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TEA: TECHNOLOGICAL INITIATIVES

Niladri Bag, Arundhati Bag, L.M.S. Palni
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389547153

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    346

  • Language:

    English

  • DOI:

    10.59317/9789389547153

Individual Price: 267.01 USD 240.31 USD

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The book a consortium and provides adequate information derived from current research on tea and opens up new avenues for researchers as well as service for the tea growers, and offers solutions of persistent problems for policy makers. Colour photographs, useful diagrams have also been reproduced. This book has 10 chapters on VII different aspects. The first part deals with basic aspects on history and introduction with special reference to Darjeeling tea. Part II is devoted to the role of Small Tea Growers in Indian tea. The third part deals with Cultivation Practices. The forth part describes one of the important aspects of tea cultivation i.e., “Insect Pest Management and Pesticide Residue” in length. The part five describes research on Darjeeling tea and it’s contribution and impact. The part sixth describes health benefit of tea. Finally part seven deals with biotechnology on tea.

0 Start Pages

Preface Tea is an ecologically driven agrofarming having huge potentials with high input. The high productivity is related to efficient plucking by pluckers, existence of good tea stands free from diseases, pests along with favourable climate, etc. Indian Tea has a 170 years old history and since its inception, it has occupied an important place in our national economy. After Independence, Indian Tea industry has achieved about 250 fold growths and still it is world leader in terms of quality and consumption. But, for the last few decades Indian Tea industry is passing through a bad phase and major problem is low yield.  There are crucial questions regarding the future of the Indian Tea Industry and people living on it. Therefore, it is an urgent need to reorient developmental planning for Indian Tea Industry in a manner that helps to revive the industry while meeting the aspirations of the people for a standard living.  Tea is intricately associated with Indian Society and today it is a common men’s drink next to water. More than 70% of the country’s population comes in contact with tea in one way or another including tea drinking, thus tea plays an important role in Indian society both directly and indirectly.

 
1 Story of Darjeeling Tea:A Historical Background
Sangmu Thendup and Sushma Rai

Abstract The history of the development of the tea plantation industry in the Darjeeling district dates back to the early fifties of the nineteenth century when the English entrepreneurs took lease of extensive land on the mountain slopes of the Darjeeling Himalaya and started tea plantations. During the formative years of the introduction of the plantation industry the region was sparsely populated so, laborers from various parts of India and her neighboring countries were encouraged to settle in the fringe areas of the Tea gardens. Over the last 160 years many changes have taken place in their lifestyle. The main purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the history of Darjeeling tea and to explore the life of people in the Darjeeling region and also to learn how the local populace adjusted themselves with the given environment with the changing scenario of the area.

1 - 18 (18 Pages)
USD34.99
 
2 Small Farmers: Locating them in “Darjeeling Tea”
Roshan P. Rai

Abstract “Darjeeling Tea” as a global brand brings attention to the Darjeeling District and creates a global imaginary which obliterates the dark colonial history, existing exploitation of the workers and the natural resources of the region. The global brand name is protected under the certification trademarks which has a geographical indication. Thus only tea from the 87 tea plantations can be called Darjeeling Tea. There is an increasing trend towards Darjeeling Tea going organic and fairtrade. This trend is critiqued with questions of how green and fair can a monoculture plantation get. Within this imaginary, small farmers’ tea offers an alternative paradigm based on equity and diversity. This paper explores the alternative by highlighting the (United Development Organization) journey of a small farmers collective Mineral Spring SanjuktaVikashSanstha.

