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PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS

K. Ramasamy, K. Kumar
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389547580

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    532

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 3,795.00 INR 3,415.50 INR + Tax

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Plants constitute an excellent ecosystem for microorganisms. The environmental conditions differ considerably between the highly variable aerial plant part and the more stable root system. Microbes interact with plant tissues and cells with different degrees of dependence. The most interesting from the microbial ecology point of view, however, are specific interactions developed by plant-beneficial (either non symbiotic or symbiotic) and pathogenic microorganisms. Beneficial interactions are caused by symbiotic and non-symbiotic bacteria and a highly specialized type of fungi, the mycorrhizae. The pathogenic and detrimental interactions of microbes involve viroids, viruses, bacteria and fungi, and lead to infectious diseases affecting only the plant kingdom. Microflora composition of any agro-ecosystem is governed by the equilibrium created by the associations and interactions of all flora and fauna found in the community. In soil, microorganisms live in close proximity and interact among themselves as well as with existing plant communities in different ways, which could be beneficial (mutualism, commensalism, proto-cooperation) or neutral (epiphytic). These microbial interactions govern the functioning and stability of agro-ecosystem, playing significant role in the production and productivity crops. Hence, this book on Plant-Microbe Interactions is aimed at bringing out the recent developments in this field including the molecular mechanisms and proteomics involved in the establishment of Plant-Microbe Interactions. The book reviews the enormous diversity of plant associated microbes, and their molecular mechanisms, small molecules and proteomics involved in the establishment of their mutual interactions. Utilization of these rhizosperic, phyllospheric and endophytic microbes as nutrient providers, in combating phytopathogens and ameliorating the stressed and polluted soils is also explained. Importantly, the book also throws light on the unanswered questions and future direction of research in the field. It illustrates how the basic knowledge can be amalgamated with advanced technology to design the future bio-formulations. This book will be useful in providing latest information in this topic to Scientists, Researchers, Ph.D and PG students working in the field of Plant Sciences.

0 Start Pages

Preface Plants constitute an excellent ecosystem for microorganisms. The environmental conditions differ considerably between the highly variable aerial plant part and the more stable root system. Microbes interact with plant tissues and cells with different degrees of dependence. The most interesting from the microbial ecology point of view, however, are specific interactions developed by plant-beneficial (either non symbiotic or symbiotic) and pathogenic microorganisms. Beneficial interactions are caused by symbiotic and non-symbiotic bacteria and a highly specialized type of fungi, the mycorrhizae. The pathogenic and detrimental interactions of microbes involve viroids, viruses, bacteria and fungi, and lead to infectious diseases affecting only the plant kingdom.  All land plants grow in intimate association with a complex root microbiota that is distinct from the microbial community present in bulk soil. These interactions are driven by the influence of root physiology and metabolism, which influence the rhizoplane (the 1 mm surrounding the root) environment through adjusting the soil pH,  changing soil structure and oxygen availability, producing antimicrobials and quorum-sensing mimics that manipulate microbial communication, providing an energy source in the form of dead root material and carbon-rich exudates, and more. In fact, between 5 and 33 percent of fixed atmospheric carbon is sequestered in the rhizosphere. The microbial communities that inhabit this niche can have a net beneficial or net detrimental impact on plant health, and shifting this balance is of major agronomic interest. Various mutualistic rhizosphere microbes provide the host plant with physiologically accessible nutrients; improve plant growth through production of phytohormones; help plants withstand heat, salt, and drought; act as protectants against phytopathogens; and more. Microbial community structure differs across plant species and also among some inbred genotypes within single species grown in a common soil. Distinct microbial communities are found in bulk soil, rhizosphere, and endophyte fractions that are influenced by soil type and plant developmental stage. It is also found that plant genotype directs the assembly of robust microbial phenotypes, setting the stage for genetic dissection of responsible host loci. Microflora composition of any agro-ecosystem is governed by the equilibrium created by the associations and interactions of all flora and fauna found in the community. In soil, microorganisms live in close proximity and interact among themselves as well as with existing plant communities in different ways. These microbial interactions govern the functioning and stability of agro-ecosystem, playing significant role in the production and productivity crops.

