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The National Agricultural Research System (NARS) strive to develop innovations that suits the emerging demands of stakeholders including farmers. National Agricultural Extension System (NAES) has been disseminating the innovations developed by NARS, so that these innovations can be applied across technology utilization ecosystems of the country. State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) of the NARS indulge in developing regional-specific innovations. These innovations are ably disseminated to the stakeholders through Directorates of Extension Education (DEE) of SAUs. DEEs employ innovative extension methodologies and approaches, which are locationspecific and demand-drive, However, these approaches are unique to the respective DEEs. The methodologies and approaches adopted by DEEs include personal, group and mass modes of technology dissemination. They also engage innovative information and communication technologies (ICTs) towards communication of innovations. Apart from technology dissemination, they also involve themselves in promotion of technology-based entrepreneurship, so that business opportunities in agriculture and rural landscape can be enhanced thereby address the unemployment issues in rural India. Cross-learning is one of the crucial learning approaches, which facilitates studying the proven approaches of different situations and test-verifying in the situations of the learners. By the way, cross learning about innovative extension approaches adopted by DEEs may enable applications of proven extension methodologies in newer situations. The very purpose of this book is to capture innovative extension methodologies and approaches adopted by SAUs of the country, so that it will be a valuable reference material and source for cross-learning among the DEES. We, the authors, take this opportunity to thank all the contributors of 24 chapters representing 15 DEEs for sharing information about innovative extension approaches

Introduction Technology transfer and capacity building are critical to the advancement of agriculture, particularly in ensuring that research findings and innovations reach stakeholders efficiently. The Directorate of Extension (DoE) at Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) is a key player in this process, liaising with state development departments to drive technology dissemination in the agriculture and allied sectors. The DoE collaborates closely with development departments of agri and allied areas in the State, acting as a vital link to ensure that agricultural advancements reach the grassroots level. The Directorate also integrates institutional mechanisms to support this technology transfer. Through a network of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and several institutional mechanisms, the Directorate integrates new agricultural technologies into mainstream practices, focusing on both skill development and sustainable development strategies. It conducts workshops, seminars, and training programs focused on enhancing the skills of extension workers, farmers, and other stakeholders. The focus is not just on disseminating new technologies but also on building long-term capacity through skill development. This ensures that the stakeholders are well-equipped to implement the innovations in a way that promotes efficiency, productivity, and sustainability. In essence, the DoE at KAU is a driving force in modernizing agriculture in Kerala. Through its structured efforts in technology transfer, skill enhancement, and the promotion of sustainable practices, it enables the agricultural sector to keep pace with scientific advancements while ensuring that the benefits are accessible and applicable at the field level. Initiatives / Interventions of DoE, KAU The Directorate of Extension is crucial in bridging the gap between agricultural research and field-level application through various innovative initiatives. Key interventions include the popularization of agricultural technologies, primarily through farm-based production programs, Block Level Agricultural Knowledge Centres (BLAKC), and the Mukhamukham (face-to-face) Agro Clinic. The Directorate also focuses on capacity-building programs, entrepreneurship development, and ICT-enabled technology dissemination. Additionally, the Directorate supports vulnerable sections of society, develops Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), and implements state-funded development projects, contributing to the holistic growth of Kerala’s agricultural sector.

Introduction The modernization of farming systems across the country is transforming agriculture. Yet, public extension services often struggle to keep pace with the growing demands for knowledge dissemination due to widen gap between farmers and extension agent i.e., 5000:1 (Ragasa et al.,2013). Also, only 6.8% farmers receive extension services directly from state extension agency (GFRAS, 2012). The complexity of modern farming systems, encompassing decisions about land use, crop selection, and market access, underscores the importance of tailored specific knowledge. Strong public extension services typically reach only about 10% of farmers, a figure further constrained by limited operational resources (Bell, 2015). This gap is exacerbated by limited resources and infrastructure. In this context, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) emerges as a game-changer, offering innovative solutions to address these challenges and empower farmers with crucial insights. The integration of ICT in agriculture is revolutionizing the way knowledge and services reach farmers, especially in resource-constrained and remote regions. ICTs, such as mobile technology, have demonstrated significant potential in extending the reach of agricultural extension services. For instance, mobile hotlines now enable farmers to obtain technical advice and market information, including price updates and market locations (Aker and Mbiti, 2010). Such tools empower users, particularly in remote areas, to access vital information and communicate efficiently (Aker, 2011). To meet farmers’ diverse and specialized information needs, ICT-based models must bridge these gaps effectively. However, the success of ICT interventions depends heavily on affordability and the customization of information to address the highly localized nature of agriculture (McNamara et al., 2011; Bell, 2015). Digital Choupal Recognizing these challenges, Bihar Agricultural University (BAU), Sabour, has pioneered an innovative solution by introducing Digital Choupal through videoconferencing facilities at Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVKs) and colleges of the university across the state. This initiative has supported agricultural extension by significantly reducing the barriers posed by distance and resource limitations. Bihar, a densely populated state in India with 1,102 people per sq. km, faces significant challenges in its agricultural sector. Employing around 75% of the workforce and contributing 35% to the GDP, agriculture remains a vital part of the state’s economy. However, technology adoption is slow, particularly in rural areas, due to poor connectivity and limited communication infrastructure. Less than half of Bihar’s villages are connected by roads, and access to trained extension personnel is scarce. These limitations hinder the dissemination of agricultural innovations and the provision of real-time advisory to farmers, which are essential for enhancing productivity and improving livelihoods. This innovative approach has redefined agricultural outreach, ensuring that even the most remote farmers can connect with experts and benefit from customized training and guidance.

