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THE SCIENCE OF HORTICULTURE VOL 01

K.V. Peter
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389547115

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    426

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 2,550.00 INR 2,295.00 INR + Tax

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"The Science of Horticulture' exposes all the stake holders-students, scientists, extension officers, farmers, policy planners to recent scientific research findings in horticulture. Marketing of horticulture produces has assumed prime importance in a global market with establishment of World Trade Organisation (WTO). Many trade related agreements were signed among over 110 countries. The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) specifically represents the resolve of al member countries to use intellectual property as one of the means of achieving economic balance and diminishing the trade barrieThe legislative history elaborates the genesis of TRIPS agreement, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Madrid Agreement, Chairman's draft, Dunkel draft, general protection under article 22 and certain aspects of TRIPS definition. Malabar Pepper, Alleppy Green Cardamom, Assam Tea, Darjeeling Tea, Nilgiri Tea and Coorge Orange are a few horticultural crops which got registered under Gi appellation. The I is contributed by Latha S. Nair, Intellectual Property Firm, Gurgaon.

0 Start Pages

Preface ‘State of Agriculture’released by National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi reveals critical information on Horticulture, its past, present and future. India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables with  11% and 12% respective shares in world production. Varied agro-climatic conditions favour cultivation of a large number of horticultural crops (fruits, vegetables, root and stem tubers, aromatic and medicinal plants and spices and plantation crops (coconut, arecanut, cashew, cocoa, palmyrah, tea, coffee, cardamom, cinchona, oil palm, rubber and wattle). In India, emphasis on horticultural development is focused through various programmes: National  Horticultural Mission, Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture in Northern hilly states, Development of commercial Horticulture and Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme of the National Horticulture Board (NHB) and Integrated Development of Coconut including Technology Mission on Coconut. ‘The Science of Horticulture’ exposes all the stake holders-students, scientists, extension officers, farmers, policy planners to recent scientific research findings in Horticulture. Marketing of Horticulture produces has assumed prime importance in a Global Market with establishment of World Trade Organisation (WTO). Many trade related agreements were signed among over 110 countries. The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement) specifically represents the resolve of all member countries to use intellectual property as one of the means of achieving economic balance and diminishing the trade barriers. The legislative history elaborates the genesis of TRIPS agreement, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Madrid agreement, Chairman’s draft, Dunkel draft, general protection under article 22 and Certain aspects of TRIPS definition. Malabar Pepper, Alleppy Green Cardamom, Assam Tea, Darjeeling Tea, Nilgiri Tea and Coorge Orange  are a few horticultural crops which got registered under Gi appellation. The Chapter I is contributed by Latha S. Nair, Intellectual Property Firm, Gurgaon.

 
1 Geographical Indications and Trips Agreement
Latha R. Nair

World Trade Organisation The World Trade Organisation (WTO) was the result of years of painstaking efforts on the part of governments and other bodies to establish a globally acceptable basis for a new economic order. It was established to correct the imbalances and disparities in international trade and bring about an evenly balanced world trade order that equally benefits the developed, developing and least developed nations. While there are several agreements under the WTO, the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) specifically represents the resolve of all member countries to use intellectual property as one of the means for achieving economic balance and diminishing the trade barriers.

1 - 22 (22 Pages)
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2 Principles of Hi-Tech Horticulture
Patil A.A., Mantur S.M., Biradar, M.S. and Mannikeri I.M.

Growth of horticulture is the cornerstone for augmenting employment opportunities in agriculture sector both directly and indirectly. Of late, there is a marked shift in the cropping pattern towards diversification into high value commercial crops in the country. To make horticulture viable and profitable, the thrust should be on improving the resource use efficiency, so that the relative profitability could be enhanced. Success in horticulture is more technology driven compared to other crops. The time bound removal of quantitative curbs on imports and other barriers to access domestic market under WTO, of which India is a signatory, will require Indian Horticultural produce / products to become competitive both in the domestic and international markets. This would call for use of Hi-tech horticulture technologies. The term Hi-Tech Horticulture was coined in recent years. There are no standard definitions for this. The Department of Agriculture and Co-operation,GOI in 1999 defined Hi-tech Horticulture as “any technology which is modern, less environment dependent, capital intensive and has the capacity to improve the productivity and quality of horticultural crops”.

