Ebooks

The horticulture sector is widely acknowledged as the most vibrant and sustainable division within global agriculture. It encompasses the comprehensive management of a diverse range of crops, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, plantation crops, spices, medicinal plants, and aromatic crops, both during the pre and postharvest phases. Fruit, specifically, holds a crucial position within horticulture, playing a significant role in driving our economy forward. In recent years, the demand for temperate fruits has increased significantly, leading to the need for advancements in production technology to meet this demand. This has resulted in the development of innovative techniques for fruit cultivation. The advances in production technology have not only increased the quality and quantity of temperate fruits but also led to higher yields and improved economic returns for growers. Therefore, it is crucial to continue to invest in the development and implementation of advances in production technology to meet the increasing demand for fruits and ensure a sustainable and prosperous future for the fruit industry. This comprehensive guide provides in-depth information on all aspects of temperate fruit production. This book satisfies the demand for a quality reference cum edited book among students. The authors have done an exceptional job of compiling all the necessary information related to temperate fruit production technology. They have presented it clearly and concisely, making it easy to understand and apply. Every effort has been taken to assure the accuracy of the data gathered from a variety of sources, including people, organizations, institutions, and publications. We expect that this book will be a helpful resource for educators, professionals, and learners seeking employment in ICAR institutions, State Agriculture University, State Public Services/ UPSC/ARS/JRF/SRF/ASRB-NET along with entrance examinations for B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. Degree in Fruit Science and also very useful for progressive farmers, and horticultural extension workers, and boost farmers’ incomes.

Introduction The apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is a significant temperate fruit growing in India and is widely cultivated in many regions around the world with cold winters, frost-free springs, and warm summers. It is a deciduous tree that belongs to the Rosaceae family. It is a widely cultivated fruit tree and is known by various names across different regions. In India, apples are commonly referred to as “seb” in Hindi, “sev” in Bengali, “sevva pazham” in Tamil, and “seema palam” in Telugu. These names reflect the cultural and linguistic diversity of the country (Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2020). The apple is a round fruit that comes in a variety of colors including red, green, and yellow. The apple tree, like most plants, has a specific chromosome number that determines its genetic makeup and characteristics. The chromosome number of the cultivated apple, Malus domestica, is 2n = 34 (Janick et al., 1996). This means that each cell of the apple tree contains 34 chromosomes, with 17 pairs in total. Most of cultivated apples (2n=34) are diploids, and a (2n=51) are triploids. Understanding the chromosome number is crucial for breeding programs and genetic research as it helps in identifying genetic variations and selecting desired traits. Delicious group apples are widely popular and cover 50–70% of the land. The apple, which is the most popular table fruit in the world, is regarded as the king of temperate fruits. Its positive qualities include a pleasing look and a longer shelf life at room temperature. Except for the Kashmir Valley and a small portion of the Kullu Valley, the majority of apple acreage is on hill slopes. Unlike other fruits, apples can be grown effectively in sod culture as long as the apple plants are given more nutrients than is recommended to prevent nutritional competition between grass and apple trees. They require a cool climate with cold winters and moderate summers for the fruit to develop properly.

Introduction Pear (Pyrus communis L.) is one of the most important temperate fruit crops after apple in the family Rosaceae. It is diploid and a member of the Pomoideae subfamily, having chromosome number 2n=2X=34. The pear is a tree and fruit in the Rosaceae family, which also includes apples and quince. The pear has a fibrous center and is a mildly sweet fruit. It is abundant in dietary fiber, plant components, and vital antioxidants. Pears come in a variety of shapes, including round, oval, and elongated, and they can be smooth or bumpy in texture. The fruit has a thin skin that can be smooth or rough, and it ranges in color from green to yellow to red. The flesh of the pear is white, yellow, or cream-colored and is juicy and sweet, with a slightly gritty texture. Later in the 19th century, better pear cultivars were introduced in India. Pears come in second place among temperate fruits in India in terms of both production and land area. Due to the pear’s extensive climatic and soil tolerance, it is grown in both temperate and subtropical climate. Importance and composition and uses Pears are a good source of fiber and vitamin C, and they are relatively low in calories. Pear fruits are suggested for diabetic patients because of their low sugar content, which also lowers blood pressure and regulates heart rate. The 3.1 gm of dietary fibre it contains are very beneficial for intestinal health. About 27 to 41 mg of phenolics are present per 100 mg of fruit, making it a strong source of antioxidants. Moreover, pears have demonstrated vasodilator capabilities, and their components anti-arrhythmic effects often lower blood pressure and regulate heart rate. Fruits include the folic acid that makes up the vitamin B complex. It contains the glycoside arbutin, which has potential as a treatment for urinary tract infections. The body’s uric acid is helped to leave the body with its help. The pears’ leaves are effective in treating swelling and blisters. Fever, anaemia, and general malaise are also treated with their assistance. A destion can be made from the bark of pears. 