Introduction The Directorate of Extension Education, came into existence during 1967 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology. This directorate is engaged with various projects viz: University Extension Block Programme, Distance Education, Digital Extension, Information wing, Gender resource center, Educational Museum besides managing 31 KVKs in 28 districts of Odisha except Cuttack and Khordha district in which University Extension Block Programme and Farmers FIRST program is in operational. This directorate adopted several innovative extension approaches which made the OUAT KVKs unique in operational modalities and effective in delivering for the development of farming community in Odisha, some of the innovative approaches are: Development of KVK Action Plan, CoE on FPOs, R-E Linkage and Krushi Samrudhi helpline. Development Process of Action Plan Krishi Vigyan Kendras work as a knowledge resource center in agriculture and allied field for the district (Singh et al., 2012) where in, production and supply of critical technological products, both tangible and intangible is the major component other than having scientifically maintained demonstration units, crop cafeteria etc. Development of complete feasible action plan of KVKs requires sincere efforts in identifying the real problems on one hand and sourcing the frontline technologies on the other. The logical fitment of suitable technological options for testing, in addressing situation specific problems are also an important activity requiring our understanding of the major farming systems in the AES, micro-farming situations of different crops & commodities and our scientific orientation. For this OUAT adopts a uniform action planning process since last few years which involves different activities. 1. Identifying the problems 2. Prioritizing the problems 3. Analyzing the problems and finding root cause(s) of the prioritized problems. 4. Sourcing alternative technologies and listing possible solutions nearer to hit the root cause and address the problems. 5. Taking into consideration the follow up activities require to be undertaken for previous year OFTs and FLDs 6. Planning interventions including those for other extension activities, production of critical inputs etc. 7. Consolidation of interventions and finalization of action plan with respect to OFT, FLD, Capacity building, other extension activities or combination of these.

Introduction  Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has emerged as a transformative force in agriculture, significantly enhancing access to information, improving productivity, and promoting sustainable practices. The integration of ICT tools facilitates the dissemination of critical agricultural knowledge, enabling farmers to make informed decisions regarding planting, pest control, and market trends. This technological advancement is particularly beneficial for small-scale farmers who often face challenges in accessing timely and relevant information. ICT platforms such as mobile phones and radios play a crucial role in providing small-scale farmers with access to essential agricultural input information, aiding them in making informed decisions (Fosu & Giba-Fosu, 2024). Furthermore, ICT tools, including e-learning platforms and mobile applications, have revolutionized agricultural extension services by providing direct access to advisory services and expert knowledge. The use of social media and mobile communication has also improved interactions between farmers and agricultural experts, thereby increasing the effectiveness of extension programs (Bhat et al., 2024). The advent of digital and smart agriculture, supported by ICT, incorporates technologies such as remote sensing, precision agriculture, and automated machinery to optimize farming practices and reduce labor dependency (Yoe, 2024). Agri-informatics, a specialized branch of ICT in agriculture, leverages emerging technologies like Big Data and the Internet of Things (IoT) to develop sophisticated agricultural systems, promoting smart farming practices (Jena, 2024). While ICT provides numerous advantages, challenges such as infrastructural limitations, economic constraints, and disparities in digital literacy hinder its widespread adoption. Addressing these barriers through policy interventions and capacity-building initiatives is crucial for maximizing the potential of ICT in agriculture. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into agriculture to address contemporary challenges such as climate change, population growth, and the demand for sustainable food production. AI applications in soil and crop monitoring, predictive analytics, and agricultural robotics are gaining attraction, assisting farmers in data collection and analysis (Smith, 2020; Gupta et al., 2023). Moreover, automation in agriculture, driven by AI, addresses issues such as crop diseases, irrigation management, and pest control. Techniques like IoT, machine learning, and deep learning contribute to the automation of farming practices, increasing soil fertility and productivity (Jha et al., 2019). Robotics and automated systems minimize human intervention, thereby enhancing farm efficiency and sustainability (Eli-Chukwu, 2019). The implementation of AI in agriculture yields numerous benefits, including enhanced productivity, costeffectiveness, and sustainability. AI assists in optimizing resource utilization,

Introduction  Banana is a common man's fruit grown in about seven lakh ha area in India. Apart from fruit, banana crop generate huge quantity of waste biomass in the form of pseudostem, leaves, suckers, etc. This biomass is absolute waste in most of the states of India as of now. Further farmers are spending about Rs. 15000 to 20000/ha for disposing off this waste from their fields. The present mode of disposing off pseudostem waste in nallas, borrow pits, road side, burning etc., which are causing environmental problems. In order to utilize this waste particularly pseudostem for developing different products, a project titled; “A Value Chain on Utilization of Banana Pseudostem for Fibre and Other Value Added Products” was sanctioned under NAIP in consortium mode by ICAR, New Delhi during 2008. The project entitled, “Establishment of Secondary Agriculture unit for skill development in students and farmers” was sanctioned by PIU, under the aegis of NAHEP-CAAST sub project in 2018. Under this project “Value addition and waste management of horticultural produces” was examined in special reference to banana pseudostem as supplemental raw material for NOVEL pesticide and fungicide. In view of this, Soil and Water Management Research Unit, N.A.U., Navsari have worked in consortium comprises of Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (CIRCOT), ICAR, Mumbai, Manmade Textile Research Association (MANTRA), Surat and J. K. Mills Ltd., Songadh as the partners. The basic aim of this project was to develop different value added products using presently waste banana pseudostem as raw material. As envisaged in project proposal, the value added products viz; Fibre and nonwoven fabrics, handmade papers and boards, vermi-compost, enriched sap (NAUROJI Novel organic liquid nutrient) and candy have been developed which are techno economically viable. The viability is substantiated by the fact that more than ten private parties have already signed MoU with NAU, Navsari for commercial production and marketing of organic liquid nutrient prepared using banana pseudostem sap and central core candy. Simultaneously, processes for the products like microcrystalline cellulose from Fibre, sap as a mordant in textile dying, pseudostem scutcher based vermicompost as fish feed, etc. have also been standardized during the current project period. This has become possible due to highly dedicated efforts put in by the team of scientists from all the four partners and full moral boosting supports by their authorities in implementing the project smoothly.