 
1 Unraveling Plant Microbiome: Proteins and Small Molecules in Signaling and Improving Plant Health
K. Ramasamy, U. Sivakumar and K. Sara Parwin Banu

Abstract While, life on Earth is dependent on microbes for many essential services, microbes are intimate partners in virtually every life process of plants by way of mobilization/acquisition of nutrients, out-competition and antagonism of pathogens, plant stress alleviation, plant growth promotion, co-metabolism, degradation of toxins, etc. Exploitation of such interactions between microbes and plants and optimization of plant microbiome could allow farmers to apply less chemical fertilizer, and pesticides besides improving overall plant health which paves the way for sustainable development. What is less appreciated, and less well understood, is the mechanism of microbes exerting such benefits to the plants. A greater understanding of how plants and soil microbes live together, communicate, build innate plant immunity, triggers hormone synthesis and benefit each other can therefore provide new strategies to improve plant productivity, while helping to protect the environment and maintain global biodiversity.

1 - 28 (28 Pages)
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2 Dissection of Molecular and Physiological Mechanism Governing the Interaction of Root Lesion Nematodes and Burkholderia Species Group of Bacteria to Host Cereals and Non-cereal Energy Plants
Shiveta Sharma, Shailendra Sharma, Akhouri Vaishampayan

Introduction Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), generally found in legumes, is a valuable nature’s gift through which atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by symbiotically associated rhizobia that make it available to plants. Among cereals, rice (Oryza sativa) is an important staple food crop that feeds a large proportion of the world population [1]. There is tremendous pressure on agriculturists worldwide to increase the yield to meet growing consumption to feed a world population increasing day by day. However, unlike symbiotic plant–microbe interactions commonly observed in legumes, in several cereal crop plants including Oryza sativa, endophytic associations have been observed [2-8].

29 - 54 (26 Pages)
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3 Recent Advances in Proteomics Approaches in Understanding Plant-Microbe Interactions
Jahangir Imam, Nimai Prasad Mandal, Mukund Variar, Pratyoosh Shukla

Abstract The structure and function of proteins involved in plant-microbe interactions is investigated through large-scale proteomics technology in a complex biological sample. Since the whole genome sequence are now available for several plant species and microbes, proteomics study has became easier, accurate and huge amount of data can be generated during plant-microbe interactions. Proteomics approaches are highly important and relevant in many studies and showed that only genomics approaches is not sufficient as much significant information are lost as the proteins and not the genes coding them are final product which is responsible for the observed phenotype.

55 - 70 (16 Pages)
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4 Applicability of Microbial Phytases in Plant Growth Promotion and Development
Bijender Singh, Amit Kumari and T. Satyanarayana

Abstract The phosphorus deficiency in soil is a major problem for agricultural production as phosphorus is one of the major constituents in energy metabolism and biosynthesis of nucleic acids and cell membranes. The phosphorous present in soil is an important macronutrient for the growth and development of the plants. The phosphorus occurs in two forms in soil, organic and inorganic. The phytates (salts of phytic acid) constitute the major form of organic phosphorus other than nucleic acids, phospholipids and other compounds in soil. Phytate-phosphorus is not readily available to plants due to its chelation with metal ions forming insoluble complexes or adsorbed to soil particles. Phosphate solubilizing and phytate hydrolyzing microorganisms, bacteria and fungi, are ubiquitous in cultivated, wetland, grassland and forest soils, which play an important role in supplying soluble phosphorus to plants. Microbes hydrolyze organic forms of phosphorus by secreting phytases and acidic/alkaline phosphatases. By genetic engineering, several attempts have been made to develop transgenic plants which are able to utilize phytates as sole source of phosphorus for their growth and development. This review focuses on the applicability of microbial phytases in promoting the growth and development of various crop plants.

71 - 86 (16 Pages)
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5 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria – Some Aspects and Prospects
K.V.B.R. Tilak

Abstract The greatest challenge facing us in the coming years is to produce adequate amounts of basic necessities of food, feed, fibre, fuel and raw materials for the rapidly shrinking per capita agricultural land. One alternative is to make a sustainable use of existing marginal lands. In many regions of the tropics and sub-tropics, the need to use marginal low-input soils with usually inadequate nutrient(s) supply permits only very low or unreliable yields to be achieved. It is frequently not possible  to supply required amounts of mineral fertilizers or chemical pesticides because of the low purchasing power of the marginal farmers. In particular, it is not possible to compensate for the deficient nutrient supply and this constitutes a yield limiting factor. The role of soil microorganisms in sustainable productivity has been well construed. In recent years, root inhabiting (rhizozosphere) bacteria (rhizobacteria) is gaining importance.