Introduction Peach (Prunus persica (L.) is an important deciduous fruit crop in temperate regions. The basic chromosome number 8 and somatic chromosome number 16. It belongs to family Rosaceae family, subfamily Prunoideae. It has a deciduous nature and can reach heights of 5 to 10 m. It is classified with the almond within the genus Prunus in the subgenus Amygdalus that is distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell. The majority opinion among botanists today is that they are Chinese in origin and were transported along the silk road in ancient times, most likely by around 2000 BC, to Persia and the Mediterranean region. Introduction of the cultivated peaches probably took place in the latter half of the 19th century. China, Japan, Iran, Turkey, and other Mediterranean nations have historically produced significant amounts of peaches. Peaches have been cultivated in these nations for thousands of years. The United States, Canada, and Australia have all grown in importance more lately. Due to insufficient summer heat, oceanic climate regions like the Pacific Northwest and the British Isles are generally unsuitable for peach growth, though they can occasionally be grown trained against south-facing walls to capture additional heat from the sun. In the British Isles, trees can thrive in a protected, south facing location and produce both flowers and a plentiful supply of fruit.

Introduction Plum, scientifically known as Prunus domestica, is a popular fruit-bearing tree belonging to the Rosaceae family. Renowned for its delicious and versatile fruits, plum cultivation has a long history that spans different cultures and regions. Plums are enjoyed worldwide both in their fresh form and processed into various culinary delights. Because of its temperate character, plum is a significant crop in hills, but it is just a modest fruit crop in Punjab and the north Indian plains. Because it requires little freezing and has a shorter juvenile phase, it is ideal for planting as a filler fruit plant in mango, litchi, and pear orchards. There are a few solid-block plum plantations in the Amritsar, Fazilka, Ambala, and Kurukshetra regions as well. Due to the trees’ abundant f lowering, high fruit set, and early ripening habits of varieties suitable for plains, they are extremely productive. A fully developed tree can typically produce 50–60 kg of fruit. Plum trees are deciduous and typically bear fruits during the summer season. The fruits come in a wide range of colors, including shades of purple, red, yellow, and green, with variations in size and flavor. This diversity in plum varieties allows for a delightful selection for consumers, catering to their individual preferences.

Introduction Prunus armeniaca L. is a highly nutritious fruit belonging to the Rosaceae family and subfamily Prunoideae. It is known for its attractive appearance, pleasant flavor, and aroma. The name “apricot” is believed to have originated from the Latin word “praecocia” meaning “early matured” or the Arabic word “albarquq” meaning “short ripening period.” Apricot is considered to be an important temperate fruit crop due to its high nutritional and health benefits. Apricots are rich in a multitude of vitamins and minerals, including Retinol (Vit. A), Thiamine (Vit. B1), Riboflavin (Vit. B2), Ascorbic acid (Vit. C) and Tocopherol (Vit. E) as well as calcium, iron, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium. It also has low levels of fats and carbohydrates, making it an important food in human nutrition (Batu et al., 2007; Karatas and Kamisli, 2007). Research has indicated that incorporating apricots into one’s diet may counteract the risk posed by several ailments, including cardiovascular disease, cancers, cataracts, and other degenerative diseases (Oomah and Mazza, 2000).