Introduction  In 1804, Nicolas Theodore de Saussure demonstrated that plants don’t uptake carbon from the humus, rather it comes from the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. He further stated that soil is source of plant nutrients. Subsequently in 1840, Carl Sprengel proposed law of minimum which mean the growth is regulated by scarcest (minimum available) resource instead of total resources. During the same time, Justus von Liebig observed that the chemical elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are essential for the plant growth. He strongly popularized the theory of mineral nutrients and law of minimum by developing the barrel with multiple holes at different height and filling water in it. It has opened the door of fertilizers industries; therefore, Justus von Liebig has been described as the “father of the fertilizer industry”. Consequently, many fertilizer companies started producing various chemical fertilizers all over the world. This had increased the productivity of the various crops. In India the first fertilizer factory which produced Single Super Phosphate (SSP) was started in Ranipet, Tamil Nadu in 1906 (Chaudhary, 2023). Before, green revolution we have established fertilizers industries of Ammonium Sulphate (1933), Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate (1959), Urea (1959), Ammonium Chloride (1959), Ammonium Phosphate (1960), Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (1961), Nitro phosphate (1965) and Di Ammonium Phosphate (1967). The green revolution ushered in 1967-68 was due to introduction of input responsive high yielding dwarf variety of wheat and use of chemical (mineral) fertilizers. These chemical fertilizers alone were responsible for increasing the yield of wheat by 233 per cent (Khunt et al. 2014&2015). If chemical fertilizers would not have been used for the crop production, we would not be in the position to feed the burgeoning human population. In the pursuit of increasing productivity, we injudiciously used chemical fertilizers and overlooked the deleterious effect of it on animal, human and environmental health. Production and use of chemical fertilizers, has increased the level of Green House Gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. To reduce GHGs and their environmental impact, alternate source of plant nutrients viz., Farm Yard Manures (FYM), composts, organic waste-derived amendments, biofertilizers, etc. started gaining popularity. Organics are also considered unsafe as during its degradation it produces CH4. Further FYM is limitedly available. Contrary, biofertilizers

Introduction  The Pleurotus species, belongs of the basidiomycetes class, are typically grown on non-composted lignocellulose substrates and have a shorter growth cycle compared to other types of mushrooms (Bellettini et al., 2018). These are shell-like fruiting bodies commonly known as “oyster mushroom” and also referred as “Dhingri mushroom” in India. The fanor spatula-shaped fruit body can be found in various colours depending on the species, including white, pink, yellow, grey, and blue (Verma et al., 2023). Their cultivation is popular due to the simple and low-cost methods. These mushrooms are highly favored not only for their taste, flavor, and pleasing texture but also for their nutritional and medicinal benefits (Sharma and Khanna 2019, Sarita et al., 2023). Pleurotus sp. are found naturally in both temperate and tropical regions across the globe which are cultivated more widely around the world due to their adaptable nature (Badshah et al., 2021). Despite their potential, India’s mushroom production has declined significantly, from 487 million MT in 2017 to 314.84 million MT in 2023 (Anonymous, 2023). Mushroom farming in Gujarat presents several opportunities due to various factors such as favorable climatic conditions, easy availability of raw material increasing market demand and supportive government initiatives. In India, rice straw is 80 Innovations of University Extension in Indian Agriculture mainly used as substrate for large scale mushroom production (Kundu et al., 2022). But, cultivation and consumption of mushroom were limited due to lack of awareness about the health benefits of this high valued food. However, by the efforts of KVKs under Agricultural Universities through the trainings and awareness programs, mushroom cultivation becomes popular among the people of Gujarat particularly in rural areas. Entrepreneurs and farmers can tap into this growing sector for profitable ventures, provided they are equipped with the necessary knowledge and resources.

Introduction Three districts of South Gujarat i.e., Surat, Navsari and Valsad are front-runners in horticulture cultivation. These are also part of an agri-export zone for fruits and vegetables. But, the life of these fruit- farmers was made miserable by tiny fruit fly which is a major pest of mango, sapota and cucurbits. Intensity of damage recorded was as high as over 30 per cent in mango and sapota, and between 20-40 per cent in cucurbitaceous vegetables. Fruit flies cause heavy damage in terms of quality and quantity to the farmers every year. Insecticidal sprays, control infestation little bit, but they are not only uneconomical but they leave residual effect much above tolerance limit, adversely affecting the prospects of export of such fruits and vegetables. Fruit flies are a modern-day pestilence which ravage production. These flies, moreover, are good fliers and therefore their spread is extensive. Hence, area wide adoption of management strategy is required. Male Annihilation Technique (MAT), an Integrated Pest Management Technique (IPM), which uses sexual lures to capture males of fruit flies and kill them, is the only way to control growth and spread of fruit flies. This however, requires a community approach for implementation. Navsari Agricultural University designed, developed and commercialized an eco-friendly, economical and easily adoptable fruit fly trap popularly known as “Nauroji-Stonehouse Fruit Fly Trap”. The trap uses Methyl Eugenol and Cue lure as par pheromones well-known for fruit flies. In this trap, plywood blocks are soaked in the solution of lures + solvent + insecticide. Such traps remain effective for 5 to 6 months, which cover the entire fruiting period in mangos, sapota as well as cucurbitaceous vegetables and no recharge is necessary. It is eco- friendly, economical and easily adoptable. It was decided to adopt this technology and spread it in the Surat- Navsari- Valsad belt for controlling and managing the fruit fly problem. It was also recognized that wide area adoption would help in developing this zone as a Pest Free Area (PFA). The project was taken up under RKVY. About the Technology Addressed and Extension Management Practices Nauroji-Stonehouse Fruits Fly Traps are prepared in food quality Testing Laboratory, NAU Navsari. Six talukas viz, Gandevi, Chikhali, Valsad, Pardi, Dharampur and Kaprada of Navsari and Valsad districts were selected for the purpose. A block of orchards in each village in each Taluka was selected for first year implementation. Other blocks were selected during the following years.