87 - 98 (12 Pages)
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6 A Closer Look at Enterobacter sp. as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
Manoharan Shankar, Jeyaprakash Rajendhran and Paramasamy Gunasekaran

Abstract With the growing awareness on the benefits of organically cultivated food, biofertilization and biocontrol by plant-associated bacteria are being used as alternatives to chemical fertilizers and conventional control methods. It therefore becomes essential to continue surveying different agroecological niches to identify plant growth promoting bacteria suitable for each microenvironment. Species belonging to the genus Enterobacter are versatile colonizers of numerous environmental niches. Several species and strains from this genus have also been routinely recovered from the rhizosphere of crops such as rice, canola, cucumber, banana, potato, corn, tomato and cotton. These isolates have been studied and shown to have beneficial effects on plant growth and protective action against phytopathogens.

99 - 122 (24 Pages)
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7 Bacterial Endophytes Represent the Hidden Treasure for Potential Applications in Agriculture
Sadaf Kalam, Ankati Sravani, Vaikunthapu Papa Rao and Appa Rao Podile

Introduction Microorganisms are a great source of genetic diversity, still far from completely known and explored. The intimate association of plants with complex microbial communities is of great importance for the growth and productivity of plants in agriculture. There exists a definite difference in microbial community present in the bulk soil and the neighboring micro environments like phyllosphere, endosphere, rhizosphere and endorhizae. Microorganisms that colonize the plants’ rhizosphere are either pathogenic or beneficial according to their effects on plants and the way they interact with roots. The rhizosphere supports a plethora of microbial populations capable of exerting beneficial, neutral or detrimental effects on plant growth and development. Microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, protozoa, algae, fungi, and viruses coexist in the rhizosphere; bacteria are the most abundant among them.

123 - 142 (20 Pages)
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8 Exploring Plant-Endophytic Relationships to Enhance Plant Growth and Production of Natural Compounds
C.R. Patil and A.R. Alagawadi

Abstract Endophytes are microorganisms  that live inside the living plant tissues for at least part of their life without causing any apparent disease symptoms in the host. In general  they  can be divided into two main types namely, obligate and facultative endophytes. Facultative endophytes are capable to survive in the soil, on the plant surface, inside the plants as well as on artificial nutrients and can be cultured away from their host. Endophytes which inhabit inside plant tissues throughout their lifespan are called as obligate endophytes. Natural products produced by endophytic microbes are found to be antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidants, antidiabetic and immunosuppressant. Therefore, endophytes form an untapped source of novel natural compounds for application in agriculture, medicine and industry.

143 - 152 (10 Pages)
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9 An Insightful Overview on Multifaceted Perspectives of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
P. Lakshmanaperumalsamy, K. Karthikeyan and G. Jayanthi

Abstract The pressure due to increase in world population necessitates an increase in agricultural production and this warrants the vital importance of research in plant and soil productivity. Applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have resulted in soil pollution, desertification and salinisation which disrupted the agriculture production. A suitable microbial technology to improve the soil health and plant productivity has been invented. Increase in the use of bacterial fertilizers substantially reduced the use of chemical fertilizers. Similarly invention of specific antagonistic microbes which control pathogen and stimulate plant growth resulted in lesser use of agrochemicals. Selection, development and application of such microbial strains to the agronomic crops resulted improving the fertility of such affected soil. The studies on plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the growth and nutrient uptake of various plants have been well studied. Presently, it has been found that the use of beneficial microbes can enhance the resistance ability to adverse stresses. Some mechanisms by which the beneficial microorganisms are able to stimulate plant growth and arrest plant pathogens include mobilization of nutrients, production of phytohormones, siderophores, organic acids, nitrogen fixation, lowering of ethylene levels in plants and antagonism. Here the recent developments that have been taken place on the interaction between plants and PGPR and their mechanism of action resulting in enhanced agriculture production and soil fertility are discussed.

153 - 172 (20 Pages)
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10 Understanding of Abiotic Stress Alleviation in Plants through Rhizobacteria
Rashi Vishwakarma, Sangeeta Paul and Dolly Wattal Dhar

Abstract Plant-associated microorganisms play a significant role in conferring resistance to abiotic stresses. These organisms include rhizoplane and endophytic bacteria and symbiotic fungi and operate through a variety of mechanisms like triggering osmotic response and induction of novel genes in plants. The development of stress tolerant crop varieties through genetic engineering and plant breeding is essential but a long and strained process, whereas microbial inoculation to alleviate stresses in plants could be a more cost effective environmental friendly option which could be available in a shorter time frame. Considering the current trends available, intensive future research is needed in this area, particularly on field evaluation and application of potential organisms.

