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SEED PROCESSING: A PRACTICAL APPROACH

Rakesh C. Mathad, A.S. Channaveeraswamy, B.S. Vyakaranahal, V.K. Deshpande
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389547122

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    142

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 1,595.00 INR 1,435.50 INR + Tax

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The book is an important publication featuring exhaustive technical information on practical aspects of seed processing. Some of these aspects are latest developments happening in vegetable seed industry and written by authors who are having immense experience of working in many national and multinational companies. This book help to prepare people associated with seed processing and offer great reference to academic, researchers and students who are studying courses in Seed Processing and Storage. This book serves as practical manual for these courses. • This book covers the following practical aspects and experimental techniques in seed processing with more emphasis on practical activity in each session: • Seed processing terminology and shop floor activities • Seed Extraction Methods and effect of physiological maturity on seed quality • Seed quality up-gradation by liquid density separation • Estimation of physical properties of Seeds by various methods • Method of seed blending and assessing mechanical injury after processing • Basic and advanced seed processing equipments • Standardization of screen sizes for seed processing and effect on seed quality • Importance of moisture in seed processing and Seed quality enhancement by use of spiral graders in soya bean • Seed drying, seed treating methods, equipments and evaluating the quality of treated seeds • Seed Priming and how to design a low cost drum seed priming unit • Study of packaging materials and fumigation • The relationship of seed moisture content and mechanical damage • Validating Harrington's rules for a particular area for seed storage • Quantification of seed processing efficiency (SPE) • Study of PPE and ESH in seed processing • Estimation of post harvest seed losses with management of stacking and the problem of “stackburn” The practical sessions contain data sheets to enter data after each experiment and provide detailed worksheets at the end of the manual

0 Start Pages

Preface   In order to understand the importance of quality seed, it is very important to know its scientific basis in terms of processing, seed treatment and packaging. We wrote this book to provide a framework for learning these basic shop floor activities to make ‘raw seed’ in to ‘performing seed’. Seed processing will contribute to bumper harvests and without this timely up-gradation even superior varieties also cannot deliver objectives for which they are released. Seed processing directly related to its performance in the field and positive socioeconomic attributes. It improves its physical purity, germination, vigour and health status. To understand seed processing it is important to study the attributes practically and students can get a first hand understanding of different processes involved in up-gradation with effect on quality attributes. In this book a basic understanding on seed processing with an activity intend to find the effect of each process on seed quality is written. Apart from basic seed processing terminology and shop floor assembly of equipments, emphasis is given on different stages of seed processing like, extraction, up-gradation, blending, drying, treatment, fumigation, packaging and storage. Also students can find effect of these processes on seed quality like mechanical injury after processing, standardization of screen sizes for different crops, importance of seed moisture and suitability of certain crops for storage. This book contains effect of seed quality enhancements like pre-sowing treatment, pelleting and priming on quality. This book highlights certain problems in seed processing like post harvest losses during processing, processing efficiency, ‘stackburn’ and safety at shop floor with issues like personal protection and ESH (environment, safety and health).

 
1 Visit to a Shop Floor of a Seed Processing Unit

Visit to a seed processing unit and attending the following questionnaire to know firsthand information on operations of shop floor

9 - 10 (2 Pages)
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2 Seed Extraction Methods Activity: Seed Extraction of Tomato

1.1 Problem     1.    Compare the seed quality at different physiological maturity stages     2.    Compare the seed recovery in acid and fermentation method 1.2 Materials     ·    Tomato fruits – 4 batches     ·    Plastic bucket/ Beaker     ·    Water

11 - 16 (6 Pages)
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3 Seed Quality Up-gradation

Seed processing is specialized activity and also a tool to improve seed quality further to an acceptable standard. Seed quality parameters like germination, vigour or genetic purity can be improved using processing. Say a seed lot having a minimum standard of 90% germination, but the competition in the market offering seed quality 92 or 95 % then to meet the market demand we can process the seed lots using re-milling or re-conditioning techniques. Also sometimes simple techniques like liquid density separation which uses specific density of the seed to separate good seed from inferior quality can be considered.

17 - 20 (4 Pages)
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4 Estimation of Physical Properties of Seeds

The physical properties of seeds are a basic activity for designing processing equipments and precision planters. Since these characters vary with crop or variety, one needs to have the data handy to be used on shop floor. This data also helps to quantify processing efficiency, presence of dormancy and suitability for seed treatments for all existing and new crops or varieties.

