Preface Energy plays a critical role in the agricultural sector, influencing productivity, sustainability and environmental impact. As the demand for energy in agriculture continues to grow, it becomes imperative to have a comprehensive and quantifiable understanding of this vital aspect. It is with great pleasure and pride that we present "Energy Use in Agriculture," a numerate and quantitative textbook that delves into the intricacies of energy within the agricultural domain. This book brings out the comprehensive understanding about various facets, including global and national energy scenarios, classifications, efficiency, conservation, initiatives by institutions in the energy sector and energy supply and consumption in the agricultural sector. Templates for energy-related surveys and crop production-based energy use calculations, specifically tailored for commercially significant crops and energy related policies and acts are also covered in this book in simple and cogent manner. This book is intended to serve as a valuable reference for students, teachers and researchers engaged in energy-related aspects within agriculture. We hope it sparks curiosity and further investigations in this dynamic field, ultimately contributing to a sustainable and energy-efficient future for agriculture. We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. V. Geethalakshmi, Vice-Chancellor, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore for providing her visionary leadership, support and encouragement throughout this endeavor and providing foreword for the book. Thanks to Dr. M.K. Kalarani, Director, Directorate of Crop Management and Dr. P. Parasuraman, Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy for providing us with the necessary resources, infrastructure, constant motivation and valuable suggestions for writing the book. We acknowledge New India Publication Agency for their commitment of professionalism in bringing out this book in readable format. Despite of our diligent efforts in compiling and presenting the contents of this book, we acknowledge that there is still scope for further improvement. Therefore, we warmly invite valuable suggestions from our readers to enhance this manuscript. Your feedback will be invaluable in making this book even more comprehensive and impactful.

Definitions of Energy Energy is a key topic in science and technology, as well as in society in general. In terms of energy, a typical definition found in popular literature as well as textbooks is “energy is the ability to do work” or, much more precisely, “energy is the capacity of a system to do work” [Atkins 1990]. Energy is described as the ability to generate change or carry out work, and that work can be separated into numerous easily identifiable tasks: Energy produces light, heat, motion, sound, growth, power and technology etc.

Energy is a critical component of the economic infrastructure, as it is the primary input required to support economic growth. Economic development and energy use have a close relationship. The higher a country’s per capita energy usage, the more developed it is and vice versa. Human civilization is dependent on several energy sources.

Introduction to Energy Sources Consumption of nonrenewable energy sources has caused more environmental harm than any other human activity during the last century. Electricity generated from fossil fuels like coal and crude oil has resulted in excessive levels of hazardous gases in the environment. As a result, several issues exist now, such as ozone depletion and global warming. Vehicle pollution has also been a significant issue. As a result, alternative energy sources have become increasingly vital and relevant in today’s society. These sources, such as the sun and wind, can never be depleted and are hence referred to as renewable. They produce fewer emissions and are readily available locally. Their application has the potential to significantly reduce chemical, radioactive, and thermal pollution. They stand out as a promising source of infinite clean energy. These are also known as non-conventional energy sources.

Energy in Agricultural Context (FAO) Agriculture’s fundamental and foremost function is to produce food and other primary products, so contributing to food and nutritional security. Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD) attempts to promote ecologically non-degrading, technically suitable, commercially successful, and socially acceptable development in the agriculture, fishery and forestry sectors. Achieving food security necessitates policies that promote social, cultural, political, and economic stability. Integrating agriculture’s economic, social, and environmental roles can help to attain these objectives. Agriculture may provide a variety of non-food commodities and services. This can include its application as a viable, long-term source of energy. According to the FAO, agricultural activities and related land use directly contribute to non-agricultural functions such as social, environmental, economic and cultural products and services. They can have major advantages or disadvantages. Research reveals that, in addition to food security, agriculture contributes significantly to attaining sustainability at the local, national and global levels in rural development, energy and the environment. The efficient operation of the market encourages the identification and strengthening of these many functions, as well as the development of new techniques and technologies. Plant and crop-based resources are utilised as raw materials in a wide range of industrial goods, including wood for paper and board production, starches for adhesives, and vegetable oils for paints and resins.

5.1. Introduction The energy equivalent can be considered to be an alternate energy unit, precisely related to units such as the joule, calorie, or Btu. In energy talks, many units are employed. They are divided into two categories: (a) basic units and (b) source-based units.

6.1. Calculation of Energy Requirements for Field Operations The energy needs for a certain field activity can be determined by adding the amounts of human, bullock, mechanical, and/or electric energy consumed. Operational Costs for Various Power Sources Manual power In the case of human labour, the wages of unskilled employment are charged on an hourly or daily basis (as determined by the location).In the case of research farms, the costs for operating a pair of bullocks are determined on the basis of the cost of a pair of bullocks, the salary of an operator, the cost of bullock feed, and any other expenditures (as imposed in a given location). For the farmer’s fields, however, the real hiring expenses are used as the foundation.

7.1. What is Energy Conservation? In order to protect resources for future use and to lessen environmental degradation, energy conservation refers to actions performed to limit energy use. .2. What is Energy Efficiency? The definition of energy efficiency is the use of less energy to carry out a task or achieve a goal. Homes, buildings, and manufacturing facilities that use less energy to manufacture things require less energy to heat, cool, and operate appliances and electronics.

10.1. Acts, Policies and Schemes that Benefit Farmers 10.1.1. PM-KUSUM As part of its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), India agreed to increase the installed capacity of electric power from non-fossil fuel sources to 40% by 2030. The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan Scheme aims to ensure energy security for Indian farmers while also upholding this commitment. The PM-KUSUM Scheme was launched in 2019 with 3 components:

Appendix - 1: Physical Properties of Seed – bed / Puddled Soil Tillage is the process of getting the soil ready for planting and maintaining it loose and weed-free while the crop is growing.  The main goal and core function of tillage are broken down into three phases: 1. Creating a suitable seedbed, 2.  Eliminating weed competition, and 3.  Enhancing the physical quality of the soil.

All India Electricity Statisticsreport 2020-21. https://cea.nic.in/all-india-electricity-statisticsgeneral-review/?lang=en Atkins P.W.: Physical chemistry. Oxford University Press, 4th ed., 1990, ISBN 0-19- 855293-1 BP, B. (2022). Statistical review of world energy 2022. Central Electrical Authority (2022), “Executive summary 2021”, available at: www.cea.nic.in/reports/ monthly/executivesummary/2021/exe_summary-02.pdf. DeMaio, N. A. (2021). Development of Converging-Channel Drop Tower for Sphere Symmetric Isolated Single Droplet Combustion (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Carolina). Executive Summary on Power Sector. January 2022. Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority. Hood, C. F., & Kidder, G. (1992). Fertilizers and energy. Fact Sheet EES-58, November.