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COMMERCIAL CROPS TECHNOLOGY : HORTICULTURE SCIENCE SERIES VOL. 08

Alice Kurian, K.V. Peter
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389130836

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    492

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 4,500.00 INR 4,050.00 INR + Tax

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Commercial crops comprises of crops grown on a plantation scale and are of pivotal importance to the economy and export trade of many developing and developed countries. Commercial crops with long history of cultivation and active support of research and developmental efforts have made great strides in technological advancements. At regular intervals it is necessary to take stock of newly acquired knowledge in crop production and to reason out age-old experience. The book 'Commercial Crops Technology' comprehends the scattered information and provides latest technological advances in nine crops grown on a plantation scale. The book is organized into 10 s with an introductory and one each allotted to nine commercial crops (Areca Nut, Cashew, Cocoa, Coconut, Coffee, Oil palm, Palmyra, Rubber and Tea). s have been designed keeping view of the rapid progress and challenges in the field of sustainable crop production. Product diversification has also been given due importance in the light of globalization and free trade. The introductory gives an insight into the present scenario of plantation crop production, its importance, geographical distribution, soils growing, integrated nutrient management, crop protection strategies, cropping and farming systems, management of drought, organic farming, clean development mechanism, implications of IPR and strategies and recommendations. Individual s on crops covers updated information on crop improvement, biotechnology, crop production and management, crop protection and post harvest handling with emphasis on integrated nutrient and pest management, organic crop production and value addition, besides providing basic information on origin and distribution, production trends, botany and R and D institutions. Future outlook on these crops would enable to chalk out achievable programmes and projects. The bibliography facilitates further reading. This publication will be useful to everyone who are associated with commercial crops - farmers, estate managers, extension workers, technologists, policy makers, researchers and students.

0 Start Pages

Preface Commercial crops comprising crops grown on a plantation scale earns considerable foreign exchange by way of export as well as import substitution. Besides generating enormous employment potential and sustaining millions of farmers, processors and traders, these crops (arecanut, cashew, cocoa, coconut, coffee, oil palm, palmyra rubber and tea) provide food, drink, medicine and industrial raw material. Though grown in smaller area compared to other agricultural crops their contribution to GDP is much higher. Plantation crops with fairly adequate network of research and development system has helped in developing large numbers of high yielding varieties and hybrids, technologies for increasing production and productivity as well as processing. There is spectacular growth in area and production of these crops. In spite of advances in process technology there is wider scope for diversification, value addition and byproduct utilization and in some crops alternate uses of products. Need for refinement of technologies for increasing the efficiency and thereby increasing the quality and cost reduction are all the more important in the event of globalization and free trade imposed by WTO regulations. Taking the path of organic tea, promotion of organic production will help to tackle market linked problems and have a say on sustenance of ecological balance.  The development of these crops is a continuous process in which scientists, extension workers and farmers accumulate new information. The book Commercial Crops Technology is an attempt to comprehend the scattered information and provide latest technological advances in nine crops grown on a plantation scale. The book is organized into 10 chapters with an introductory chapter and one chapter each allotted to nine crops. The introductory chapter gives an insight into the present scenario of plantation crop production, its importance, geographical distribution, soils growing, integrated nutrient management, crop protection strategies, cropping and farming systems, management of drought, organic farming, clean development mechanism, implications of IPR and strategies and recommendations. Individual chapters on the crops covers updated information on crop improvement, biotechnology, crop production and management, crop protection and post harvest handling

 
1 Introduction

Commercial crops include a variety of high value plantation crops, which play a vital role in the agricultural economy and export trade of many developing and developed countries (Table 1). Tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconut, arecanut, oil palm, cashew, palmyra and cardamom are the major crops grown on a plantation scale. These crops are perennial in nature and the cultivation is labour intensive, generating considerable employment opportunity during on farm operations and off farm processing activities. The most obvious characteristic is that plantations are monocultures; the same species occupying large contiguous area usually in even aged stands. Exceptions are coconut, arecanut, cocoa and coffee, which are grown either as mono crop or as multiple crops. These crops are grown in humid tropics, mainly between 20°N and 20°S of equator in an area of 35.7 million ha yielding about 74.4 million tonnes of produce and contributing US $ 11 billion to global trade during 2002.

1 - 26 (26 Pages)
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2 Arecanut

Arecanut palm (Areca catechu L.) is the source of common masticatory nut, popularly known as arecanut, betelnut, or supari. It is used extensively in India by all sections of people as masticatory, and is an essential requisite for several religious and social ceremonies.

27 - 62 (36 Pages)
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3 Cashew

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an export-oriented crop grown for its nuts, a true drupe. Often referred as ‘wonder nut’, it is highly delicious and nutritive. Its nutritional composition compares well with almond, hazel nut and walnut. It is a zero-cholesterol nut with high content of unsaturated fatty acids, proteins and carbohydrates with a right combination of amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Kernels extracted from nuts are often consumed as such or used in confectionery items and various kinds of dishes. Kernel oil of pale yellow colour is used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) extracted from its shell has many industrial applications - for making paints, resins, flame-retardants, etc. Testa covering the kernel, rich in tannin, can be an acceptable substitute for wattle bark tannin in leather industry. Cashew apple, the pseudo-fruit, is rich in vitamin C. It is used to cure scurvy, diarrhea, uterine complaints and dropsy.

