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GROUNDWATER HYDROGEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF USING INTEGRATED TECHNIQUE

S. Chidambaram
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389130331

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    310

  • Language:

    English

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A Study on the Interrelationship of U and Rn in Groundwater of Hard Rock Aquifers Hydrogeochemical Quality of Groundwater in and Around Neyveli Lignite Mining Area An Attempt to Determine the Mountain Front Recharge (MFR) by Using State of Saturation Index (SI) of Carbonate Minerals Determination of Coastal Vulnerability Using Isotope and Geochemistry Hydrogeochemical and Inverse Modeling of Coastal Aquifers A Study on the Removal of Fluoride in Groundwater by Using Natural Materials Assessment of Seawater Water Intrusion Mapping Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Coastal Tracts Identification of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Aquifers Using Geo Chemical Parameters Understanding the Influence of Colloidal Concentration on Groundwater Chemistry Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater at Various Lithological Conditions with Space and Time Understanding the Seawater Intrusion Along the Coastal Aquifers Using Geochemical Techniques Use of Geochemical Methods to Evaluate the Hydraulic Connection of Aquifers Understanding the Distribution of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Layered Coastal Aquifers A Study on the Lithological Influence on Uranium Concentration in Groundwater of Hard Rock Aquifers A Study on the Impact of Landuse Pattern on Groundwater Identification of Spatial Extent of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater

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About the Editor Dr. S. Chidambaram is basically a Geologist and a gold medalist in both under graduation and Post graduation developed expertise in the field of Hydrogeochemistry. He has worked in the field of hydrogeochmical modeling, isotope geochemistry, statistical and GIS applications. He has also developed expertise in softwares like, PHREEQC, WATEQ4F, ROCKWORKS, AQUACHEM, SPSS, MAPINFO, VERTICAL MAPPER, C++, inferred a new technique to understand the recharge of the aquifers by using GIS. He was working as a Professor and Head in the Department of Geology, Annamalai University, India and currently as Research Scientist, in the Water Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait. He has completed 16 Research Projects funded by DST, MoEn&F, MOES, MOWR, AERB, BRNS and UGC. He has guided 15 Ph.D. Students and 16 M.Phil Students. He has 154 publications in the refereed journals, edited 9 books, published 58 conference proceedings and 8 chapters in books. He has developed a program in C++ for hydrogeochemical characterization of voluminous data to understand the thermodynamic properties of water and for classification of water for different utility purposes and was awarded for the best research article of the year 2013, in the Applied Water Science journal (Springer). He has developed collaborative research output with different national institutes like, Center for Water Resources Development and Management - Kozhikode, Bhabha Atomic Research Center - Mumbai, Center for Earth System Studies - Trivandrum, Nation Institute of Hydrology- Roorkee, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Crystal growth center, Anna University and with international institutes like, Russian Academy of Sciences, Viladivostok, Russia, Curtin University, Malaysia, Uuniversity of Maryland, USA and IPN Mexico. He has served as an expert in the IAEA mission for hydrogeochemical modeling. He has also received an appreciation form the university for generating maximum amount of funds through sponsored project for the period from 2012-2016. He was awarded a medal for the best contribution in the field of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geochemistry during 2016 awarded by Indian Society of Applied Geochemists, Hyderabad.

 
1 A Study on the Interrelationship of U and Rn in Groundwater of Hard Rock Aquifers
Adithya V.S., Chidambaram S., Tirumalesh K. Vasudevan U. and Nepolian M.

Abstract Radon being the radioactive daughter product of Uranium; the interrelationship between U and Rn has been established in the present study. It is found that Radon coexist with Uranium in the region. A total of 61 samples were collected spatially from hand pumps and bore wells of the study area. Major ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, F-, Cl-, HCO3-, NO3-, H4SiO4,PO4- and SO42- and U, Rn were analysed. The lithological influence of U and Radon occurrence is also highlighted. Hard rocks especially Granites are the source for both U and Rn in the study area whereas the lack of correlation exist between U and Rn in sedimentary terrain can be attributed to difference in flow conditions and chemical properties of these elements.  Key words: Radon, Uranium, Granite, Ground water, Source.  

1 - 14 (14 Pages)
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2 Hydrogeochemical Quality of Groundwater in and Around Neyveli Lignite Mining Area, Cuddalore District-Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu
Anandhan P., Chidambaram S., Manivannan R. Paramaguru P. and Ganesh N.