Introduction Cherry is a fleshy fruit of stone, it occupies a prominent position among the temperate fruit grown commercially all over the world. Cherry belongs to the genus prunus and the family Rosaceae. Other stone fruits such as plum, peach, almond, apricot also come under the genus prunus. The cultivated cherries are divided into two main group sweet cherries (Prunus avium) are mainly cultivated for table purpose and are consumed as fresh fruits (Fig. 1) , sour cherry (Prunus cerasus), is mainly cultivated for processing purpose which is a cross of Prunus avium × Prunus fruticosa. Somatic chromosome number of sweet cherry is 2n=16 and somatic chromosome number of sour cheery is 2n=32. Cherry requires highest chilling hours among the temperate fruits with 2000 to 2700 hours. In India cherry is commercially grown in Kashmir valley and other adjoining regions with an area of around 1,110 ha. With and annual production of around 605 MT (Bal, 1997). In these areas the span of winter is wide and very much pronounced and according to Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (Anon. 2022) Turkey is largest producer of cherry in the world, around 42% of world production originated in Turkey, and around 14% production in the United States. Among the temperate fruit cherry comes first in the market. The primary center of origin is supposed to be the Caspian and Black sea region from where it has been spread throughout the world (Oz., 2013). The earliest records indicate that it was first domesticated in Greece around 300 BC. It spread to Italy from Greece where it was established as a fruit crop by 37 BC. In India, it was introduced by Britishers in Kashmir, Kullu and Shimla hills during pre-independence era. At present European countries are growing cherries on large scales for table purpose and also for processing.

Introduction A significant nut that originated in Central Asia, the almond (Prunus communis) is now grown all over the world in hot, dry Mediterranean climatic zones (Monteiro et al., 2001). The Rosaceae family it belongs to (Martinez-Gómez et al., 2007). Number of chromosomes is 2n = 16. Today, the USA produces the most almonds, followed by Australia and Spain. Due to genetic, ecological, and processing-related variables, different cultivars of almond exhibit varied chemical profiles. Regular nut consumption has been linked to health benefits, particularly in the fight against cardiometabolic disorders (Massantini et al., 2022). Consuming nuts has been shown to have beneficial benefits against a variety of illnesses, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome, according to epidemiological research and clinical trials (Chen et al., 2006). Regular nuts consumers also exhibit better metabolic profiles and smaller waist circumferences. The edible portion of an almond, known as the almond kernel, is made up of two enormous cotyledons that are protected by an exterior hull and an inside shell (Aydin et al., 2003). When the seed reaches maturity, the hull opens and the seed readily separates. Approximately 50% of almonds are lipids, 25% are proteins, and 20% are carbs. Almonds also have a low moisture content and a variety of minor beneficial components (Ahrens et al., 2005). Almonds’ macro- and micronutrient composition is related to their consumption’s positive effects on health (Esfahlan et al., 2010). The lipid profile can be highlighted as one of the components with beneficial health properties. According to Roncero et al.(2020), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) make up 60% of the lipid profile, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), fibre, vitamins, minerals, phytosterols, and polyphenols.

Introduction Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an important temperate nut crop grown in various parts of the world. It belongs to the family Juglandaceae and is commonly known as English walnut, Persian walnut, or common walnut. It has a chromosome number of 2n=32 (Kalia et al., 2016). Walnuts are a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids (Husain et al., 2013). The walnut fruit is a drupe that contains a nut surrounded by a hard shell. The nut is enclosed in a fleshy green or brownish-yellow hull, which splits open when the fruit is ripe. Walnut is an important nut crop due to its high nutritional value and medicinal properties. The kernel of the walnut is rich in protein, fat, and minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. It also contains vitamins B1, B2, and E. In addition to being used as food, walnut has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (Liu et al., 2017). Walnut oil is rich in linoleic acid and is used in the production of cosmetics and soap. The leaves and bark of the tree are used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as diabetes, fever, and inflammation.

