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MICROBES FOR PLANT STRESS MANAGEMENT

D.J. Bagyaraj, Jamaluddin
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389547498

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    330

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 3,800.00 INR 3,420.00 INR + Tax

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It is predicted that the world population will reach about 9.7 billion by the year 2050 and to feed this population the food production has to be increased proportionately. Further we are all concerned about climate which in turn results in abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, etc. These abiotic stresses will seriously affect crop productivity. This approach has gained popularity in the recent years and seems to be a potential option for the future. The present book brings out the role of different groups of microorganisms in alleviating abiotic stress in crop plants.

0 Start Pages

Preface The world population is predicted to reach about 9.7 billion by the end of the year 2050 and to feed this population the current food production levels have to be raised by nearly 60% with limited land resource. This challenge gets compounded by the threat of global climate change leading to erratic rainfall, drought, salinity, increased temperature, etc. These abiotic stress consequences will seriously threaten the sustainable agricultural production. Hence there is a need to address this issue by all available means in order to achieve the goal of enhanced food production. Certain agronomic strategies like change in sowing dates, alley cropping, zero tillage, etc. have been proposed to mitigate stress. Breeding strategies recommend mitigating abiotic stresses by choice of resistant cultivars, use of hyper-accumulator plants, etc. A lesser explored potential option for abiotic stress alleviation is in the utilization of stress tolerant microbial resources, which have the ability to promote and sustain crop growth during adverse environmental conditions. This approach has gained popularity in the recent years and seems to be a potential option for the future. Thus the present book brings out the role of different groups of microorganisms like plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), endophytes, etc. in alleviating abiotic stress in crop plants. 

 
1 Exploring Microbes from Extreme Environments for Crop Productivity and Environmental Sustainability
Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Purushotham Prathima, Devarajan Thangadurai, Muniswamy David, Abhishek Mundaragi, Shrinivas Jadhav

Abstract Ever growing population and associated food scarcity are the major issues of concern globally. Microorganisms are the ultimate solution for addressing this severe problem in association with recent advances made in genomics and molecular biology. Many bacterial and fungal species which are in association with plant rhizosphere soil can immensely contribute in better growth and developments, ultimately leading to better yield. Exploring these novel organisms happens to be the need of an hour. Metagenomics and next generation sequencing technologies can contribute in identifying those microbes which are otherwise impossible to cultivate traditionally.

1 - 24 (24 Pages)
INR272.00 INR245.00 + Tax
 
2 Rhizomicrobiome – A Biological Software to Augment Soil Fertility and Plant Induced Systemic Tolerance Under Abiotic Stress
Jegan S., Baskaran V., Ganga V., Kathiravan R. and Prabavathy V.R.

Abstract The rhizomicrobiome plays a vital role in maintaining plant health and is highly influenced by the root exudates of the host plant. Plants select a subset of microbes at different stages of their development, and determine the microbiome community composition in its immediate vicinity presumably for specific functions. The rhizomicrobiome is composed of diversified microbial community with specific functions and is highly influenced by the plant type, soil type and environmental conditions. The rhizomicrobiome communities apart from promoting plant growth also elicit induced systemic tolerance to salinity and drought in stressed plants. Bacterial communities producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase modulate stress ethylene in plants and alleviate the effects of abiotic stress and increases plant adaptability to stressed environment.

25 - 54 (30 Pages)
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3 Bioconversion of Municipal Solid Waste and its Use in Soil Fertility
Poonam Verma and Jamaluddin

Abstract With increasing population and subsequent human requirements; the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased all over the world. In India, the safe disposal of the municipal solid waste still remaines a problem for the authorities concerned. Depending upon the nature and type of the MSW, there are physical and chemical methods for the disposal of the waste, but these methods have their own limitations. Those limitations may be overcome by biological methods. Higher number of microorganisms are present in MSW which may either be pathogenic or nonpathogenic. These microorganisms may play a vital role in bioconversion of MSW into compost. The compost thus produced is useful in increasing soil fertility and reducing the concentration of the waste.

55 - 68 (14 Pages)
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4 Microorganisms for Abiotic Stress Management in Crop Plants:Recent Developments in India
Minakshi Grover, Venkateswarlu B., Desai S., Yadav S.K., Maheswari M. and Srinivasa Rao Ch

Abstract Impact of climate change and related stresses on plant productivity are being witnessed worldwide with developing countries being more vulnerable due to more dependency on agriculture. Microorganisms can play important role as economic and farmer’s friendly strategy to combat abiotic stress in agriculture. A wide range of microorganisms associate with plants, and many of them confer beneficial effects to their hosts through different mechanisms like production of growth promoting substances, nutrient acquisition, protection against plant pathogens etc. In the last few decades, role of microorganisms in imparting tolerance to plants against different abiotic stress has been reported in many crop plants. Under stresses conditions, plant-microbe interactions become more common towards coping with the stress. Selection and application of efficient abiotic stress tolerant microorganisms can be a fruitful strategy to alleviate negative effects of abiotic stresses in plants.