Abstract Quality of water is affected by natural and man induced contamination to groundwater system. Area chosen for study has gained its own importance due to the location of two lignite mines and a Thermal power plant in operation. Extensive large scale pumping of water is done for lignite mining. The mine drainage and drainage from thermal power plant along with agricultural return flow from lignite charged waters increases the severity of problem. In order to achieve a panacea for the above-mentioned situation, the study has incorporated and integrated in all related factors to get a meaningful interpretation for groundwater quality and quantity management in and around Neyveli area. The frequent failure of monsoon has added to the existing problem of over exploitation. To attain a panacea for water chemistry groundwater samples were collected for four different seasons. Higher EC and TDS values are observed in Southeast and Southwest part of the study area. In Southwest monsoon and Summer seasons HCO3Cl dominates the anions, with few representations for SO4. In Northeast monsoon and Post monsoon season Na + K – Ca + Mg is the dominant. Thermodynamic, studies reveal that groundwater of the region are stable with Kaolinite stability field in all the silicate systems. Bicarbonates derived from silicate mineral weathering are noted in the NW, Northern and in the mining region. These regions are located in the NW and NE part of the study area. Comparison of water quality to standards shows that the water can be used for drinking and for irrigation purposes except in few locations.

15 - 36 (22 Pages)
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3 An Attempt to Determine the Mountain Front Recharge (MFR) by Using State of Saturation Index (SI) of Carbonate Minerals Along the Foothills of Courtallam, Tamil Nadu
Banaja Rani Panda, Chidambaram S., Devaraj N. and Ganesh N.

Abstract In semiarid climates, a significant component of recharge to basin aquifers occurs along the mountain front. In this scenario Mountain Front Recharge study has been carried along the foothills of Courtallam ,Tamil Nadu. A total of 53 groundwater samples were collected along the foothills and measured for major cations and anions using standard procedure. Saturation index (SI) of carbonate minerals like Aragonite,Magnesite, Calcite and Dolomite,LogpCO2 and Ionic strength obtained from WATEQ4F output. pH plays a significant role in the saturation index of the minerals. Most of the Carbonate minerals shows undersaturation  with the pH range 7.5. Positive relationship between SI and HCO3 is noticed. A sharp increase of pCO2 values towards the foothills region suggests that the groundwater has been recharged by, acquiring longer flow path during its infiltration into deeper level near foot hill region. The SI of these carbonate minerals was spatially distributed to identify the areas of higher SI and also it is compared with the water level fluctuation to understand the recharge process along the foothill region as well as riparian zone.

37 - 48 (12 Pages)
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4 Determination of Coastal Vulnerability Using Isotope and Geochemistry
Chidambaram S., Paramaguru P., Karmegam U. and Johnsonbabu G.

Abstract The geochemical signature and vulnerability of groundwater of the East Coastal aquifers of  India from Pondicherry to Nagapattinam were determined. The coastal aquifers are fragile and this situation becomes more intense in aquifer systems like that of the Pondicherry to Nagapattinam region. A total of 136 water samples were collected during pre and post monsoon of 2008 and 2009 respectively. Out of which 45 samples for each pre and post monsoon from shallow groundwater and 23 samples for each pre and post monsoon from deeper groundwater.. The samples collected were analysed for major, minor cations and anions. Selected samples were also analysed for stable isotopes (d18O and dD). The analysed samples were studied for; their utility for different purpose, the nature of the geochemical classification, their variations in ion ratios, extent of sea water intrusion and the percentage of mixing, The study reveals that chief mechanism controlling shallow groundwater is the salts precipitated in the pore spaces during the Pre monsoon were leached and dissolved during the subsequent monsoon apart from sea water intrusion. Southern part of the study area  is more vulnerable than the Northern part of the study area.

49 - 74 (26 Pages)
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5 Hydrogeochemical and Inverse Modeling of Coastal Aquifers of Kalpakkam Region, Tamil Nadu
Chidambaram S., Karmegam U., Prasanna, M.V. and Sasidhar P.