23 - 64 (42 Pages)
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3 Science Behind Tracer Studies in Horticulture
KOTUR, S.C.

In the backdrop of a predominantly agrarian economy, India has made tremendous advances in modern agriculture to meet both the food and nutritional security. In recent years, horticulture has assumed great importance mainly to augment nutritional security and secondarily as a highly cost-effective, remunerative and eco-friendly enterprise having vast export potential. To meet the challenges of research and development, tracer techniques have added the much needed fillip as they can be ingeniously applied to resolve issues which are not ordinarily possible using conventional techniques.

65 - 88 (24 Pages)
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4 Principles of Plant Germplasm Conservation
Doijode, S.D.

Horticultural crops are ideal and valuable assets of nature to mankind. They are popular among masses since time immemorial but their importance was realized only in the recent past due to their high nutritive value, good taste and pleasing quality. They provide essential nutrients and minerals for proper functioning of human body and aesthetic surroundings for peaceful living. India is an important centre of diversity and several horticultural crops  originated here.  The horticultural crops constitute 13.08% of total crop area and contribute about 28% to GDP. The sub-continent extends from 8° 04’ - 37° 06’ North latitude and 68° 07’- 97° 25’ East longitude and it has tropical, sub-tropical and temperate climates which favour successful growing of a large number of horticultural crops.  India has a wide variety of climate and soil on which a large number of horticultural crops like fruits, vegetables, potato and other tropical tuber crops, ornamentals, medicinal and aromatic plants, plantation crops, spices, cashew and cocoa are grown. Of late, major emphasis was laid on development of high yielding varieties and high production technologies and their adoption in areas of assured irrigation paved the way towards food security.

89 - 112 (24 Pages)
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5 Advances in Research on Male Sterility
DHALL, R.K.

Vegetables are the most extensively utilized plants for  exploitation of heterosis for  development of hybrids. As the importance of heterosis breeding increased, male sterility proved an asset particularly in crops like onion and carrot which produce many but small sized flowers making hand emasculation tedious. Large scale hybrid seed production sometimes remains handicapped because of high labour cost, unavailability of trained labour at crucial times i.e. at blooming, bad weather conditions like continuous rains etc. The phenomenon of male sterility has always been of long term interest for  researchers of various disciplines of applied, strategic and basic sciences. It is of special interest for  plant breeders to produce more efficient and economic hybrid seed. Discovery of certain male sterile mutants which  eliminate more laborious operations of emasculation combined with various marker genes further facilitate identification of undesirable types even at seedling stage has widened the very basis of hybrid seed production. This technique has also reduced the total cost of hybrid seed production. Onion crop provides one of the rare examples of very early recognition of male sterility (Jones and Emsweller 1936), its inheritance and use in hybrid seed production (Jones and Clarke 1943). Since then male sterility is reported in fairly large number of crops including vegetables.

113 - 144 (32 Pages)
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6 Polyembryony : The Basics
Kundan Kishore

Polyembryony is the occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed. It includes all those instances in which there is a clear indication of the actual occurrence of two or more embryos in a developing ovule (Tisserat et al. 1979). The additional embryos in polyembryony result from the differentiation and development of various maternal and zygotic tissues associated with the ovule of seed. Earlier, polyembryony is said to have an abnormal feature but now it is considered as a desirable character in citrus, mango, jamun, almond, etc. to obtain true to type planting materials. The polyembryony is one of the apomictic processes which have been described to occur in the ovules of angiospermic species (Koltunow, 1993). Polyembryony in horticultural crops occurs as facultative apomixis wherein simultaneous growth of multiple embryos of somatic origin co-exist in the same seed containing sexual embryo resulting from either selfing or cross pollination.