69 - 80 (12 Pages)
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5 Endurance to Stress: An Insight into Innate Stress Management Mechanisms in Plants
Krishna Sundari Sattiraju and Srishti Kotiyal

Abstract In its natural environment, a plant faces various types of stressors. In fact, stress in moderation is a welcome event in plants. Only when it is in excess, would it compromise the productivity of plants. Beyond a threshold, stress (biotic and abiotic) has a detrimental effect on plant growth causing extensive yield losses in crop plants worldwide. Plants being sessile, have evolved a complex set of mechanisms to perceive the changes in the environment. Plants respond to minimize the potential damage due to stress while simultaneously preserving resources vital for their growth and development. The chapter presents an overview of various types of biotic and abiotic factors that act as plant stressors and the mechanisms by which plants respond to these stresses. The chapter concludes with a perspective on how the plant’s innate stress response machinery can be exploited for achieving higher tolerance to stress in crop plants.

81 - 118 (38 Pages)
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6 Plant Growth Promoting Microbes Potential Tool for Growth and Development of Plants in Abiotic Stress Environments
Hruda Ranjan Sahoo and Nibha Gupta

Abstract Microbes are endowed with a high and exploitable potential of being useful associates with their surrounding environment and host in case of symbiotic relationship. Most of the microbes live alone but many of them require association of other living system for its survival. Hence, the beneficial role of microbes is always correlated with growth promotion and survivability of other associated living system. Now it is established that microbes play an important and key role in plant growth and development, even its survivability in case of symbiotic mycorrhizal association with orchids. They are nothing but potential tool protecting plants from different adverse conditions like diseased state, environmental stress like cold temperature, drought, metal contamination, salt and acidic or alkaline stress.

119 - 144 (26 Pages)
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7 Endophytes and Their Possible Roles in Plant Stress Management
Sanjay K. Singh

Abstract Variously defined endophytes are highly diverse in plants in natural ecosystems, and most of them are symbiotic with of them are Asymptomatic presence of endophytic fungi in internal tissues on healthy host plants are able to play vital roles in physiology and biochemical processes. As a result of this interaction endophyte produces chemical substances having various applications. This chapter provides a brief review of certain grass and non-grass endophytes capable to extend beneficial impacts on host plants to sustain the unfavourable conditions of abiotic stresses. However, biotic stresses are also a matter of great concern, where endophytes can play important roles in combating the unfavourable situation. Endophytic fungi used in bio-control and other agriculture related sectors are also  highlighted in this review. Endophytic fungi producing volatile organic compounds reported from all over the world and their various applications find place in this article which has opened new frontiers of bioprospecting of endophytic fungi.

145 - 160 (16 Pages)
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8 Application of Endophytic Microorganisms for Alleviation of Abiotic Stresses in Crop Plants
Kamal K. Pal and Rinku Dey

Abstract A majority of the plants studied in natural ecosystems are symbiotic with microorganisms that either reside entirely (endophytes) or partially within plants. These microorganisms express different associations ranging from mutualism to parasitism. These symbiotic relationships appear to impart tolerance to various types of abiotic stresses such as heat, drought, salinity, heavy metals, etc. and sometimes may be responsible for the survival of both plant hosts and microbial symbionts in high stress habitats. The amelioration of the abiotic stresses by the endophytes assumes increasing significance in the light of rapidly changing global climate, which is likely to face frequent incidences of extreme weather conditions like high temperature, droughts, etc.

161 - 182 (22 Pages)
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9 The Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Salt and Drought Stresses
Padmavathi Tallapragada

Abstract Drought and salinity are two major abiotic stresses that affect various aspects of human lives of one third world population including human health and agricultural productivity. Abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, nutrient deficiency or toxicity, and flooding limit crop productivity world-wide. A living organism is considered resistant if it tolerates a given physicochemical stress. The presence of microorganisms within the soil, specially a main group known as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is a key factor in the adaptation of plants to the different ecosystems. The AMF colonizing within the plant roots can determine the success of plants in salt- and/or drought-affected areas. The symbiosis with AMF has been proposed as one of the mechanisms of salinity and water stress avoidance. Studies have shown greater drought and salinity tolerance in AMF-colonized plants by a number of mechanisms. These mechanisms include enhanced water and nutrient uptake directly by extraradical hyphae, higher leaf stomatal conductance and/or better root system architecture, higher capacity of osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense systems, better soil structure due to higher glomalin and over expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes.

