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PIGEONPEA HYBRIDS AND THEIR PRODUCTION

A. N. Tikle, K. B. Saxena, H. S. Yadava
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389547535

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    80

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 950.00 INR 855.00 INR + Tax

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The new hybrid breeding technology is capable of substantially increasing the productivity of pigeonpea and become a trigger for pulse revolution in the country. The development of CMS based hybrid-RVICPH 2671 has paved a new way for easy development and identification of high yielding hybrids. The book will encourage researchers in adoption of newer technologies to achieve food security through roductivity enhancement in Pigeonpea.

0 Start Pages

Acknowledgements   Since last five decades pigeonpea scientists are constantly sharing the concern about plateauing productivity of the crop. The pioneer work done by ICRISAT and ICAR towards breaking the productivity barrier through hybrid technology is now appreciated by one and all; and the authors join in welcoming this breakthrough. The authors would like to thank ICRISAT for sharing this technology with Rajamata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya; and this resulted in the release of the world’s first commercial pigeonpea hybrid RVICPH 2671 by Madhya Pradesh Government in 2010-11.The authors would like to appreciate and acknowledge the dedicated research efforts of ICRISAT Pigeonpea Breeding team in developing an easy and affordable hybrid breeding technology. This manual deals with various aspects of research and commercial production of pigeonpea hybrids; and most information and photographs were made available by ICRISAT, and the authors greatly acknowledge this support. Authors are highly grateful to the Hon’ble Vice Chancellor Prof. Anil Kumar Singh Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, for his constant inspiration in the preparation and publication of this manual. Authors are also thankful to Dr. Sandeep Sharma, Entomologist of R.A.K. College of Agriculture, Sehore for his valuable technical guidance and editing of the manuscript.    

 
1 Introduction

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) is crowned as poor man’s crop which provides much needed protein to farming families with least inputs. It is a versatile plant species which can grow successfully in a range of soil types, temperatures and photoperiods. Its deep root system enables it to overcome intermittent drought and other stresses. In India, the crop is grown annually on about 4.04 m ha (FAO, 2012) and the major pigeonpea growing states are Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Gujarat (Table 1). The high protein pigeonpea dal (decorticated dry splits) is widely consumed across the country in various cuisines. The annual national production of pigeonpea is about 2.56 m tones. This produce, however, is not sufficient to feed the ever growing population of the country, and hence, necessitates huge (500,000 tons) imports of this pulse. In spite of its importance in food security and sincere research efforts, its national productivity could never cross the bar of 800 kg/ha (Fig 1) since independence. Since last 50 years, ICAR has been very seriously pursuing the issue of genetic enhancement with huge investments and some out-standing pure line varieties with about 10% more grains over the best local varieties were developed.

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2 Male Sterility Systems

Male sterility is a situation where the male reproductive parts of a plant are either absent, aborted, or non-functional; and therefore, they fail to participate in the process of natural sexual reproduction. This situation generally arises due to some developmental defect that occurs at any stage of microsporogenesis (process of development or release of pollen grains) in the plants. Since male sterility is the manifestation of abnormal growth and development and can occur at any point of time, the action of genes controlling male sterility is also be variable and inconsistent across the genotypes. Based on the type of malfunctioning of androecium, the male sterility systems have been classified as structural (absence or deformity of anthers), sporogenous (defective microsporogenesis), and functional (failure of mature pollen to germinate). In addition, on the basis of genetic control mechanism of the male sterility, it has also been classified as genetic, cytoplasmic, and cytoplasmic nuclear (or genetic) male sterility. With respect to utilization of male sterility in crop breeding, it is essential that individuals with altered male fertility keep their female fertility intact. The fertilization of such plants takes place with pollen grains from other plant that is transferred with the help of external agencies such as wind, insects, or human beings.

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3 Hybrid Seed Production

3.1. Natural cross-pollination Breeding procedures in any plant species of economic importance are guided by its reproductive system particularly, pollination mechanism. In the cereal crops such as maize, pearl millet etc., where cross-pollination is facilitated by wind, the breeders have developed schemes for commercial exploitation of dominance and epistatic genetic variation through hybrid and population breeding. In contrast in self-pollinated crops, the efforts are always made to exploit additive genetic variation primarily through pedigree and mass selection.   In pulses, self-pollination is a rule and pigeonpea is no exception. However under field conditions, occurrence of hybrid plants in the populations is not uncommon; and it happens due to some degree of natural out-crossing that took place in the preceding generation. This type of partial natural out-crossing in pigeonpea is affected by a variety of insects (Fig 10) which forage on its large flowers to collect the nectar. These minor incidences of out-crossing are the primary source of varietal deterioration. Recently, the pigeonpea breeders converted this constraint into an opportunity for genetic enhancement of yield through exploitation of hybrid vigor and developing commercial hybrids.

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4 Breeding New Hybrids

4.1. Flower and flowering in pigeonpea Growth habit: Primarily, there are two major growth types in pigeonpea. These are determinate and non-determinate. The determinate growth in the pigeonpea plants is characterized by flowers in bunches at the top of the canopy (Fig 17a). In this case the epical growing points are transformed in to reproductive buds and bunches of flowers appear on the top of the canopy. Such cultivars are not popular as the management of insects such as Helicoverpa and Maruca becomes very difficult. Most of the cultivated types belong to another growth category called as non-determinate. In such genotypes the apical growing points remain vegetative and the plants keep growing under favorable conditions and it results in tall canopy with many spreading or compact branches. The inflorescence in this case emerges from the axil of secondary and tertiary branches (Fig 17b); and hang sideways. These types show less susceptibility to insects due to non-clustering nature of flowers.