Abstract A total of 30 groundwater samples were collected in four different seasons (Pre Monsoon, South West Monsoon, North East Monsoon and Post Monsoon) from the coastal aquifers of Kalpakkam region of Tamilnadu. The samples were collected covering the seasonal and lithological variations to infer the influence of natural geochemical processes and anthropogenic sources on the groundwater chemistry. The collected samples were analysed for the parameters like EC, pH and Major ions. The saturation index of silicates and carbonates shows that state of saturation to over saturation, but the sulphate minerals is dominantly under saturated. In the inverse modeling three models are obtained using PHREEQC and the error percentage is noted as 7.45%.

75 - 86 (12 Pages)
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6 A Study on the Removal of Fluoride in Groundwater by Using Natural Materials
Manikandan S., Chidambaram S., Ramanathan A.L. Johnsonbabu G. and Karmegam U.

Abstract Deduction of overindulgence fluoride (F)  from the water has been endeavor by numerous investigators by using different materials both natural and artificial. The objective of this paper was to attempt the fluoride removal by using the locally available natural materials such as red soil, untreated charcoal, local powdered brick, fly-ash from Neyveli (thermal power plant) and mineral serpentine were used, adopting column method. Maximum defluoridation occurs immediately after the experiment has started. The morality of fluoride removed per gram is more in red soil when compared to the other materials. Variation of fluoride removal with time was studied after the erection of the column /unit, the defluoridation setup was then connected to the public water supply from the overhead tank of 50,000L capacity. Higher F removal was noted when flow rate was lesser. An attempt on the regeneration of the fluoride adsorbed soil was also made.

87 - 100 (14 Pages)
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7 Assessment of Seawater Water Intrusion Mapping Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Coastal Tracts of Pondicherry, India
Srinivasamoorthy K., Balasubramanian M. Gopinath S. Saravanan K., Prakash R., Vinnarasi Antony Ravindran A. and Sarma V.S.

Abstract Coastal aquifers are the sources of freshwater which are being over extracted due to increase in population, agriculture and industrial activities. This over exploitation has resulted in decline in groundwater level and intrusion of sea water into the coastal aquifers making it unfit for human utilities. An attempt has been made in the coastal tracts of Pondicherry region using Electrical resistivity imaging. The survey has been attempted in six locations spread thought the study area and the interpretation has been attempted by RES2DINV software. The profile length attempted was between 150 to 300 m with electrode spacings between 5 to 10 m. The apparent resistivity ranges between 0.1 to 1183 & ohm. Sea water intrusion was prominent along the northern parts of the study area and lower resistivity isolated in kirumambakkam has been interpreted as salinity due to the presence of clay minerals. In nallavadu saline intrusion has been identified at shallow depth.

101 - 122 (22 Pages)
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8 Identification of Submarine Groundwarer Discharge in Coastal Aquifers Using Geo Chemical Parameters
Nepolian M., Chidambaram S., Sarathidasan J. Noble Jacob and Hemant Mohokar

Abstract A study on the Subsurface groundwater discharge (SGD) in the coastal Cuddalore region of south east India has been carried out. Measurement of surface water Radon, Water level, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH for a total of twenty four hours, by hourly interval the measurement has been calculated and promote correlated with tidal values calculated by WX Tide 32 software. The SGD measurements were made by using a modified seepage meter. The study reveals a match with water level variation and tide with minor variation due to influx of surface water. Saline discharges, fresh groundwater discharges and surface water mixing processes were identified along the coast. Lower SGD (37.24 – 79.16 cm/day) were observed during fresh groundwater discharge.

123 - 134 (12 Pages)
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9 Understanding the Influence of Colloidal Concentration on Groundwater Chemistry
Pradeep K., Chidambaram S., Manivannan R. and Seshadhri

Abstract A study on colloids in groundwater and its relationship with the geochemical parameters is reasonably essential because of its facilitating nature to transport radionuclides in groundwater. Colloid sampling has been carried out in the coastal aquifers of southeast coast of India. Two different bore wells were selected based on the distance from the coast to collect groundwater samples. On the basis of the result achieved from this study, a reliable representation is emerging. The values of pH and EC are governed by the different size fraction of colloids. In this study, the relation between different size fractions of groundwater colloids and its pH, TDS and EC were carried out. These parameters were analyzed in the lab and its influence with four fractions of colloid like 1.2, 0.8, 0.45 and 0.22 µm have been discovered by smooth scatter plot. The accumulation of particles weighting by normal weighing instrument. There is an higher accumulation of particles found in Kalpakkam than Anupuram in all the size fractions. For separation of particles high frequency pressure was used by ultrasonic cleaner had been carried out. This method is very simple and more reasonable than any other methods.