21 - 24 (4 Pages)
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5 Seed Blending

Methods in Seed Blending For good seed blending there are three methods and details of which given as below:

25 - 26 (2 Pages)
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6 Determination of Mechanical Injury After Processing

Mechanical damage is inflicted on seeds during harvesting, threshing drying, processing and handling. Injury may occur from any kind of physical abuse. Threshing abuse probably is most serious but, seed conditioning and handling also contribute to seed injury. High temperatures during drying or drying too quick or excessively can cause injury. Susceptibility to mechanical injury increases as the moisture content of the seed decreases. Effect of all individual impacts received by the seed appears to be cumulative in total seed damage. Cereals are largely immune to mechanical injury presumably because of the protective outer structures, the palea and lemma. Large sized legumes are more suscepitable. Small seeds tend to escape injury during harvest and seeds that are spherical tend to suffer less damage than elongated or irregularly shaped ones.

27 - 28 (2 Pages)
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7 Basic Seed Processing Equipments

The processing operations are carried out based on the principle of physical differences found in a seed lot.

29 - 34 (6 Pages)
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8 Advanced Equipments of Processing

9.1 Magnetic seed separator These machines use a magnetic force to separate damaged seeds or other particles from the good seeds. This is used to solve special problems in seed lots that can not be taken out with our other basic seed cleaning equipment. Most of the time it is used for vegetable and field seeds that have problems in seed damage (fish mouth in cucumber or melon seeds / cracked radish or cabbage seeds), insect damage (beetle holes in cotton seeds) or contamination with soil or plant parts (white plant parts in onion seed) etc.

35 - 40 (6 Pages)
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9 Standardization of Screen Sizes for Seed Processing

Seed size is an important parameter of seed vigor as it in influences the performance of seed in soil. Seed bulk at harvest contains a wide range of seed sizes but these may not all be of equal value for sowing. Farmers have always realized the necessary of using uniform seeds for good viability to obtain high emergence and growth. This will also help in getting optimum plant population and higher yields.   The influence of seed size on seedling vigor and crop productivity has already been proven since the days Hannaford who was considered as father of seed processing. To achieve uniformity in seed size this optimum sieve/screen size is very critical for optimum seed recovery and economical seed yield. Though the screen sizes are standardized for different crops but vary with different varieties. The shop floor should continuously explore and fine tune screen sizes for different varieties.

41 - 42 (2 Pages)
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10 Effect of Screen Sizes on Seed Quality

This practical in continuation of the practical no.10 explore the effects of screen sizes on different varieties. The screen sizes vary not with crops but with varieties also. To know the effect of screen sizes among the varieties we need to take the top and middle screens as standard or as recommended. These methods can be applied to any crop and to different varieties.

43 - 44 (2 Pages)
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11 Importance of Moisture in Seed Processing and Seed Quality Enhancement by Use of Spiral Graders in Soya Bean 

The use of seed processing equipments helps in improving the seed quality by inducing uniformity of physical properties of seeds. This help in achieving optimum plant population and desired economic yield. In certain crops like soya bean, standard seed processing may not give desired seed quality because of sensitivity towards moisture. As general practice seed need to be dried to its safe moisture content of 9 before processing. But in case of soya bean lower seed moisture may result higher mechanical damage after standard seed processing. Drier seed are more vulnerable for mechanical damage. In this practical w try to explore the importance of moisture in seed processing and also need of alternative processing equipments like spiral graders to minimize mechanical damage.

45 - 46 (2 Pages)
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12 Seed Drying

Drying is an important unit operation in seed processing in order to maintain seed ability and vigor . it is advocated that seeds should be harvested soon after they attain physiological maturity to obtain better quality seeds and to minimize field losses. The traditional method of sun drying is inadequate, uncontrolled and time bound, which may not meet the high demand of quality seeds in time. Hence artificial drying, the effect of certain drying parameters like seed moisture content, drying air temperature, airflow rate, depth of seed loading and time of exposure on drying characteristics and viability of seeds are to be determined for safe and economical drying of seeds.

47 - 50 (4 Pages)
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13 Seed Treating Methods, Equipments and Evaluating the Quality of Treated Seeds

Objective: To study the seed treatment methods and equipments A key factor in achieving the few potential of good quality seed is the blanket treatment of the seeds with agrochemical in order to control or prevent diseases in the  crops.