173 - 192 (20 Pages)
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11 Benificial Effect of PGPB on the Growth and Yield of Medicinal Plant [Nithyakalyani] Catharanthus Roseus Linn. G. Don
B. Karthikeyan and M. Deiveekasundram

Abstract The medicinal plant, Nithyakalyani, Catharanthusroseus is valued for its alkaloid and the content varied, among root (0.14 to 1.43%), stem (0.48%), fruit (0.4%), seed (0.18%) and pericaup (1.14%). The biofertilizer consortium development includes Catharanthusroseus. Azosppirillumlipoferum CAZS-4, Azotobaterchroococcum CAZB-1, Bacillusmegaterium CPB-18 and Pseudomonasflourescens CPF-14. The relative chemotactic response (RCR) of the strains to anionic fraction is more than that of cationic and neutral fractions. The consortium treated plants possessed 1.120 mg g-1 of ajmalicine on 180 DAS, and the antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) (13.240 U mg of protein hr-1), peroxide (POX) (11.240 U mg of protein hr-1) and catalase (CAT) (9.000 U mg of protein hr-1) values were higher on 150 DAS. The consortium increased the biomass production by 50-75 per cent with proportionate increase in the mineral nutrient content. Biofertilizer consortium is the most effective organic input for biomass production.

193 - 202 (10 Pages)
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12 Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylobacteria can Alleviate Drought Stress in Crop Plants
S.P. Sundaram

Abstract Any environmental variable, can adversely affect the optimal growth conditions of the plants. The stressed environment makes the plants to alter their physiology for survival rather than reproduction. Prolonged drought, intense raining, frequent floods, cold waves high and low temperatures are the predicted abiotic stresses in the future due to climate changes. Water stress is one of the important growth limiting factor which decreases plant growth during vegetative stage. Crops grown under rain-fed conditions are the most affected by seasonal variations in rainfall. Therefore failure of monsoon, high temperature and salinity usually result in water stress. In addition, it causes serious negative impacts on crop growth and yields. A greater stress tolerance capacity could also be largely attributed to the plants by the symbiotically associating microorganisms capable of modulating stress factors. The microorganisms having close association with plants are referred as plant associated bacteria (PAB), which can be grouped into rhizospheric (in vicinity of root) and rhizoplanic (on surface of root), endophytic (inside the plant tissue)  and phyllospheric (on the leaf surface ) bacteria. Among the PAB, pink pigmented facultative methylotrophic (PPFM) bacteria belonging to the  genus Methylobacterium are well known for their intimate ubiquitous occurrence in the plant.

203 - 216 (14 Pages)
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13 Plant – Microbe Interactions: The Mandatory Requirement for Soil Fertility Management Practices in Organic Crop Production Standards
R.N. Bisoyi

Abstract Current trend of global agricultural systems entails preference towards sustainable crop production through organic agriculture (ecology based) as compared to conventional (synthetic input based). In order to claim as organic, it needs to be certified as per requirements organic standard. The soil fertility management organic standard requirements of major countries are outlined. This review article compares the agricultural management practices of organic and conventional systems so as to assess its impacts on microbial biodiversity, microbial activities on soil functioning and long term fertility based on long term field studies conducted in different parts of the globe.

217 - 236 (20 Pages)
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14 Microbes Associated with Rice Soils
V.R.Rao

Abstract Microorganisms execute many key functions that regulate the processes related to the fertility status, nutrient transformation, nutrient conservation, and soil health management that are crucial for agronomic sustainability. Rice soils offer peculiar conditions for microorganisms that support diametrically opposite biochemical reactions under flooded conditions. It is pertinent to note that both reduction and oxidation reactions of several essential nutrients mediated by microbes occur simultaneously in the flooded soils at various depths, profiles and stages of rice crop growth in concurrence. This is peculiar and specific to rice soils as the cultivation process demands changes in water regimes, operative and management practices.