145 - 164 (20 Pages)
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7 Principles of Food Irradiation
Tripathi, P.C.

Food irradiation involves exposure of food to short wave energy to achieve specific purposes like extension in shelf life, insect disinfestations and elimination of food-borne pathogens and parasites. Compared to heat or chemical treatment, irradiation is more effective and an appropriate technology to destroy food-borne pathogens without much loss to the quality of food. It offers a number of advantages to producers, processors, retailers and consumers. Irradiation is a cold process and can be used to pasteurize and sterilize foods without affecting freshness and texture of food. Unlike chemical fumigants, irradiation does not leave any harmful toxic residues in food and is more effective. It is efficient and can be used to treat prepacked commodities. The FAO estimates that about 25% of world’s total food production is lost due to insects, bacteria and rodents after harvesting. Use of radiation can play an important role in cutting these losses and reducing dependence on chemical pesticides. The food borne diseases claim millions of lives all over the world every year. Irradiation of food can reduce these incidences by destroying harmful microorganisms.

165 - 178 (14 Pages)
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8 History of Plant Pathology of Horticultural Crops
Veena Ashok

Plant diseases are mentioned in some of the oldest books available (Homer, C – 1000 B.C. mentioned about the therapeutic properties of sulphur and in Old testament – 750 B.C.) and were feared as much as human diseases and war.

179 - 198 (20 Pages)
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9 History of Plant Breeding with Emphasis on Vegetables
Peter, K.V. and Pradeep Kumar, T.

The history of plant breeding is divided into 4 periods- knowledge of plant breeding before 1900, application of genetic principles (1900-1940), plant breeding research after 1940 and the recent developments in plant breeding. Emphasis is given on the land marks in genetic improvement of vegetable crops. The major land marks  in genetics and breeding of crop plants are listed below.

199 - 210 (12 Pages)
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10 Basics in Vegetable Seed Technology
Kanwar, J.S. and Geeta Bassi

India is a vast country with varied soil and agro-climatic conditions and therefore is able to grow a wide range of vegetables. In view of their productivity, diversification, nutrition, value addition and export, vegetables are an important component in Indian agriculture. Up to 1939, vegetable seeds were used to be imported from Australia, U.K., U.S.A., but after World War I and II, India started seed production of vegetables. In the recent past, the seed industry has made rapid strides over the past three decades and has contributed significantly to the quantum jump in agricultural production and India emerged as the second largest producer of vegetables, next to China in the world. During 2005-2006, India produced 113.5 million t of vegetables from 7.2 million ha with a productivity of 15.76 t/ha. The seed industry has increased certified and quality seed production and distribution by the organized sector to about 60 lakh quintal from 300q in 1964-65. India can be proud of having launched and managed both crop improvement and seed improvement as simultaneous and parallel programmes playing complimentary and synergistic roles.

211 - 268 (58 Pages)
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11 Use of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Vegetable Crops
SADHAN KUMAR, P.G. AND NIRMALA DEVI, S.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are free-living bacteria  having beneficial effect on plants by root colonization. They stimulate plant’s growth. Intensive research work is carried out on use of various PGPR as plant growth promoters on various crops. There are reports which show that PGPR promoted growth and reproductive parameters of cereals, pulses, ornamentals, vegetable crops, plantation crops and even  tree species. The important PGPR used in vegetable crops are Azospirillum, Azotobactor, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB) and Bacillus subtilis.

269 - 288 (20 Pages)
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12 Methodology for Gene Sequencing in Plants
JAYALAKSHMY, V.G.