Importance and uses Walnut is a valuable nut crop that is grown in several regions of the world, including India. The nut is a rich source of several nutrients, including protein, fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants. Walnuts have several health benefits, including reducing the risk of heart disease, improving brain function, and reducing inflammation. They are also used in several industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Walnuts have been an important food source for humans for thousands of years. In ancient times, they were believed to have medicinal properties and were used to treat several ailments (Martinez et al., 2010). Today, they are used in the food industry to produce confectionery, bakery products, and as an ingredient in several cuisines. They are also used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to their anti inflammatory and anti-aging properties (Alasalvar et al., 2010; Bolling et al., 2011). Walnuts are a rich source of antioxidants, which are important for maintaining good health. Antioxidants help to neutralize free radicals in the body, which can cause cell damage and lead to several chronic diseases, including cancer and heart disease (Alasalvar et al., 2010). In addition, walnuts are an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for brain health and reducing inflammation in the body (Bolling et al., 2011). Walnuts also contain fiber, which is important for maintaining healthy digestion and reducing the risk of colon cancer (Martinez et al., 2010).

Introduction The pistachio nut (Pistacia vera L.), a small tree native to Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Iran. The Pistacia genus is a member of the Anacardiaceae family, which also includes the cashew, mango, sumac, and poison ivy plants. The tree yields seeds, which are frequently eaten as food. The genus Pistacia has about 20 species including Pistacia vera, Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia khinjuk, and Pistacia lentiscus (Parizi et al., 2016). Western Asia is the pistachio nut home region, and traders brought them to the Middle East, the Mediterranean nations, and Europe. Pistacia vera L. is the only species in this genus commercially grown for edible nuts. It was probably first grown in areas close to where it grew wild, as remains of pistachio nuts dating to the 6 millennium BC have been discovered in both Afghanistan and south-eastern Iran in recent times. Pistachio cultivation progressively spread to the West from the old Persian Empire, where it was widely grown. the word “Pistachio” etymology most likely stems from the Avestan word “pistak” from ancient Persian (Mandalari et al.2022). Health benefits In pistachio nuts more than 50% of the fat is unsaturated. There are also 20% proteins, 20% complex carbs, and pro-vitamin A. Dried fruit pistachios nut has the highest potassium content that is very good for health. It is also great supplier of energy, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron. The heart’s functioning can benefit from the consumption of this fruit. Moreover, it participates in cell metabolism, and the potassium it contains controls the water content of the cells. The production of hemoglobin and myoglobin depends on iron, consumption of pistachio nuts fulfill the iron requirements. It contributes to cellular respiration, intellectual growth, and immune system amplification. A crucial component of bones and teeth is phosphorus. Moreover, magnesium aids in the formation of bones and the production of proteins. This nut is good source of phosphorus and magnesium also.

Introduction Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) belongs to the family Fagaceae and is a deciduous tree. It is also known as sweet chestnut and has a chromosome number of 2n=24. Chestnuts have been used for centuries for various purposes such as food, timber, and medicine. They are an important source of carbohydrates and contain several nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and fiber (Laribi et al., 2020). In India, chestnuts are mainly grown in the hilly regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Origin and distribution Chestnut is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean region and was later introduced to other parts of the world. It is widely grown in Europe, Asia, and North America. In India, chestnuts were introduced by the British in the 19th century and were mainly grown as an ornamental tree. It was only after Independence that chestnuts were recognized as a potential crop for the hilly regions of the country (Bhat et al., 2016). Area and production The total area under chestnut cultivation in India is estimated to be around 1000 hectares, with an annual production of around 1000 metric tons (Bhat et al., 2016). The major states growing chestnuts are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.

Introduction The olive fruit, scientifically known as Olea europaea L., is the edible fruit of the olive tree. It belongs to the Oleaceae family, which encompasses various other plants such as jasmine and lilac (Bartolini & Prevost, 2002). The scientific name Olea europaea reflects its European origin, with the genus name, Olea, derived from the Latin word “oleum” meaning oil, emphasizing the fruit’s high oil content. The species name, europaea, signifies its prevalence in Europe (Vossen, 2007). In India, the olive fruit is commonly referred to as “Jaitoon” or “Jaitooni” (Bhardwaj & Gupta, 2019). These names are derived from the Hindi language and are used to denote both the tree and its fruit. The olive tree has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46 (Besnard et al., 2008). This indicates that each cell of the olive tree contains 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. Understanding the chromosome number is essential for genetic studies and breeding programs as it helps in comprehending the genetic diversity and variability of the olive fruit. Importance The production of olive fruit in India has gained significant importance in recent years due to various factors. Firstly, olive fruit is a valuable source of edible oil. Olive oil is renowned for its health benefits, being rich in monounsaturated fats, antioxidants, and vitamins (Vossen, 2007). The cultivation of olive fruit provides economic opportunities for farmers and contributes to the country’s agricultural diversification.