Introduction  The mandate of the University under section 30 of the Act of 1963 is for establishment of Extension services for the purposes of under taking extension programs, dissemination of information for solving of problems relating to agriculture and domestic fields, developing the interests of youth in agriculture etc., The first extension service of APAU popularly known as District Extension Education Programmes were introduced in 1967 in Hyderabad district and were subsequently extended to Chittoor(1968)and Guntur (1970) districts. National Demonstrations Scheme (NDS) was established during 1970-71 in the University in four locations. In commemoration of the Golden Jubilee Year of ICAR, a Lab to Land Programme was launched by the APAU in June,1979. In order to improve the productivity of pulses and oilseeds in different regions of the state, two extension education centres were sanctioned by the ICAR at Ananthapur and Rastakuntubai which started functioning from December,1980 and December,1981 respectively. Reorganization of the University Extension work followed the reorganization of research activities of the APAU and implementation of Training and Visit System by the Department of Agriculture to streamline the setup of the field extension program of the University during 1982. To optimize the utilization of available extension resources, the resourcess of District Extension Education programs, extension services around research stations and NATP were integrated and reorganized to form six Extension Education Units. The extension activities of these units were entrusted with the respective Associate Directors of RARS for integrating research and action activities. The Associate directors of Research in turn were made responsible to the Director of Extension. The Extension Education Units conducted different extension activities like organization of field trials for testing new technologies for their feasibility including minikit trials of pre-released varieties to get feedback to the scientists, introduction of new cropping patterns, demonstration of latest technologies through early demonstrations including educational activities like organization of Kisan Melas training programs for the developmental

Introduction  University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad is one of the premier agriculture Universities in India has made its remarkable journey in the field of Teaching/ Research / Extension since its inception, UAS, Dharwad has got six Krishi Vigyan Kendras sponsored by Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Which have adopted various outreach methodologies for the farming community. Apart from conventional methods of technology transfer i.e., technologies in pipeline (farm trails) conducted in farmers fields for their acceptance, front line demonstration, on farm testing, PRA, diagnostic field visits etc. KVKs have employed various techniques making use of ICT which have proved to be effective in enhancing the productivity of farms (Medhi et al., 2017), reaching farmers quickly and effectively. The present paper is a compilation of innovative methodologies adopted by KVKs under UAS Dharwad during last five years. As it is mandate for all the KVKs to prepare action plan before the onset of every year during March-April, vigorous exercises are done by KVKs to prioritize the problems faced by farmers in the particular district. These problems are planned to tackle the location specific technologies developed in that zone. If the technologies under FLD banner are not available in particular technologies developed elsewhere in NARS are borrowed and tested for both its sustainability under that agro-ecological system. During this process of prioritizing the problems, implementation and monitoring, KVK adopt various methods given as discussed below.

Introduction Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important tuberous, starchy and versatile food crop belongs to family Solanaceae. In India potato is grown in an area of 2.07 Mha with a production of 48 MT and a productivity of 23.19 MT/ha. The potato producing major states in India are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka. In Karnataka, the crop is grown in an area of 44,160 ha with an annual production of 5,89,120 MT and productivity of 13.34 t/ha (Anonymous, 2014). Further in Karnataka Potato is mainly grown in Hassan, Belgaum, Dharwad, Chikkaballapur and Kolar districts. Hassan district alone contributes more than 41 per cent of potato production in the state (Bhajantri 2011). Basically potato prefers relatively low temperature during early growth and cool weather during tuber development. It requires 25°C temperature at the time of sprouting, 20°C for vegetative growth and 17 to 20°C for tuber development. ARC saplings are mainly used for seed tuber production at a quicker rate. Farmers can produce zero generation seed tubers from ARC saplings without any shipping costs involved. In this regard KVK, Hassan after knowing the existence of innovative ARC sapling technology from the International Center for Potato (CIP), German innovation center (GIZ/GIC) Bengaluru, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandali, Hassan procured tissue culture bottles/mother culture from CPRI, Shimla Himachala Pradesh through CIP, GIZ/GIC Bengaluru. By using the mother culture KVK Hassan has produced approximately two lakhs ARC saplings with existing facility and conducted the field evaluation studies on “Performance and evaluation of Apical Rooted Potato saplings in Hassan district”. About the Technologies Addressed The ICAR-KVK, Hassan has introduced two technologies in potato during last decade to improve the yield and to reduce the cost of production, namely, Apical Rooted Cuttings (ARC) for quality seed tuber production and Mechanization in Potato to reduce the labour requirement and drudgery. The ARC is a technology where small portion of disease free mother tuber is collected and multiplied under aseptic conditions (Tissue culture) in a growing media to produce new and healthy plantlets. These plantlets are used as mother

Introduction  Nestled in the heart of Karnataka, Tumakuru District is renowned for its verdant landscapes dotted with vast expanses of coconut and areca nut plantations. The region’s unique climatic conditions, characterized by a harmonious blend of sunshine and seasonal rains, create an ideal environment for the growth of coconut palms, which have become a staple of both the local economy and the cultural fabric of the community. Historically, coconut trees have not only provided sustenance but have also played a pivotal role in the livelihoods of many families in Tumakuru. The fruit is a key ingredient in various local dishes and is widely utilized in traditional ceremonies and celebrations. However, the task of harvesting coconuts from these towering trees has long been a physically demanding endeavour. Traditionally, skilled climbers would ascend the tall, slender trunks, utilizing their agility and experience to pluck coconuts by hand. This craft, which once flourished, has now seen a decline, making it increasingly challenging for coconut planters to find professionals who can perform this labour-intensive task. The decline in manpower has made it evident that traditional methods are no longer sustainable. If coconut farmers wish to keep pace with growing market demands, a new approach is necessary one that balances traditional harvesting practices with modern technology. Recognizing this need, innovative minds have introduced the “Coconut Tree Climber”, a mechanized device specifically designed to address the challenges faced by coconut planters. The Coconut Tree Climber is a user-friendly and efficient device that significantly simplifies the process of climbing and harvesting. Built with a strong and adjustable mechanism, the device allows a person to securely climb tall coconut trees with minimal physical effort. More importantly, it drastically reduces the risk of accidents, ensuring the safety of the user. Unlike traditional methods that rely solely on human strength, the device takes advantage of mechanical power, enabling planters to harvest coconuts faster, safer, and more efficiently. This innovation has proven to be a game-changer in the coconut farming industry. Not only does it empower farmers to become self-reliant, but it also minimizes their dependence on skilled climbers. Additionally, the device can be operated by individuals of varying ages and physical strength, making it accessible to a broader range of people. This, in turn, provides new employment opportunities for those who may not have had the physical ability or training to climb trees in the past.