237 - 256 (20 Pages)
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15 Role of Azospirillum in Plant Growth Promotion : A Review
N. Ramanathan

Abstract Of the various rhizosphere associated bacteria, Azospirillum species are probably the most studied and appear to have significant potential for commercial application. During the last 35 years of studies of Azospirillum–plant interaction, over 20 proposals were suggested for the mechanism of action by which Azospirillum  enhances plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake. Besides, fixing the nitrogen with associative symbiosis, they impart a number of beneficial effects on plants such as phytohormone production, siderophore production, enzyme production, proliferation of root system, enhanced water and mineral uptake, mobilization of minerals, mitigation of environmental stressors of plants, and moderate biocontrol potential. The following plant responses to Azospirillum inoculation in agriculture crops were often reported: increase the germination percentage and height of the seedlings, increase the total number and length of adventitious roots and root hairs, increase the hydraulic conductivity of the root system, increase in the height of the shoot and dry matter production and yield of the crop plants. The effect of Azospirillum inoculation on the total yield increases of field grown plants generally ranged from 10 to 30 per cent. This article reviews the recent researches on role of Azospirillum in plant growth promotion.

257 - 272 (16 Pages)
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16 Preponderance and Relationship of Agromicrobes with Maize Ecosystem
Manindra Nath Jha, M. Kumar and S.K. Chourasia

Abstract   This work aimed to evaluate agromicrobes preponderance and activity in maize ecosystem of same soil types (diara land/fragile land) under different agricultural practices. We conducted a five year field survey of grower’s field to investigate the effect of tillage system, maize plant genotypes and soil organic carbon level on preponderance of diazotroph (Azotobacter), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas) and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) colonization of maize ecosystem. No tillage, traditional maize cultivar and soil organic carbon (>1%) appear to support the preponderance of targeted diazotrophs, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in maize rhizosphere and AM colonization of maize root. Elevation in the preponderance of bacteria, Azospirillum population in maize root, AM colonization, microbial biomass, nitrogen mineralization, phosphate solubilising microbes, cellulose hydrolyzing microbes and acetylene reducing assay (ARA)  of maize root appeared due to organic fertilization of maize crop.

273 - 290 (18 Pages)
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17 Plant-Microbe Interactions in Tobacco Rhizosphere
D.V. Subhashini

Abstract The nutrition of tobacco plants relies upon the plant genotypic variation and soil characteristics which also influence the various microflora that inhabit the rhizosphere. The investigations were aimed to analyze the role of native and inoculated plant growth promoting bacteria on the uptake of major plant nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and also their supportive nature in reducing the infection caused by  Pythium aphanidermatum, the damping-off fungus of tobacco in nursery. Rhizosphere microorganisms include PGPR viz., Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas and Bacillus, AM fungi and Streptomyces. The addition of these microbes as bioinoculants in tobacco integrated nutrient and disease management resulted in better quality tobacco worth premium price.

291 - 318 (28 Pages)
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18 Significance of Cyanobacteria and Their Associations with Crop Plants in Agriculture
Radha Prasanna, Siddarthan Venkatachalam, Anjuli Sood, Shobit Thapa, Amrita Kanchan and Balasubramanian Ramakrishnan

Abstract Cyanobacteria comprise a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes, which exhibit versatility in their morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics and represent an untapped source of novel metabolites and genes. Their structural-functional flexibility makes them successful in diverse and extreme environments including high temperatures or levels of UV light and salinity, and co-exist in symbiotic/parasitic/mutualistic associations with various members of Plant and Animal kingdom. The intracellular colonization of cyanobacteria in wheat and rice roots and their potential as plant growth promoting agents for several crops, besides rice, has led to the deployment of novel formulations of cyanobacteria and agriculturally useful bacteria as biofilms and disease suppressive options in field studies.

319 - 346 (28 Pages)
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19 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis from Basics to Application: Potential & Prospects in Soil-Plant Production Systems
Shivani Garg, Mahaveer Sharma and K. Annapurna

Abstract Agricultural production is often limited by low phosphorus (P) availability. In developing countries, which have limited access to P fertiliser, there is a need to develop plants that are more efficient at low soil P. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses are widespread in the plant kingdom and contribute significantly to plant P nutrition and growth in natural ecosystems. Production and application of these beneficial fungi for agricultural purposes has grown over the last decades worldwide. However, the necessity of AM inoculum production via a host plant is still an obstacle to ample utilization of AM fungi in agricultural crops. The present article deals with the basic and applied aspects of AM research and its role in sustainable agriculture.

347 - 368 (22 Pages)
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20 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Role in Ecosystem Services, Plant Diversity and Land Productivity
D.J. Bagyaraj

Abstract Soil is the store house of 1/4th of the global biodiversity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is one of the important group of organism occurring in soil. The beneficial effect of AM fungi in improving plant growth is well documented. Many of the functions performed by AM fungi can provide essential services to human society. These services include nutrient cycling, soil structure, plant growth promotion, resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses and bioregulation of plant development. These services are not only essential to ecosystem function but also a critical resource for the sustainable management of agricultural systems. Recent studies have brought out that both plant biodiversity and ecosystem productivity increases with the increasing number of AM fungi. Thus, it appears that the diversity of AM fungi in soil is a major factor contributing to the maintenance of plant biodiversity and the ecosystem functioning. The role of AM fungi in ecosystem services, plant diversity and land productivity are discussed in this review.