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5 Yield Assessments of New Hybrids

5.1 Seed back up programs In hybrid breeding program, testing of new hybrid combinations is a continuous process and in most cases, the availability of crossed (hybrid) seed for their annual evaluation of selected hybrids is an important issue. Since, the selection of hybrids for advancement is based on yield data, one year will be required to produce seed for testing in the subsequent season. This means for each cycle of advancement, one valuable season will be consumed in their seed production. To avoid this situation and enhance the testing program at a fast pace, an aggressive hybrid seed production program should be followed. This can be achieved by visually selecting relatively more number of hybrids based on their flowering time, plant vigor, disease resistance, and early pod load about 4-5 weeks before harvesting. During this period, the new seed of the selected hybrids can be produced manually. This operation is facilitated by the perennial nature of pigeonpea plant, which can flower for extended periods of 40-50 days; that allows completion of desired number of pollinations of the target crosses in the same cropping season. One trained person can pollinate about 300 buds in 6-7 hours; and with 20% success, about 150 seeds can be produced. Experience has shown that, with good planning and crop management, this program can be achieved with ease.

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6 Characterization of Elite Hybrids

Fig. 25: ICPH 2671 in field

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7 Comparison of Pigeonpea with Rice Hybrids

To overcome the challenge of popularizing pigeonpea hybrids in the country, it is considered fair enough to compare the hybrid rice with respect to their seed production technology, yield advantages and profitability to the farmers and seed producers. Since both pigeonpea and rice are grouped under self-pollinated crops, this comparison, in the views of authors, may help in encouraging hybrid pigeonpea seed producers and those involved in marketing of hybrid seed.    Rice is a highly self-pollinated crop and earlier hybrids were not possible because it was essential that large quantities of hybrid seeds are produced easily and economically. In China, the birth place of hybrid rice, this impossible looking task was accomplished. To launch this program, the Chinese scientists decided to alter the pollination system of rice.

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8 Strategies for Future: Meeting the Challenge of Imports Through Hybrids

With the advent of hybrid technology, it is natural to assess its potential benefits at the national level. To meet the domestic requirement of pigeonpea, about 50.000–60,000 metric tons of pigeonpea is imported annually from Myanmar and Africa. In this communication, an attempt has been made to look into the possibility if we can meet the entire domestic needs of pigeonpea through the adoption of hybrid technology. It is a big question but the goal is not impossible. The estimates shown in Table 18 show that if only 2% of total pigeonpea area can be brought under hybrids, the target can be met with ease. This will require seed production in only 700-800 hectares.

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9 Moving Forward

The hybrid breeding program in pigeonpea is unique and the first among the food legume. The concept of hybrid in this crop was conceived in 1974; and it is based on a small window of natural out-crossing present in the crop. This natural out-crossing in pigeonpea is mediated by a range of flying insects, which forage on large bright colored flowers of the crop in search of nectar and in the process affect the cross-fertilization. In the last 40 years a lot of basic and applied research has been successfully completed and over 50 research papers have been published in national and international journals of repute. A coordinated effort of scientists of different institutions has led to the release of two hybrids, one for central and another for peninsular zone of India.

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10 End Pages

References   Ariyanayagam, R.P., A.N. Rao and P.P. Zaveri, (1995). Cytoplasmic male-sterility in interspecific matings of cajanus. Crop Sci,. 35: 981-985. Bhatia, G.K.; Gupta, S.C.;Green, G.M. and D.Sharma (1981). Estimates of natural cross-pollination in Cajanus cajan,(L.) Millsp.Several Experimental Approaches. Proc. Intl. Workshop on Pigeonpeas,2: 129-136. ICRISAT 15-19 December, 1980. Bohra A, Saxena RK, Ganesh BN, Saxena KB, Byregowda M, Rathore A, Kavikishor PB, Cook DR and Varshney RK. (2012). An intra-specific consensus genetic map of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan, (L.) Mill sp.] derived from six mapping populations. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 25 (6):1325-38. Bohra, A., A. Dubey, R.K.Saxena, R.V.Penmetsa, K.N.Poornima, N.Kumar, A.D. Farmer, G. Srivani, H.D. Upadhyaya, S.R. Ramesh, D.Singh, K.B. Saxena, P.B. Kavi Kishore, N.K. Singh, C.D.Town, G.D. May, D.R. Cook, and R.K. Varshney (2011). Analysis of BAC end sequences(BESs) and development of BES-SSR markers for genetic mapping and hybrid purity assessment in pigeonpea (Cajanus, spp.). BMC Plant Biol,.11:56-70. Byth, DE, Saxena, KB and Wallis, ES. (1982). A mechanism for inhibiting cross fertilization in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan, (L.) Millsp.]. Euphytica, 31 : 405-408. Dalvi, V.A.; Saxena, K.B. and Madrap, I.A. (2008). Fertility restoration in cytoplasmic - nuclear male-sterile lines derived from three wild relatives of pigeonpea. J. Hered,. 99 : 671-673. Dalvi, VA and Saxena, KB. (2009). Stigma receptivity in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan, (L.) Millsp.) Ind J. Genet,. 69: 247- 249. De, D.N. (1974). Pigeonpea. In:, J. B. Hutchinson (Ed.) Evolutionary studies on world crops. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp. 79-87.

 
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