Introduction Globally, the agricultural sector plays an important role in poverty reduction, food security and promotion of nutritious food (Jones & Ejeta, 2016). Although agricultural crop production is essential, there are challenges associated with plants due to pests and diseases infestation in the value chain of crop production. Plant health problems can be resolved through appropriate diagnosis and identification of plant pests affecting agricultural (Ausher et al., 1996). However, Oerke (2006) reported that 40 per cent of crop yield losses are caused by plant pests and diseases of economic importance. The majority of smallholder farmers are faced with risks associated with pests and diseases in plant production. To address challenges faced by smallholder farmers, plant health clinics are important for plant pests and disease diagnosis. The plant health clinics can be defined as a system in which farmers obtain advisory services on the plant pest problem affecting agricultural crops and provide management control strategy for pest management (Alokit et al., 2014). There are many plant health clinics initiatives within the Indian region that provides plant pests and diseases advisory services to all categories of the farmers (Boa et al., 2016). Many plant clinics in developing countries which are run by international research institutions are more efficient and effective as compared to those not run by the research institutions. This review seeks to investigate and assess the state of global plant clinics with the aim of obtaining the efficient and effective plant health clinic model for South Africa. The knowledge, awareness, availability and accessibility of basic plant healthcare to smallholder farmers for plant pests and diseases diagnosis to ensure early detection, pest management and pest reporting remain a challenge. Furthermore, there is limited literature and research on plant health clinics’ establishment and its importance to smallholder farmers in the Indian developing country. Background of the Plant Health Clinics To date, there are about 34 countries operating plant health clinics globally and it is estimated that there are 4,500 plant clinics across the globe Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI), 2020; Tambo et al., 2020). These include plant clinics in Africa, South America and Asia respectively (Boa, 2009; CABI 2020). The first plant health clinics were established in 2003 in Bolivia (Bentley et al., 2009; Boa, 2009). In Africa alone, plant clinics were established with the help of CABI to assist smallholders and household to respond effectively and efficiently towards plant pests and diseases. According to Boa et al. (2016), there are two types of plant health clinics in terms of service provisions, namely (1) Fixed structure with appropriate laboratory equipment

Introduction Social media has turned into an essential element of individuals’ lives students in today’s world of communication. Its use is growing significantly more than ever before especially in the post – pandemic era, marked by a great revolution happening to the recent investigations of using social media show that approximately 3 billion individuals worldwide are now communicating via social media (Iwamoto and Chun, 2020). This growing population of social media users is spending more and more time on social network groupings, as facts and figures show that individuals spend 2 hours a day, on average, on a variety of social media applications, exchanging pictures and messages, updating status, tweeting, favouring and commenting on many updated socially shared information (Abbott, 2017). In the digital age, social media have emerged as a powerful tool for disseminating agricultural technologies and knowledge. ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Bengaluru Rural has effectively leveraged various platforms to bridge the gap between research and farmers, ensuring timely and relevant information reach the farming community. This article explores how KVK Bengaluru Rural strategically utilizes YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and X (formerly Twitter) for technology dissemination. I. Facebook Facebook’s interactive nature allows KVK Bengaluru Rural to engage with farmers and build a strong online community. The fact that KVK’s Facebook channel has 5080 followers is a significant indicator of its reach and engagement within the farming community. The followers represent a substantial audience actively interested in the KVK’s activities and information, this indicates that, the KVK has successfully established a relevant online community. With this follower base, the KVK can effectively disseminate critical information, such as weather updates, market prices, and technological advancements, to a large segment of the local farming population. A significant follower count suggests that the KVK is perceived as a reliable and trustworthy source of agricultural information, farmers are more likely to follow and engage with organizations they trust.

Introduction Bakery industry is one of the largest segments in the food processing sector in India. The bakery industry offers huge opportunities for growth, innovation, and job generation. This industry is separated into three categories such as bread, biscuits, cakes and pastries. The global bakery industry reached a market value of Rs. 42.07 lakh crore in 2024 and around 1.2 lakh crore from the Indian market as India is the second largest producer of biscuits after the USA. Thus, India is a key player internationally and with the entrepreneurial spirit of Indian companies and individuals. Thus, bakery sector is one of the most sustainable business opportunities. Changing consumer habits, increased urbanization, improved standards of living, convenience needs of dual income families and lifestyle are shaping the bakery industry in India. Part of a global trend, there is greater demand for healthier products and alternatives, particularly when it comes to bakery products which are now more commonly consumed daily as compared to being considered as a treat in the olden days. With high consumption rates, consumers are demanding healthy options in bakery products seeking for gluten-free products or goods made with alternative ingredients such as multigrain or whole-wheat flour. Other than healthier options, most of the youths and children are demanding for new flavours, Fibre dense products and rich experiences, making diversified innovations. The industry is consolidating this demand by strengthening bakery products with the aim of satisfying a rapidly growing appetite and creating awareness among consumers with health concepts and nutritional value. While there is a demand and appetite for bakery products in both urban and rural areas, and thus, recently the bakery segment has increasingly matured to a great extent. The industry is generally divided into organised and unorganised, with more than 2,000 organised or semi-organised bakeries and more than 1,000,000 unorganised bakeries. However, the Indian bakery industry faces certain challenges. Operational efficiency is a major issue in the industry, as is the lack of technology and skilled workers. Bakery products due to high nutrient value and affordability, are an item of huge consumption. Due to the rapid population rise, the rising foreign influence, the emergence of a female working population and the fluctuating eating habits of people, they have gained popularity among people, contributing significantly to the growth trajectory of the bakery industry.

Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of agricultural extension education, the need for dynamic and interactive training approaches has become paramount. Traditional training methods often focus heavily on theoretical content with minimal engagement. To bridge this gap, EEI Hyderabad has adopted a scientific and structured approach to training delivery. This initiative focuses on digital integration, experiential learning, and robust evaluation techniques to enhance knowledge retention and practical application among participants. About the Technologies Addressed The initiative leverages various digital tools and scientific models to enhance training effectiveness. These include: • Online tools (13 stages): Used for participant registration, need assessment, evaluation, and feedback collection. • David Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle: Ensuring hands-on learning through experience, reflection, conceptualization, and application. • Kirkpatrick Model of Training Evaluation: A four-level approach to measuring training effectiveness through reaction, learning, behavior, and results. • Simulation Exercises and Management Games: Enhancing decisionmaking skills and real-world problem-solving. • Quizzes and Role Plays: Encouraging active participation and knowledge reinforcement. • Fishbowl Technique and Focused Group Discussion: Facilitating peerto- peer learning and critical thinking.

Introduction  Food is the prime necessity of the life without which the existence of the human being may be perhaps dubious. India is agriculture predominant country where majority of its population depends on agriculture directly or indirectly. Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy. About 54.60 per cent of the total workforce is engaged in agriculture and allied sector activities (Census, 2011). Agriculture and Allied sector accounts for about 18.4 per cent of India’s GVA at current prices during 2022-23. Given the importance of the agriculture sector, Government of India has taken several steps for its development in a sustainable manner (Agriwelfare.gov.in/en/Dept). India with massive network of about 63 State Agricultural Universities (SAUs), three Central Agricultural Universities (CAUs), four deemed universities and four central universities with agricultural faculty along with Indian Council of Agricultural Research accords due priority to the agricultural education, research and extension (ICAR Annual report, 2023-24). The role of these universities & ICAR in addressing the farm related problems cannot be overlooked. As per the All India report on Agriculture Census, 2015-16, India is a country with majority of the farmers being small (17.60 %) and marginal (68.50 %). Agriculture is very diversified with varied agro-climatic conditions which require different practices and strategies to perform. The role of agricultural research and extension in achieving food self-sufficiency is immense. Agriculture is a state subject and various players make agriculture profitable and farming a viable option. But the data indicates that, there is scarcity of extension officers at various levels in India. As per the report of the Committee on Doubling Farmers’ Income, 2017 (Volume XI “Empowering the Farmers 214 Innovations of University Extension in Indian Agriculture through Extension and Knowledge Dissemination”) reported that, the ratio of Extension Service Provider (ESP) to operational farm holdings is around 1: 1156. Coupled with this, the system has mainly focused on the input supply chain and crop cultivation activities. In the era of 21st century, innovation is the buzz word, and pervading in all spheres of life. It is astonishing to know that, todays discoveries are outdated tomorrow. In today’s rapidly changing world, innovation is crucial for organizations and societies to adapt, grow, and maintain a competitive edge. It drives economic development, addresses complex challenges, and improves the quality of life. Over the years, agriculture sector has also seen rapid changes in all aspects, and India’s efforts in this development pursuit are quite inspiring. Starting from food deficit nation to the nation with surplus food production, the role of agricultural research and extension viz a viz., innovation cannot be overlooked. As a result of bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2014, the Professor Jayashankar Telangana Agricultural University was established on 03-09-2014 by an act of legislature. Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) named in honour and memory of Professor Jayashankar, an eminent educationist and an ardent Telangana ideologue is the only Farm University of Telangana State. PJTAU has eleven constituent colleges with eight of those devoted to faculty of Agriculture, two to faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology and one to faculty of Community Science. In addition, there are twelve constituent polytechnics (eleven in Agriculture and Agricultural Engineering). The research component in the agriculture is addressed by Sixteen Agricultural Research Stations, including three Regional Agricultural Research Stations. As part of front-line extension support to reach the unreached, the University has established about nine District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centres (DAATTCs), eight Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), one each of Extension Education Institute (EEI), Agricultural Information and Communication Centre (AI&CC), Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC) and Electronic Media Wing spread across the State to cater to various needs of the farming community. To address the farm problems and make agriculture profitable, the Agricultural University not only strives in research but also a pioneer in the institutional Innovations of University Extension system to cater to the emerging needs of the farming community by means of various innovations such as., Flag method of Extension, Interactive Information Dissemination System, Innovative farmers’ networking, Developing Farmer – Master trainers, Interactive

Introduction  Agricultural extension systems are vital in bridging the gap between research and practical application by farming communities. By providing farmers with access to the latest technologies, practices, and knowledge, these services help improve crop yields, optimize resource use, and promote sustainability. Beyond just technical advice, agricultural extension often involves helping farmers adapt to new market trends, climate changes, and government policies. Extension agents typically work directly with farmers through meetings, oneon- one consultations, and community-based demonstrations. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, originally known as Rajendra Agricultural University, was established as India’s first Imperial Agriculture Research Institute. The foundation stone was laid by Lord Curzon on April 1, 1905, with financial support from American philanthropist Henry Phipps, Jr. Located in Pusa, Bihar. It is an Institute of National Importance. The University focuses on teaching, research, and extension, with the Directorate of Extension Education founded in 1977. This Directorate bridges the gap between technology generation and dissemination by coordinating with the State Department of Agriculture, ICAR, and other research and training institutes. It aims to deliver the latest agricultural information to farmers through its colleges and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), as well as plan and monitor extension activities based on research results. Public spending on Agricultural extension is one of the key policy instruments of the government to provide growth and alleviate property in rural areas. A comprehensive analysis of farming systems is essential to identify areas that need training, highlight technology gaps, address the adoption gap, and recognize production constraints. The goal is to develop and showcase alternative sustainable farming practices that enhance farmers’ productivity and profitability while conserving biodiversity and improving environmental health. Additionally, farmers should be connected to the rapidly evolving global market by providing them with relevant information and guidance to help them adapt to new opportunities and challenges.