63 - 98 (36 Pages)
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4 Cocoa

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is the third important beverage crop grown for its seeds known as beans, used mainly in chocolate industry. It is the source of cocoa butter and cocoa mass.

99 - 140 (42 Pages)
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5 Coconut

Coconut is the most beautiful and useful of palms known to mankind. Coconut is unique, producing a host of products and by products with distinctive applications at home and in industry. It is essentially an oil seed crop providing all amenities for human life, which include food, energetic beverage, medicine, fibre, wood, shell and a variety of raw materials for production of array of products of commercial importance. In view of its versatile uses and affinity to Indian culture, it is rightly called the “tree of heaven” or “Kalpavriksha”.

141 - 220 (80 Pages)
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6 Coffee

Coffee (Coffea species) occupies a pride of place, in the international trade of commodities, next to petroleum in trade volume and money value. Coffee is also the second important popular beverage for its aroma and mild stimulant action. Its dried beans are roasted, ground and brewed to make a stimulating & refreshing beverage. Its production forms the backbone of more than 60 developing nations. Use of coffee has evolved from original chewing of leaves and beans of the plant to relieve pain, hunger and fatigue to the present more sophisticated uses, like espresso and decaffeinated coffees. Its use was first discovered in Arabia around mid-15th century.

221 - 274 (54 Pages)
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7 Oil Palm

The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is recognised as the cheapest edible oil-yielding crop and has become one of the major oil crops in the world. The most productive oil-bearing crop, oil palm yields about three times the oil yield of coconut, seven times that of rapeseed, and ten times that of soybean. In terms of world production, palm oil maintains second place after soybean as a source of vegetable oil and has overtaken other crops such as rapeseed, sunflower, groundnut, and cottonseed. Under good agricultural management, a hectare of oil palm yields 5 to 7 tonnes of oil / year (Henson, 1991). The crop is unique in producing 2 distinct types of oil- palm oil and palm kernel oil- used for culinary and industrial purposes. Being rich in b-carotene, palm oil contributes substantially to nutritional and energy requirements of masses.

275 - 314 (40 Pages)
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8 Palmyra

Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer L.) is a tropical dioecious palm adapted to arid zone tracts. Though it is a versatile plant which yields many edible and non-edible products it is a less exploited species. It is used for sap, fruit, seed, leaf and fiber and timber products. From nutritional point of view, fruit pulp and seed shoot flour are the most important.Successful promotion of these as foods for general consumption depends on subjecting the fruit pulp to a debittering process, and the seed shoot flour, to initial detoxification processes (Thabrew and Jansz, 2004). Palmyra palms are the most numerous palms in the world after coconut palm (Fox, 1977). Despite this, they are the least studied of all the palms.

315 - 340 (26 Pages)
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9 Rubber

Natural rubber, cis-l,4 polyisoprene, produced in the milky cytoplasm (latex) of specialized cells called laticifers in certain plants is one of most important biological macromolecules, which is used as an industrial raw material for the manufacture of a variety of products. Natural rubber is found in the latex of over 2000 species of plants belonging to 311 genera under 79 families. However, Hevea brasiliensis, also known as Para rubber tree after the Brazilian port of Para, is the only commercial source of natural rubber mainly because of its abundance in latex, quality and convenience of harvesting. Hevea was first used as a source of rubber by the French.

341 - 394 (54 Pages)
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10 Tea

Tea is the most important non-alcoholic beverage worldwide gaining further popularity as an important ‘health drink’. It is consumed as a morning drink by 2/3rd of world population. Tea was used initially as a medicine and subsequently as beverage and now has proven to be a potential raw material for pharmaceutical industry. Tea is mainly consumed in the form of ‘fermented tea’ or ‘black tea’, ‘non-fermented’ or ‘green tea’ and semi-fermented or ‘oolong tea’ are also popular in Japan and China. Green leaves are also used as vegetables such as ‘leppet tea’ in Burma and ‘meing tea’ in Thailand.

395 - 466 (72 Pages)
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11 End Pages

Index A Ablation  299, 303 Abnormal leaf fall  356, 357, 358, 359, 371 Adventitious bud culture  415 Aftercare  84, 120 Alcoholic tea drinks  454 Alkali treatment  261 Alkaloids  55 Amino acids  63, 94, 129, 132, 308, 327, 406, 443, 445 Anabe 47 Anacardiaceae  66 Ancillary products  4, 386, 389 Anther culture  116, 241, 420 Anthracnose  83, 98, 255, 301 Application of biozyme  247 Arabica selections  231

 
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