1.0 Introduction Kiwi or kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) belongs to the Actinidiaceae family that is a fruiting vine originated from Yangtze Valley of China. Kiwifruit was named because it resembles a flightless bird, kiwi which is New Zealand’s national symbol. It is also referred as “New Zealand’s horticultural wonder”. In china kiwi was named as Yang Tao and also as “China’s miracle fruit”. Over the past century, kiwis have also acquired a variety of strange names, including “melonette”, “wood berry”, “strange fruit”, “monkey peach, “macaque pear”, “mihoutau”, “Chinese gooseberry” (Tyagi et al., 2015) “vine pear”, “sun peach” and the particularly enticing moniker “hairy bush fruit” (Hugh Cambbell and Julia Haggerty., 2008). Kiwifruit is a nutrient dense fruit which is exceptionally known for its flavour and vitamin C content (Guroo et al., 2017). Digestive potential, antioxidant property, healthy metabolism, immune function and protection from coronary artery disease are the therapeutic benefits of kiwi (Feruguson., 2003; Boeing et al., 2012; Singeltary., 2012). It reduces the risk against cancer (Puri and Manjula., 2018), arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases and irritable bowel syndrome (Chang et al., 2012) as it is a rich source of ascorbic acid and polyphenols. Due to palatability, aromatic compounds present in kiwifruit attract many consumers. Unique flavour and aroma is increased due to the presence of aldehyde E-2-hexenal, methyl benzoate, ethyl butanoate and esters. China tops in kiwifruit production followed by Italy. Two biggest exporters of Kiwi in world are Italy and New Zealand (Testolin & Ferguson, 2009). Kiwifruit has excellent pharmacological profile and it helps in development of nutritional supplements for welfare of mankind. Farmers can earn high return per unit area as it bears heavily every year and has no crop failure. Thus, kiwifruit has bright prospects in our country.

Introduction Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is a perennial herb that belongs to the Rosaceae family (Bayat et al.2019). Strawberry is sweet and has a distinct fragrance. Strawberries are a popular fruit that are known for their sweet taste, bright red color, and high nutritional value. It is abundant in several vitamins and nutrients, including carotene and anthocyanins. It is popularly regarded as the important table fruit of millions of people around the globe and well-liked by consumers. Strawberry, which has 98% edible component, is regarded as a whole fruit. typically eaten fresh and raw. They are tasty, healthful, and low in calories. Strawberries grow well in India in conditions that are often temperate in the north, subtropical in the plains, or tropical at high altitudes. The primary reason strawberry production is still in its infancy in India, despite its handsome fruits and palatable flavour, is that it is a perishable crop (Pramanick et al. 2012). The strawberry is a fruit that grows all over the world. The Roman poets Virgil and Ovid wrote about it in the first century, and gardeners have been growing strawberries in England since the sixteenth century (Boriss et al. 2006).

Introduction Raspberry, scientifically known as Rubus idaeus L., belongs to the family Rosaceae. It is also known as “red raspberry” or “European raspberry,” and its chromosome number is 2n=14. Raspberry is an important and popular fruit crop due to its rich flavor, high nutritional value, and various medicinal properties. Raspberry is rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and antioxidants, making it a valuable component of a healthy diet (Rahman et al., 2020). Raspberry is widely used in the food industry for jam, jelly, juice, ice cream, and other processed products. Origin and Distribution Raspberry is believed to have originated in Eastern Europe and Western Asia (Farrar, 2016). Raspberry was introduced to India during the British era and was initially cultivated on a small scale in the hilly regions of the country. Today, raspberry cultivation has spread to various parts of India, including Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim. The major raspberry-growing states in India are Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.