19 - 38 (20 Pages)
USD34.99
 
3 Human Resource Strategies for Sustainable Development of Tea Plantation Workers in India
Ananda Das Gupta

Abstract Ensuring the provision of safe and healthy working conditions to all workers and promoting the availability to them of certain minimum welfare amenities are the constitutional obligations of all employers as well as the Indian state. Enlightened employers tend to provide for these facilities on their own, as part of their performance and retention strategies. Others, however, largely consider these obligations as burden. Some recent researches reveal that the pursuit of numerical flexibility policies is becoming rampant amongst employers in the advanced world; they are doing so to cut costs and become more competitive. This means more use of labour-cost-saving devices and neglect of some basic rights of workers. Of course, intense competition amongst companies puts pressure on them to attempt cost-cutting and ignore these legal provisions. It should be noted however, that the law relating to working conditions is perhaps the most basic of labour laws in any country; therefore, its sanctity has to be maintained with an added responsibility by all concerned and as a societal value.

39 - 62 (24 Pages)
USD34.99
 
4 The Science and Practice of Tea Pruning and Tipping in North East India
S. Baisya

Abstract Pruning is the most important cultural operations in tea cultivation. Time of pruning affects health of bush, incidence of pests and disease, yield and distribution of crop. Root starch reserve at the time of pruning affects the recovery of bush and hence considered as the most crucial factor for deciding time of pruning. Downward movement of photosynthates was found maximum in December and January, thereby maximizing the starch reserve in roots. Maximum recovery of tea bush and minimum loss in annual crop was found when pruned during December – January. Pruning in remaining months (February – November ) may result in crop loss to the tune of 5 per cent – 37 per cent in plain areas. Clonal varieties differ in root starch accumulation during winter months hence pruning time of individual clone needs to be decided accordingly to enhance recovery of plants.

63 - 90 (28 Pages)
USD34.99
 
5 Pesticide Resistance in Insect and Mite Pests of Tea in Sub–Himalayan Terai–Dooars Plantations: Status, Detection and Possible Management
Ananda Mukhopadhyay, Somnath Roy, Soma Das, Kumar Basnet

Abstract Tea (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze), a foliage crop of Sub-Himalayan Terai-Dooars has Tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora)(TMB), looper caterpillars [Hyposidra talaca, Hyposidra infixaria, Biston (=Buzura) suppresseria] and Red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae)(RSM) as major pests. In conventionally managed tea plantations, synthetic pesticides and acaricides are routinely applied. The pesticide-exposed pest populations show higher tolerance level as evident in their increased LC50 values. Augmented activities of detoxifying enzymes viz. general esterases (GE), glutathione S–transferases (GST) and cytochrome P450 mediated monooxygenases (CYP) were recorded in the pesticide-exposed pest populations. Sub–lethal exposure to monocrotophos (36% SL) enhanced the tolerance level in adult TMB by 105 fold through three generations. Increased activity of GE was evident in the pesticide-exposed populations of the tea loopers. Activities of GE and GST  in RSM were significantly higher in acaricide-exposed population. Present studies can help developing enzyme-based assay kit for determining level of pesticide-resistance. Integrated resistance management has become an integral part of modern day IPM practices. Adoption of newer chemicals, and cultural practices can minimise synthetic pesticide applications, thereby help reducing resistance development in pests.

91 - 122 (32 Pages)
USD34.99
 
6 Pests of Tea: Overview and Possibilities of Integrated Pest Management in Indian Tea Scenario
Somnath Roy, Narayanannair Muraleedharan and Gautam Handique

Abstract Tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is a perennial crop and grown as a monoculture on large contiguous areas in India. Being a plantation crop, tea provides a relatively stable microclimate and food supply for several notorious pests such as insects, mites, nematodes which cause substantial loss of foliage. However, region-wide variation in faunal diversity exists as a result of autochthonous and heterochthonous recruitment and the influence of climate, altitude and age of the plantation. This publication provides the details on pest information (identification, crop damage, alternate hosts, pest life cycle) and their possible management strategies. On account of complex pest situations, total avoidance of pesticides in tea is not possible; although due to the sensitive nature of the crop pesticide use must be minimal. A tentative IPM strategy for tea cultivation in India has been proposed in this paper which may ensure low – cost, eco-compatible, pest management package with minimal residue problems.