Introduction  The agriculture scenario has evolved considerably over the years. In the present context, consumers need diverse, safe and nutritious food which calls for a major reorganisation of the agricultural value chains to support transformation from the traditional production-oriented supply chains to demand-based approaches. Trade liberalization has further intensified competition by exposing farmers to both domestic and international markets, compelling them to meet elevated standards in terms of product quality and pricing. Therefore, the primary focus should be on enhancing technical expertise, managerial capabilities and access to timely information to enable smallholder farmers not only to strengthen their livelihoods but also enhance their marketing skills amid the fast-evolving global economic landscape. Access to true information is equally essential for addressing growing challenges related to natural resource degradation and climate change. Extension in Indian context, play a vital role in bridging the knowledge gap between research institutions and farmers by providing a range of advisory amenities and facilitate expertise application, transmission and management in the farmer’s fields. Perhaps, agricultural extension is the only service at the ground-level that can provide essential knowledge, guidance, information as well as assistance to the farmers and the stakeholders. There has been extensive range of transformation and inventiveness in agricultural extension services in India; however, the exposure and access to information which were disseminated to marginal and underprivileged farmers are uneven and patchy. Likewise, in real situation a huge gap existed between the technology developed/released and the technology disseminated/adopted. A study by NSSO (National Sample Survey Organisation), 2014, highlighted that the almost 59 per cent of the farm families refrained from any assistance from either government or private extension services. In the country, 40.6 per cent households received extension assistance while, only 11 per cent of the services came from physical government machineries. At present hardly onethird of the technology developed at the research organizations has reached the farming community and the statistics of adoption/application of such technology at field level is even less than that. Practical application of many of our recommended agricultural technologies in the field is very much difficult either because of the complex nature of the technology or inputs so prescribed are not readily available in nearby areas. Moreover, most of the extension machineries tend to work in isolation from each other. The production-oriented strategy which was the sole focus of earlier extension services, needs to be expanded to market-led strategy to deal with the novel

Introduction In the paradigm of development, the Government of India generated a Central Sector Scheme for the people associated with agriculture – a sector contributing to 18.2 per cent of the nation’s GDP, titled “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Produce Organizations (FPOs)” with major focus on upheaval of farming community. With well-defined strategy and committed resources the Scheme is set-out to formulate 10,000 new FPOs in the country with budgetary provision of Rs 6865 crore. At the core of formation of each FPO, that are to be developed in produce clusters, wherein agricultural and horticultural produces are grown / cultivated for leveraging economies of scale and improving market access for members. “One District-One Product” cluster to promote specialization and better processing, marketing, branding & export. Under this Central Sector Scheme with funding from Government of India, Formation & Promotion of FPOs are to be done through the Implementing Agencies (IAs). Presently 09 Implementing Agencies (IAs) have been finalized for formation and promotion of FPOs viz. Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC), National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED), North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Limited (NERAMAC), Tamil Nadu-Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium (TN-SFAC), Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium Haryana (SFACH), Watershed Development Department (WDD)- Karnataka, and Foundation for Development of Rural Value Chains (FDRVC)- Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD). The Implementing Agencies (IAs) engage Cluster Based Business Organizations (CBBOs) to aggregate, register & provide professional handholding support to each FPO for a period of 5 years. CBBOs have been empanelled & engaged by IAs. CBBOs operate as an end-to-end knowledge for all issues related to FPO promotion. During 2020-21, a total of 2200 FPO produce clusters were allocated for formation of FPOs, which also include specialized FPO produce clusters such as 100 FPOs for Organic, 100 FPOs for Oil seeds, etc. Of these, 369 FPOs are targeted for 115 aspirational districts in the country. Additionally, NAFED would form the specialized FPOs which should necessarily be forwardly linked to the market, agri-value chain, etc. NAFED will provide market and value chain linkages to the FPOs formed by other Implementing Agencies. NAFED has formed & registered 05 Honey FPOs during current year in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and West Bengal. FPOs are earmarked to provide financial assistance upto Rs 18.00 lakh per FPO for a period of 03 years. In addition to this, provision has been made for matching equity grant upto Rs. 2,000 per farmer member of FPO with a limit of Rs. 15.00 lakh per FPO and a credit guarantee facility upto Rs. 2 crore of project loan per FPO from eligible lending institution to ensure institutional credit accessibility to FPOs.

Introduction  Rural entrepreneurship is not only important as a means of generating employment opportunities in the rural areas with low capital cost and raising the real income of the people, but also its contribution to the development of agriculture and urban industries Building capacity of Rural Agri-prenuers are a promising solution for unemployment (Renuka, 2020), migration, economic disparity, reduce poverty, development of rural areas and backward regions. Most of the rural populace is associated with agriculture and allied activities as pedigree occupation. However, to be commercially viable, these units need to sharpen their skill sets to thrive as a successful venture. India is home to about 700 tribal groups with a population of 104 million, as per 2011 census. This indigenous people constitute the second largest tribal population in the world after Africa. Tribal population of Jammu & Kashmir is among the nascent Tribal Groups joining the main stream of planned development, to which they have brought a distinct and colourful cultural variety. Their economy is closely linked with the forests and they are living a substandard life because of their primitive mode of livelihood. Majority of them are placed below the poverty line, possessing meagre assets and are exclusively dependent on wages, forest produce and farming, that too in a traditional way which leads to non remunerative returns. The peculiar aspect of tribals of our state is their scattered population who inhabit the difficult and remote geographic terrains which poses a severe threat to their speedy development. In J&K state the following communities have been declared as scheduled tribes 1. Balti, 2. Beda, 3. Bot, Bota, 4. Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard, Shin, 5. Changpa, Garran, 6. Mon, 8. Purigpa, 9. Gujjar, 10. Bakerwal, 11. Gaddi and 12. Sippi.

