapid depletion of nutrients due to overuse, widespread N, P, K, and S deficiency, along with micronutrient deficiencies, especially Zn and Boron, have been observed in many soils.

Introduction Water is a prominent element in the daily life of human beings as well as in agriculture. In better crop production, the quantity of water, but the quality of water is also important. With respect to the current scenario of water harvesting or water conservation there are some techniques adopted in Indian agricultural practices, such as the use of drip irrigation to minimise water surplus, rain fed agricultural practices, storing rain water in different storage components, using mulching (either natural or plastic), proper tillage practices, selecting crops which need less amount of water, using laser leveller for better water uses to encounter surplus water flow to the lower elevated portion of the field etc. Water conservation techniques and measures are directly related to the type of meteorological factors of specific watershed. For the arid and semi arid regions proper method of tillage practice improves water use while in conventional practices of farming consumes more than required water quantity. Some crops are water-intensive where the quantity of the available water is crucial. Sources of water can be ground water, rain water and irrigation water. In sustainable crop production, the right amount of water is necessary for the optimal physiological growth of specific crops. Although the availability of water depends upon the geographical location, for example in the Gangetic plains of India there is less need for water conservation agricultural purposes. On the other, in the region of Deccan Plateau of India, availability of water is comparatively lower than in the Gangetic plains. It is also important that water conservation techniques can be adopted irrespective of the geographical locations. Water is conserved in nature itself but the availability of water depends on the hydrological cycle. Therefore, conservation has become a trending topic. Water conservation can be improved through sustainable agricultural practices such as proper scheduling of irrigation, selection of crops based on sustainability, monitoring soil moisture content, maintaining records of crop growth and physio-chemical data, implementing effective drainage systems, intercropping operations and utilising recycled water for other purposes.

Introduction Climate change has brought about unprecedented weather variability, disrupting established patterns and posing significant challenges to global agriculture. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports unequivocal evidence of increasing temperatures and altered precipitation patterns (IPCC, 2021). These changes impact crop production, water availability, and overall food security, necessitating innovative approaches to ensure sustainable agriculture in the face of evolving climatic conditions. To address these challenges, accurate crop yield forecasting becomes paramount. Reliable predictions empower farmers, policymakers, and agricultural stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, risk management, and adaptation strategies (Lobell et al., 2012; FAO, 2019). This chapter explores the intricate interplay between weather variability, climate change, and the development of effective crop yield forecasting models, offering a comprehensive perspective on how sustainable agriculture can be achieved in the midst of these dynamic environmental shifts.

A Actinomycetes 130, 131 Aeration 150, 152, 153 Agrosilvipastoral Systems 188 Agrochemicals 74, 126, 163, 165, 169, 170 Agronomical Fortification 14 Antagonistic Plants 116 Apoplast 115, 118 Artificial Intelligence 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 154, 156, 208, 213 Artificial Neural Networks 4 Automation 3, 8, 137, 145