The term DNA sequencing refers to methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine, in a molecule of DNA. In molecular terms ,the definitive understanding of a DNA molecule comes from determining its nucleotide sequence.The function of a gene can be deduced from its nucleotide sequence,for example by comparing the sequences of genes with known functions. The first DNA sequences were obtained by academic researchers, using laborious methods based on 2 – dimensional chromatography in the early 1970s.  Following the development of dye-based sequencing methods with automated analysis, DNA sequencing has become easier and orders of magnitude faster.  Knowledge of DNA sequences of genes and other parts of the genome of organisms have become indispensable for basic research studying biological processes, as well as in applied field like diagnostic or forensic research.  The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery.

289 - 302 (14 Pages)
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13 Molecular Tools for Characterisation of Horticultural Crops
Behera, T.K. and Sabina Islam

Use of morphological markers has continued till today for characterization of several crops including horticultural crops with the Mendel’s principles of inheritance by following visible traits in the progenies of sexual crosses. Genetic markers play an essential role  in the study of variability and diversity, in the construction of linkage maps, and in the diagnosis of individuals or lines carrying certain linked genes. Within this context, the limitations of morphological markers became quickly apparent. They tend to be restricted to relatively a few traits, display a low degree of polymorphism, are often environmentally variable in their manifestation, and can depend on the expression of several unlinked genes. Furthermore, some may affect plant viability or seed set, distorting gene frequencies in the progeny. Morphological markers were largely supplemented by biochemical markers, particularly isoenzymes that could be easily scored by electrophoresis (Ganapathy and Scandalios 1973; Tanksley 1983). The limitations of isoenzmyes as markers, in particular both the limited number of polymorphic enzymes that can be conveniently stained and the environmental effects on expression pattern, were apparent already twenty years ago (Tanksley 1983).

303 - 324 (22 Pages)
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14 Transgenic Ornamentals with Reduced Ethylene Production and Perception
Shigeru Satoh, Yusuke Kosugi and Takako Narumi

Ethylene is a primary plant hormone involved in the senescence of plant tissues including flowers and leaves. In carnation flowers, inhibition of the synthesis or action of ethylene delays the onset of senescence symptoms and lengthens the vase life of flowers. Leaves of cut chrysanthemum of some cultivars frequently become yellow, sometimes prior to the onset of flower senescence, in response to exogenous ethylene. Generation of transgenic plants with suppressed production or action of ethylene is an excellent way to lengthen the longevity of these ornamental plants. This paper reviews our studies on generation and characterization of carnations with reduced ethylene production and chrysanthemum with reduced sensitivity to ethylene.

325 - 346 (22 Pages)
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15 Tuber Crops Biotechnology
Sheela, M.N. and Rajmohan, K.

Root and Tuber crops are the most important food crops of man after cereals. Tuber crops are efficient producers of carbohydrates especially under suboptimal conditions of rainfall, fertility and low input conditions encountered in tropics. The group contributes about 6 % of the world’s dietary calories. In fact, one out of 6 kg of human food comes from roots and tubers. Tuber crops find an important place in the dietary habits of small and marginal farmers especially contributing to food security of tribal populations. Tuber crops grown in India include Cassava, Sweet potato, Dioscorea, Colocasia, Amorphophallus and minor tuber crops like Chinese potato, Arrowroot, Canna, Yam bean etc. The biotechnology can contribute to the solution of the major problems and realize greater benefits for tuber crops.

347 - 378 (32 Pages)
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16 Viticulture in the Napa Valley : A Farmer’s Perspective
Richard Mendelson and Robert Steinhauer

California’s Napa Valley, situated at the northern end of the San Francisco Bay 30 miles (48 kilometers [km]) from the Pacific Ocean, is the most famous wine appellation in the United States. This small valley, 56 km long and 8 km wide at its broadest point, has produced some of North America’s finest wine grapes from the 1850s to the present. Today it contains approximately 18,616 hectares [ha] of vineyards along the valley floor, in the foothills and mountains flanking the main valley and in the smaller valleys in the eastern part of Napa County [45].

379 - 406 (28 Pages)
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