Introduction Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) belongs to the family Rosaceae and is a perennial fruit crop that is widely cultivated in different parts of the world due to its high nutritional and medicinal values. The fruit is known by different names such as bramble, dewberry, and thimbleberry, and has a chromosome number of 2n=14. Blackberry is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber, and has potential health benefits in the management of various diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders (Kumar et al., 2018). The fruit is consumed fresh and also processed into jams, jellies, juices, wines, and other value-added products. Origin and distribution Blackberry is believed to have originated in Europe and Western Asia, and was introduced to North America by early European settlers. The fruit is now widely cultivated in different parts of the world including Asia, Africa, Australia, and South America (Arya et al., 2020). In India, blackberry cultivation is gaining popularity in states such as Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttarakhand, where the climatic conditions are favorable for its growth and development.

Introduction Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) belongs to the Ericaceae family and is native to North America. Cranberries are also known by various other names, including American cranberry, bearberry, and lingonberry. The plant has a diploid chromosome number of 24 and grows in acidic, nutrient-poor soils in wetlands and bogs. It is an important commercial crop worldwide due to its high nutritional value, antioxidant properties, and health benefits. Cranberries are primarily consumed as juice, dried fruit, or in the form of sauces and jellies. They are a rich source of vitamins C and E, dietary fiber, anthocyanins and essential minerals such as potassium, manganese, and copper. The fruit is also used in the pharmaceutical industries due to its anti inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti aging properties (Santos et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017). The composition of cranberries is quite remarkable, with high levels of antioxidants, including phenolic compounds such as flavonols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins. These compounds are responsible for the fruit’s vibrant red color and are thought to provide many of the health benefits associated with cranberries. Cranberries are an important crop in the United States, Canada, and Chile, with significant economic value. They are primarily consumed as juice or in processed forms, such as sauces and jams. Cranberries are also used in the production of dietary supplements and cosmetics.

The blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is an evergreen or perennial deciduous shrub that is a member of the Ericaceae family and it is native to North America. It is oblat at maturity and forms dark blue color. Blueberry is also known as “the king of berries,” have real blue fruits, which is very rare in nature (Chu et al., 2018). Tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates make up the majority of the distribution of blueberries. The United States, Chile, Canada, Spain, China, Japan and Morocco are the top producer in the world (Yousuf et al., 2016). Traditionally, 58% of the world fresh blueberries are consumed in North America. The lowbush and highbush varieties combine produced 850,886 tonnes of blueberries in 2020. The United States alone produced around 35% and Peru for 21%. (FAOSTAT 2022). According to the South Africa Berry Producers’ Association, blueberries were originally brought to South Africa in the 1970s and are currently one of the country’s fastest growing agricultural sectors. There are many places where blueberries are grown, with the Western Cape produced around (60%) followed by Limpopo (15%), North-West (10%), Gauteng (8%), Eastern Cape (4%), Free State (2%) and Mpumalanga (1%) (Steyn et al., 2022). Federick Coville of the United States Department of Agriculture began the first blueberry domestication in 1908. (USDA). High and low bushes are the most widely grown kind of blueberry, however rabbiteyes are only significant in South and North America. High and low bushes hybrids are very common in the upper Midwest of the United States. The main growing countries for north high bush are Australia, Germany, and France.

Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) Cape gooseberry, scientifically known as Physalis peruviana L. (Physalis edulis Sims) belongs to family Solanaceae. Fruits are enclosed inside a bladder- like husk which turns papery when mature making all seeds inside visible. There are more than 70 species under the genus Physalis. Out of these species only few of them are of economic value. Cape gooseberry is most widely known among these species as it bears superior fruit in comparison to other species. The fruits are good in taste and a good source of minerals and vitamin such as vitamin B complex, vitamin C and pro-vitamin A, rich in pectin. Species diversity Cape goosberry is also known by different names in Latin America: capuli, aguaymanto, tomate sylvestre, or uchuba, in Bolivia; uvillain, in Peru; capuli or motojobobo embolsado, in Colombia; topotopo, chuchuva, in Ecuador; uchuva, vejigón or guchavo in Venezuela; capuli, amor en bolsa, or bolsa de amor, in Chile; cereza del Peru in Mexico; teparee, tiparee, makowi, etc., in India. Physalis pruinose L. commonly known as strawberry tomato, husk tomato or ground cherry is also grown for its small yellow fruits. In mild-temperature climates, the fruit is used to make sauce, pies, and preserves. Unripe druits are toxic. In Australia, the plant is thought to have caused illness and death in cattle.