135 - 142 (8 Pages)
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10 Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater at Various Lithological Conditions with Space and Time
M.V. Prasanna, Chidambaram S

Abstract In Gadilam river basin, groundwater is found in both hard rock and sedimentary terrain and is the most important source of rural/urban drinking water supply. Gadilam river basin has gained its importance due to the presence of Neyveli Lignite open cast mine (NLC), group of industrial estate (SIPCOT), extensive depressurization of Cuddalore aquifer and boreholes of New Veeranam Scheme (NVS) in the downstream of the basin. A total of 178 water samples were collected in four different seasons at various lithologies. The collected samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters using standard procedures. Geochemical indicators of groundwater were used to identify the chemical processes that control hydrogeochemsitry. Interpretation of hydrogeochemical data suggests that leaching of ions followed by weathering and anthropogenic impact controls the chemistry of the groundwater. Isotopic study reveals that recharge from meteoric source in sedimentary terrain and rock water interaction with significant evaporation prevails in hard rock region. This thorough understanding helps us to make judicial usage and to maintain the quality of this commodity.

143 - 162 (20 Pages)
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11 Understanding the Seawater Intrusion Along the Coastal Aquifers Using Geochemical Techniques
Chidambaram S., Sarathidasan J., Nepolian M. Noble Jacob and Hemant Mohokar

Abstract The development and management of fresh groundwater resources in coastal aquifers are seriously constrained by the impact of seawater intrusion. The coastal aquifers are fragile and this situation becomes more intense like that of the coastal Cuddalore region. The geochemical signature of groundwater of Cuddalore coast was studied for Pre Monsoon, Southwest, North east and Post Monsoon seasons by collecting total of 64 groundwater samples in each season. The collected samples from were analysed for physical parameters, such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH and major ion concentrations, such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3, PO4 and SO4. Interpretation of analytical data shows the predominance of  Na–Cl type   in PRM and Ca- Mg-Cl type  is the dominant facies during POM. The Chaddas evaluation diagram shows that the hydrogeochemical evaluation plot for PRM samples fall in  Na-Cl type. The ratios of Na/Cl and Cl/HCO3 is also enumerated the fact that the most of the samples from PRM and few samples from other seasons also indicates dominance of salt water intrusion.

163 - 184 (22 Pages)
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12 Use of Geochemical Methods to Evaluate the Hydraulic Connection of Aquifers: A Case Study from Southeast Coast of Tamil Nadu, India
Singaraja C., Chidambaram S., Anandhan P., Thivya C. and Thilagavthi R.

Abstract Aquifers are usually composed of permeable layers that can ways a considerable amount of groundwater. Usually, aquifer units are correlated through the concept of lithostratigraphy. For low-permeable aquifers, it is difficult to define the spatial distribution of hydrogeological units, and this study attempts to use geochemical methods to identify the groundwater flow paths in an area of Southeast coast of Tamil Nadu, India. Multiple geochemical analyses, including groundwater chemistry; stable isotopic compositions of d18O and 8D contents were performed.  Spatial distribution of d18O, dD, Cl-/HCO-3 show that northeastern part of the study area seriously affected by seawater intrusion. The highly permeable aquifers at the east coastal region are characterized by high hydraulic conductivity as compared with other regions of the study area. Hydrogeochemical characteristics based on bivariate diagrams of major and minor ions show that changes in the chemical composition of groundwater are mainly controlled by the salinization process followed by cation-exchange reactions.

185 - 200 (16 Pages)
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13 Understanding the Distribution of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Layered Coastal Aquifers of Pondicherry Region
Thilagavathi R., Chidambaram S., Thivya C. Pethaperumal, Tirumalesh K. and Singaraja C.