51 - 56 (6 Pages)
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14 Effect of Pre-sowing Seed Treatment on Quality of Seedlings

Seed is the primary and essential starting point of a wide range of crops, including the majority of vegetables except those vegetative propagated (e.g- potato and sweet potato). Seedling emergence and field stand establishment is one of the problems facing the growers, especially in early planting where adverse conditions are prevailed (low temperature and high soil moisture). Seed germination and seedling emergence are affected by many factors such as: seed genotype, seed quality (seed viability and seed vigor) and the environmental conditions (moisture and temperature) prevailing during seed germination and subsequent seedling emergence, assuming that the seed is not dormant.

57 - 58 (2 Pages)
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15 Seed Priming

Seed Priming is the process of controlled hydration of seeds to a level that permits pre-germinative metabolic actively to proceed, but prevents actual emergence of the radical. It is done to increase the speed and uniformity of germination particularly under adverse conditions of temperature, moisture and salinity conditions. In this condition, seeds go through all the essential preparatory processes of germination but prevent cell elongation and radical emergence. During the waiting period at the osmotic barrier the ‘slower’ seeds tend to catch up with the ‘faster ones’ so that the subsequent germination is more uniform, than that of untreated seeds. The duration of priming varies with the crop as well as method of priming such that priming is allowed for I and II stage of seed imbibitions without allowing radical protrusion.

59 - 62 (4 Pages)
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16 Designing a Low Cost Drum Seed Priming Unit

Objective     1.    Design drum priming (2-3 kg and drying unit with house hold or commonly available materials.     2.    Standardization of time for seed priming for different crops. Probable drum priming unit components A] A vertical drum which need to be rotating B] A motor which will rotate C] A desktop assembly D] A simple two way seed drier (Fig not given here)

63 - 64 (2 Pages)
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17 Seed Pelleting

The objective of seed pelleting is to provide an opportunity to package effective quantities of materials such that they can influence the micro-environment of each seed.   Process of Pelleting Seeds are introduced into a coating drum or pan that resembles a cement mixer. An amalgam of pelleting materials (clays, limestone, calcium carbonate, talc, vermiculite) and cementing adhesives (gum Arabic, gelatine, methyl cellulose polyvinyl alchol) are used to form the pellet and other compounds such as inoculants, fungicides, etc. May be added to enhance seed performance.

65 - 68 (4 Pages)
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18 Study of Packaging Materials

These materials include barrier coated paper bags, barrier laminated film bags, jute bags, PP woven box bag and cotton bags.   A: Paper Bags     1.    Coated paper:  bags provide a barrier for leaking or staining of the product. This can be done by a greaseproof or claycoated kraftpaper.     2.    Open-Mouth sacks:  can be manufactured using different types of paper. Simple kraftliner, glossy claycoated and lacquered outerliner are possible. These sacks can be supplied with liners and printed up to 8 colours.

69 - 76 (8 Pages)
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19 Seed Fumigation

Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides to suffocate or poison the pests within. It is utilized for control of pests in buildings, soil, seed, and grain produce. It is also used during processing of goods to be imported or exported in order to prevent transfer of exotic organisms. Fumigants are chemical compounds in gaseous form that enter the body of insect through the spiracles spread all over via trachea and tracheoles. The important fumigants are Methyl bromide, Ethylene dibromide, Aluminium phosphide, Ethyl formate, Hydrogen cyanide, Chloropicrin etc.

77 - 80 (4 Pages)
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20 Measurement of Seed Moisture Content

The moisture content is the amount of water in the seed and is usually expressed as a percentage. It can he expressed on either a wet weight basis (where it is expressed as a percentage of the fresh weight of the seed) or on a dry weight basis (where it is expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the seed). The seed moisture content is the most vital parameter, which influence the seed quality and storage life of the seed. Seed moisture content is closely associated with several aspects of physiological seed quality. For example, it is related to seed maturity, optimum harvest time, mechanical damage, economics of artificial seed drying, seed longevity and insect & pathogen infestation.

81 - 84 (4 Pages)
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21 The Relationship of Seed Moisture Content and Mechanical Damage

Mechanical damage in oil seeds like soya bean can be induced at any time during harvesting, handling, conditioning and sowing operations. There is relationship between moisture and mechanical damage. In general the low moisture containing seeds are more prone for mechanical damage than the high moisture containing seeds. In this experiment we look for this relationship by measuring seed quality parameters like germination and leakage (electrical conductivity).

85 - 86 (2 Pages)
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22 Seed Storage : Validating Harrington’s Rules for a Particular Area

According to Harrington’s rule (1960) of thumb, for storage, every one percent increase in moisture content, the seed life is halved far seeds of moisture content of 5-14%. For temperature, every 5ºC rise in temperature, between 0-50 ºC, the seed life is halved.