123 - 194 (72 Pages)
USD34.99
 
7 Tea Research for Darjeeling Tea Industry - Various Aspects
Anil Kumar Singh, J.S. Bisen, R.K. Chauhan, Mrityunjay Choubey, R. Kumar and N. Kumar

Abstract   Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a plantation crop having a wide distribution extending from low elevation to high exceeding 2000 m. The demands and consumption of organically grown residue free Darjeeling tea is increasing day by day due to health consciousness and environmental awareness. The average productivity of Darjeeling tea is far below than the average national tea productivity. Reasons for low productivity of Darjeeling tea may be due to high altitude/elevation; temperature/climate and geographical location in addition to the old age of tea bushes and low plant density. In the past indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers has led to the pollution and contamination of the soil, water basins, destroyed micro-organisms and friendly insects, making the crop more prone to diseases and reduced soil fertility. Following Good Agriculture Practices (GAP), sustainable and quality production of Darjeeling tea may be increased through eco-forming without any deterioration of surroundings of plants.

195 - 240 (46 Pages)
USD34.99
 
8 The Flavour of Tea: Chemistry and Advanced Analysis
Prosenjit Biswas and Biswajit Bera

Abstract  In this chapter the origin of flavour in tea have been explained under the light of chemistry of green leaves and made tea. The dependency of flavor in the final product on several factors involved in every step of its manufacturing process has been explained briefly to draw a back ground picture of the subject. On the other hand in-depth explanations on the chemical basis of diversity and complex nature of tea flavour have been given following a simple manner. Moreover, traditional and recently developed analytical methods have also been reviewed critically. Analytical strategies and details of instrumentation involved to study or quantify the flavour in tea have been depicted in details with their prose and cones under the light of complicacy of the subject. Potential and loop holes of the new technology viz. E-Nose have been explained critically. Finally a hypothesis with little experimental proofs has been explained to meet a probable solution to the present problems in flavour analysis of tea.

241 - 270 (30 Pages)
USD34.99
 
9 Health Benefits of Tea and Environmental Impacts of Its Cultivation
Jigisha Anand and Nishant Rai

Abstract Tea is the most consumed, rejuvenating and thirst-quenching beverage. It is bestowed with ‘miraculous’ health benefits which includes promotion of cardio-vascular health, skin protection, antioxidant activity, defence against microbial infection, prevention from cancer, obesity, and many more. Among the four types of tea, green tea has attained much attention of tea consumers due to its magical health potentials.Owing to increased knowledge and marketing of its health benefits, there has been astonishing changes in its consumption pattern and increase in its production. The tea industry drives economies of the tea growing regions and contributes greatly to the country’s GDP growth as well as foreign exchange earnings. However, in recent years, tea farming has become subject to environmental deterioration because of exploitation in cultivation practices.

271 - 300 (30 Pages)
USD34.99
 
10 Biotechnology of Tea
Mainaak Mukhopadhyay and Tapan Kumar Mondal

Abstract Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze], of family Theaceae, is an important cash crop  worldwide. It is an evergreen shrub cultivated in humid and sub-humid tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate regions of the world, and grows mainly on acidic soils. Due to limitation of expansion of tea cultivation in new land, import of low cost high quality tea, increasing vertical productivity is the best option of Indian tea Industry. The primary need of the tea industry today is to develop high yielding clones with better quality and stress tolerance potential. Conventional tea research has contributed appreciably to the genetic improvement of tea over the past several decades, but it is time-consuming and labor intensive.

301 - 328 (28 Pages)
USD34.99
 
11 End Pages

Index A Abiotic stress 64, 302, 303, 304, 317, 319 Acacia 114, 130  Acaphyllatheae 160, 17, 1176  Acaricides 91, 96, 104, 105, 106, 113, 178, 183, 228  Acne 276  Acquired aroma 242, 247  Addition reaction 252  Adhatoda vesica 174 Adipocytes 277, 280

 
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