Introduction Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bidar started in the year 2005 exclusively for the development of education and learning; conduct of research and extension education and transfer of rural oriented technologies in the areas of Veterinary, Animal, Dairy and Fisheries Sciences in Karnataka. The logo of the University is inscribed with the slogan “Farmers Friendly and Rural Oriented”, which emphasizes the importance given to betterment of farming community. The mission of Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bidar, is to strive hard and provide leadership in teaching, research and extension education services related to Veterinary and Animal sciences, Dairy sciences, Fisheries and other allied sciences. The University endeavor is to keep pace with new frontiers of science and contemporary developments to be socially and technically relevant. In this context, KVAFSU is strongly committed in absorbing newer paradigms and using them to develop excellent human resource, innovative technologies and their dissemination so as to serve the livestock and fishery farming community of the state and the country. Various extension educational activities are undertaken by the university at various levels, viz., Extension Education, Extension Research, Extension Work and Extension Service. Collaborative activities are being planned and implemented in association with various stakeholders like Farmers, Farmers’ organizations, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Karnataka Milk Federation, etc. Besides conducting routine extension activities like trainings, demonstrations, animal health camps, field trips, field tours, campaigns, livestock shows etc., KVAFSU has come out with some innovative approaches in extension education. Which are presented in this book chapter. Extension activities are undertaken mainly under two categories, i.e. university / college activities and collaborative / sponsored activities. I. Innovative Extension Approaches Under University / College Activities Organization of Radio Series for Farming Community Radio remains an effective medium for disseminating veterinary knowledge, especially in rural areas. KVAFSU collaborates with radio stations to • Broadcast expert talks on Veterinary and Animal Husbandry topics. More than 150 expert talks from Veterinary college Hassan, entitled as Gokulavani series, Kukkutavani series, Hainnu Honnu series I, II, II are broadcasted through AIR Hassan. Presently, Hainnu Honnu series IV is being executed with another 50 series of expert talks and skits as well.

Introduction In Indian agriculture and its sub sectors contribute for about 18.4 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Globally, our country is being rated as on of the rapid growing major economies and rated as fifth largest economy by nominal GDP and in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) its 3rd largest in the world. The horticultural crops have a special place in India’s economy because they raise rural residents’ incomes. India’s horticulture production has surpassed food grain production and reached 320.11 million MT which is a huge accomplishment. In Andhra Pradesh the horticulture crops are spread across 17.84 lakh ha with 312.34 lakh MT yield. Andhra Pradesh is first in terms of fruit and spice producing area, and second in terms of micro irrigation area coverage. The horticulture industry makes for around 16.07 percent of the state Gross Value Addition. In India, Andhra Pradesh ranks first in the production of tomatoes, oil palm, papaya, cocoa, chillies, and cocoa, and second in cashew, mango, and sweet orange. Horticulture is increasingly being recognized as a sunrise industry because of its potential to boost farm income, provide a stable source of livelihood, and generate foreign exchange through exports. India’s distinctive agro-climatic conditions, coupled with its vast diversity of crops and genetic resources, enable the country to produce a wide range of horticultural crops year-round. The Government of Andhra Pradesh crafted Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University in Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari district in 2007, subsequently renamed as Dr. YSR Horticultural University in 2011. This was done in recognition of the importance of horticulture, its development potential in the state, and its contribution to the GDP. The university’s mission is to develop human resources by teaching, doing research that is focused on local needs and conditions, and disseminating tested technologies through Extension operations. The university is working on technology transfer (extension activities) through Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Horticultural Research Stations (HRSs), Colleges of Horticulture, and Horticultural Polytechnics, as well as through Rythu Bharosa Kendrams (RBKs), District Resource Centers (DRCs), and the Department of Horticulture, Government of Andhra Pradesh. To “Reach the

India, a predominantly agrarian nation, relies heavily on agriculture for livelihoods. Over the decades, agricultural policies have focused on increasing the supply and accessibility of staple grains. This strategy has successfully reduced hunger and transformed the country’s food system (Pingali et al., 2019). At the forefront of this transformation stands Punjab that played a pivotal role in moving India from a food scarcity to self-sufficiency. Punjab’s agricultural success is globally recognized, driven by the rapid technology adoption, enabled through synergy of infrastructure, incentives and most critically, information (Singh & Kohli, 1997). Among these drivers, dissemination through agricultural extension proved instrumental in ensuring that innovations such as high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, irrigation facilities and market incentives reached farmers effectively. While various factors contributed to Punjab’s growth, but agricultural extension remains a cornerstone, translating research breakthroughs into fieldlevel impact. Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) has been a key catalyst in this journey. while serving as a premier institution in agricultural research, education, and extension. PAU’s extension system has evolved in response to shifting agricultural needs, environmental challenges, and technological advancements. Beginning in 1960s, PAU led the Green Revolution by introducing HYVs and modern agricultural inputs through a dedicated, farmer-focused extension network (Gulati et al., 2018). In its early decades, PAU’s extension services emphasized increasing productivity through mechanization and the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Initiatives such as Kisan Melas (Farmers’ Fairs) and Kisan Clubs’ facilitated knowledge transfer to rural communities, fostering large-scale adoption of new technologies. However, by the late 1980s, concerns such as soil degradation and pest resistance prompted a strategic pivot. The PAU approach shifted from purely productivity-focused methods to more sustainable and diversified practices such as Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), integrated weed management (IWM) Integrated Pest Management (IPM), water conservation, etc. Today, PAU continues to modernize its extension practices through participatory, farmer-centric approaches. The current emphasis lies in promoting innovation, entrepreneurship, adaptability and sustainability through a blend of traditional outreach and modern ICT tools. Notable innovative approaches include e-extension services via mobile apps and online portals, real-time advisory systems through SMS and digital platforms, hybrid training modules