Abstract Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) consisting of water soluble organic molecules and by products of organic decomposition and chemical degradation processes, constitutes a critical link in carbon and nutrient cycles. The quality, or chemical and physical character, of DOC affects the degree to which it is transformed by biological and chemical processes. The significance of DOC was studied in layered coastal aquifers of the Pondicherry region during four different seasons. Pondicherry region has varied geological set up ranging from Cretaceous to Recent formations. A total of 52 groundwater samples were collected from various aquifers like Alluvium, Tertiary(Upper Cuddalore, Lower Cuddalore) and Cretaceous for two different seasons of pre- monsoon(PRM), and post-monsoon (POM). The samples were analyzed for major ions and DOC. The range of DOC in the study area is 0-14 mg/l. Very high DOC concentrations were measured during PRM in the samples from Alluvium and Lower Cuddalore Formation. The samples of these formations were compared with pH, Ionic strength, log pCO2 and carbonate minerals concentration. The alluvial aquifer shows that pH governed dissolution along the coastal tracts and in Upper Cuddalore formation it’s based on interaction between aquifer matrix and groundwater.

201 - 220 (20 Pages)
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14 A Study on the Lithological Influence on Uranium Concentration in Groundwater of Hard Rock Aquifers of Madurai District, Tamil Nadu
Thivya C., Chidambaram S., Thilagavathi R., Prasanna M.V. and Singaraja C.

Abstract Groundwater is most favored as a source of drinking water in all over world. It is often thought to be cleaner and easier to treat when compared with surface water and as a result, many wells have been sunk. Uranium and other radionuclides in water can lead to health problems if present in higher concentrations. In order to study the behavior and to understand the influence of lithology in groundwater of Madurai district, a study was conducted by collecting a total of 216 samples of different seasons (Premonsoon, South west monsoon, Northeast monsoon and Post monsoon) with respect to lithology and the number of samples was depending upon their spatial coverage in the study area. The groundwater samples were analysed for U, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, NO3-, F-, H4SiO4, pH, EC, TDS. It was identified that the higher concentration of Uranium (156 ppb) were noted in the northern part of the study area. They are chiefly restricted to the Granitic terrain and nearby Charnockitic regions. The weathering process induces the release of higher U ions from the granitic terrain and the evaporated recharge water from the tank /reservoir  also induces the release of U ions from the rock matrix, it may also be due to fertilizer enriched agricultural return flows. The key source for all these processes and hydrogeochemical processes is identified to be lithology which inturn controls all the other processes in the study area.

221 - 240 (20 Pages)
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15 A Study on the Impact of Landuse Pattern on Groundwater in and Around Chidambaram Town
Vasudevan U., Chidambaram S., Thivya C. Thilagavathi R. and Devaraj, N.

Abstract Amongst all types of major land-use change, extending irrigated agriculture using a surface-water source has the greatest influence on groundwater – both significantly increasing recharge and changing water quality as excess irrigation water infiltrates into shallow aquifers. Hence, in order to understand the impact of the landuse on the groundwater system the study has been aimed to understand the process by adopting geophysical, geochemical and microbial analysis of groundwater samples. The study has been conducted in Chidambaram taluk, with a total area of 92.51Sq.km. A total of 39 groundwater samples were collected for the analysis of major cation and anion along with the microbial analysis, like Total Coliform, Total Viable Counts, Fecal coliforms, Vibrio cholera and Total Streptococci. The geochemical studies reveal that there is no correlation between these parameters and the microbial population. The migration of the water from the elevated regions (urban region) is witnessed and the concentration of the microbial population is higher in these regions except in the southern region which has impermeable clay and this arrest the movement of water.

241 - 260 (20 Pages)
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16 Identification of Spatial Extent of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu - A Statistical Approach
Manivannan R., Chidambaram S., Anandhan P., Sinagaraja C. and Johnsonbabu G.

Abstract Geochemical processes occurring within the groundwater and reactions with aquifer minerals have a profound effect on water quality. Hydrogeochemical composition of groundwater can also be indicative of its origin and history of passage through underground materials which water has been in contact. Assessing groundwater quality and developing strategies to protect aquifers from contamination are necessary aspects for proper planning and designing water resources. Anthropogenic activities like explosion of population, industrial growth, inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and irrigation has been a crucial factor for determining the quality of groundwater. In this scenario, 43 groundwater samples were collected from the Dindigul district of Tamilnadu, a Hard rock terrain. The samples wereanalyzed for major cations and anions along with heavy metals to derive the different quality parameters and to obtain the pollution indices of different samples. This study focuses to find out the spatial relationship between the analyzed fluoride concentration in groundwater and pollution indices derived from the heavy metal concentration in the groundwater of the study area and their variation with respect to season.

261 - 271 (11 Pages)
INR169.00 INR153.00 + Tax
 
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