183 - 204 (22 Pages)
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10 Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Abiotic Stress on Growth and Productivity of Important Cash Crops
Shinde B.P.

Abstract Abiotic stresses lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants which are highly reactive and toxic and cause damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA which ultimately results in oxidative stress. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-symbiosis can confer a greater degree of tolerance against drought stress in many cash crops. The significance of heat shock proteins (Hsps) and chaperones in abiotic stress responses in plants, and co-operation among their different classes and their interactions with other stress-induced components is well known. Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress adversely affecting plant growth and crop production worldwide. Phyto-mycoremediation utilizing AMF as plant inoculants is regarded as a promising strategy to heavy metal pollution remediation. Plants have stress specific adaptive responses as well as responses which protect the plants from more than one environmental stress. The potential of phytoremediation of contaminated soil can be enhanced by inoculating hyper-accumulator plants with mycorrhizal fungi most appropriate for the contaminated site.

205 - 220 (16 Pages)
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11 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Role in Alleviating Salt Stress in Crop Plants
Muthukumar T., Bagyaraj D.J. and Ashwin R.

Abstract Soil salinization is an important factor limiting crop production, mainly in the arid and semiarid regions of the world. Nevertheless, plants naturally have evolved several physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms to establish and thrive in salt stressed soils. In addition to breeding crops for salt tolerance, recent emphasis is on exploring the possible role of plant-microbe interactions in amelioration of salt stress in plants. It is now well established that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis alleviates the effect of salt stress in plants. Further, available evidence does suggest that AM symbiosis regulates many of the plant’s salt stress alleviation mechanisms. However, the molecular basis for many of these mechanisms is yet to be ascertained. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of AM symbiosis in alleviation of salt stress in crop plants, which now appears to be a promising strategy to improve crop yield in salt stressed soils.

221 - 244 (24 Pages)
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12 Contribution of AMF in the Remediation of Drought Stress in Soybean Plants
Abhishek Bharti, Shivani Garg, Anil Prakash and Mahaveer P. Sharma

Abstract Amongst various oilseed crops grown across the world, soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is globally important as a high source of protein and oil for human consumption and is also being used as potential feed for animals. Soybean is grown under rain-fed conditions in the tropics and subtropics in the marginal lands with less amount of external application of chemical fertilizers. The frequent climate variations have created a number of biotic and abiotic stresses, drought being a major abiotic stress which adversely affects the soybean productivity. Thus, to enhance the productivity of soybean, besides managing the nutrients, stress management is of utmost importance. There is a great opportunity of application of microbes especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) where its application alone or in combination with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can help in nutrient mobilization and remediation of plant stresses.

245 - 266 (22 Pages)
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13 Microbial Bioinoculants for Quality Seedling Production in Forestry
Parkash Vipin, Saikia A.J. and Saikia M.

Abstract Microorganisms inhabiting in the rhizosphere play a vital role in ecosystem functioning. Rhizosphere is an area around the root surface where pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms repose and influence the plant growth and health. These microbial groups of bioagents found in the rhizosphere include bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa, algae and micro-arthropods. Because of their rich diversity, complexity of interactions and numerous metabolic pathways, microbes are an amazing resource for biological activity. These microorganisms require organic matter for their growth and activity in soil and provide valuable nutrients to the plants and hence maintaining the plant health. The most promising fields for the use of bioinoculants are agriculture, horticulture and forestry. There are many reports on the inoculation of bioagents in agriculture and horticulture crops but only a few reports are available in forestry. This article is an overview on various bioinoculants which are used during inoculation and a compilation of scattered reports of bioinoculants in forestry only.

267 - 300 (34 Pages)
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14 Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Use in Agriculture Ecosystem
Tarafdar J.C. and Indira Rathore

Abstract Microbiological synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as rapidly developing research area in nanotechnology across the globe with various biological entities being employed in production of nanoparticles constantly forming an impute alternative for conventional methods. Simple prokaryotes to complex eukaryotic organisms including higher plants are used for the fabrication of nanoparticles. In the present article, the synthesis of important plant nutrients like Mg, Zn, Ag, Au, Ti, P and Fe nanoparticles from different fungal species, their characterization and application potential of nanonutrients in agriculture is elaborately discussed.

301 - 314 (14 Pages)
INR272.00 INR245.00 + Tax
 
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