87 - 92 (6 Pages)
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23 Quantification of Seed Processing Efficiency (SPE)

Seed processing efficiency (SPE) is one of the important aspects in seed processing. It will help in measuring the potential of the shop floor. It will also help in standardizing activities like screens and improving physical purity. SPE will help to improve the quality of the seed material and help in utilizing the machines at their optimum capacity. SPE may vary among the different crops and even among the varieties.   To quantify SPE we need to pass the test sample (bulk-pre processed) through the target machine and enter the details in a processing register. To quantify the SPE we need to follow these mathematical formulae:

93 - 94 (2 Pages)
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24 Visit to Commercially Controlled and Uncontrolled Seed Storages

NAME OF THE UNIT:      1.    Location of Seed Storage      2.    Date of Inspections/visit

95 - 98 (4 Pages)
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25 Study of PPE and ESH in Seed Processing

PPEs are the personal protection equipments which protect the personnel against some hazards in the shop floor. PPEs form important aspects of Environment (safe disposal of treated chemicals, dusts coming out of processing), Safety (to seed storages) and Health (personnel) (ESH) strategy of any shop floor.

99 - 104 (6 Pages)
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26 Application of Hagberg Falling Number Method in Predicting High Moisture Damage and Storage of Seeds in Wheat and Paddy

The “falling number” is a measurement used by plant breeders and grain quality specialists to determine the soundness of wheat, which is primarily influenced by the degree of sprouting in a grain sample. Hagberg Falling Number is the full name of this international standard of sprout measurement.  The term “falling numbers” refers to the amount of time it takes for the Hagberg steel ball in this sprout analysis tool to fall through a flour/water slurry that has been heated to release the starch from water. 

105 - 108 (4 Pages)
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27 Estimation of Post Harvest Seed Losses

There are stages in seed supply chain where seed losses happen at harvesting and post harvest stage. These losses may occur due to higher moisture at harvest, due to harvesting methods, processing methods, at seed storage, during transport etc. Estimation of these losses is an important function of seed inventory management. Estimating seed losses help to improve processing and seed distribution efficiency. These simple statistical tools will help to measure quantitative post harvest seed losses. Seed testing can be used for measuring qualitative post harvest seed losses.

109 - 112 (4 Pages)
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28 Seed Sampling at Processing Plant

To assess the quality of the seed is necessary before it is shipped for packaging and made available to the farming community. To assess certain routine seed quality parameters which are statutory for labelling seed sampling and testing are very critical. Seed testing is not only a mandatory trade requirement but also decides the market potential of a particular product in the market and safeguard the brand image of the company. Seed sampling for labelling and other trade requirements is done at processing plant. The reliability of seed testing is depends on the accuracy with which the sample represents the lot and precision of the laboratory test. In many cases variations in the test results are due to variation in the sampling. Hence, seed sampling is one of the important activities of the shop floor or processing unit.

113 - 116 (4 Pages)
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29 Management of Stacking and the Problem of “Stackburn”

The management of storage in open and closed storage is critical before start of any seed processing activities. When seed lots reach the shop floor, they need to be stored properly. Unlike commercial produce seed lots cannot be stored in bulk. These need to be stacked lot wise and there is problem of “stackburn”-resulting from successive layers in building a bag stack. In crops like soyabean-”stackburn” can have detrimental effect on seed quality. The quality parameters like germination and viability can get lost instantly if not properly stacked on the pallets.

117 - 120 (4 Pages)
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30 Deciding Suitability of Paddy Seed for Drying and Storage

Storage of paddy seed lots after harvesting is one of the crucial aspects of processing shopfloor. Paddy due to increased mechanised harvesting may loose vital seed quality parameters. Since seed growers cannot buy a combined harvester themselves-they resort to hiring of this machine. Sometimes in the hurry of completing harvesting they harvest the crop at un-safe moisture content. This un-safe moisture content may go up to 50-60% also. Harvesting of seed crop with high moisture has adverse effect on storability. Ensuring safe seed moisture is very critical especially during rabi-summer seed production cycle. Most of the growers depend on sun drying for reducing the seed moisture. But paddy should not be dried >3% in one cycle. Follow tempering and convection cooling after every cycle and repeat the cycle till seed attains safe moisture content (14%).

121 - 122 (2 Pages)
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31 End Pages

Worksheets Worksheet-1: Measurement of physical properties of seeds Type of seeds: gum guar

 
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