369 - 382 (14 Pages)
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21 Biosolubilizers – A Boon to Farmers
S. Anthoni Raj

Abstract Soil microorganisms play a major role in the biodissolution of nutrients bound in the soil silicate minerals. Plant nutrients like K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn are bound in them. Silicon is considered as agronomically important as it confers rigidity and strength to crop plants and enhances yield. Biodissolution of these nutrients result in their availability to crops influencing the growth, biomass and yield. The microbial metabolites like organic acids, amino acids, inorganic acids, amines, ammonia, phenolic compounds, extracellular polysaccharides, siderophores, ligands of cations and cation exchange are involved in the biodissolution of K, Zn and Si. Frateuria aurantia, Bacillus mucilaginosus and B. edaphicus and Bacillus sp are recognized as potash mobilizers, silica and zinc solubilizers.

383 - 394 (12 Pages)
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22 Microbial Inoculants for Stressed Environments
Govindan Selvakumar, Periyasamy Panneerselvam, Gurupadam Hema Bindu and Arakalagud Nanjundaiah Ganeshamurthy

Abstract Discovery of the agricultural utility of microbes during the later part of the eighteenth century, led to the formulation and utilization of superior microbial strains as biofertilizers, for a wide variety of crops and growing conditions across the world. Though microbial inoculants have been in usage for almost two centuries, they are yet to capture the collective imagination of farmers across the globe, which is essential to meet the larger objective of reducing chemical input usage in cropping systems. One probable reason for this is the existence of large growing tracts that are subject to various abiotic stresses of atmospheric and edaphic origin, which limit the proliferation and efficiency of the microbial strains that are commonly used in inoculant production.  This is obvious, since unlike chemical fertilizers, microbial cells being living systems need to grow and thrive in the introduced eco-systems in order to achieve the desired effects of inoculation. But unfortunately microbial inoculant technology has largely adopted the one size-fit all mindset, which had led to failures of microbial inoculants especially in abiotically stressed growing environments. In such a scenario it would be wise to adopt a location or region specific approach for the selection of superior and locally adapted microbial strains for inoculant production.

395 - 418 (24 Pages)
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23 Efficacy of Carrier-based and Liquid Microbial Inoculants on Field Crops in Tropical Soils
N. Trimurtulu and D.L.N. Rao

Abstract Microbial inoculants are low cost inputs with high benefits in agriculture. Solid carrier based (peat or lignite) inoculants are used in most tropical countries. The carrier based inoculants have short shelf life, are liable to have high contaminants and have shown inconsistent field performance. In recent years, special liquid formulations containing not only the desired microorganisms and their nutrients but also added cell protectants or chemicals that promote formation of resting spores or cysts have been developed. The liquid formulations have longer shelf-life (12 months at room temperature) and are also more tolerant to adverse conditions encountered in storage. Liquid Rhizobium biofertilizers enhanced the soybean crop yields in the United States of America, Brazil, Europe and Asia over carrier based inoculants.

419 - 448 (30 Pages)
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24 Soil Fertility Sustainability: Long-term Nutrient Management Adoptions on Biological and Biochemical Properties of Indian Semi-arid Tropical Alfisol
D. Balachandar, C. Chinnadurai, S. M. Tamilselvi, K. Arulmozhiselvan and K. Ilamurugu

Abstract Understanding the impacts of organic or inorganic nutrient management on soil biology and biochemistry may help to develop more sustainable fertilization strategies. The results from comprehensive study made on a field experiment comparing the long-term (more than 100 years) effects of organic manures and inorganic chemical fertilizers on soil biological and biochemical properties are reviewed. The soils adopted with three nutrient managements viz., no fertilization (control), inorganic chemical fertilizers (IC) and organic amendments (OM) obtained from long-term fertilizer experiment were assessed for physical, chemical, microbiological and biochemical properties in three successive years. The response of most of the assessed soil variables to long-term organic nutrient management was significantly higher than those from inorganic fertilization and control (OM > IC = control).

449 - 470 (22 Pages)
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25 N Cycling in Rhizospheres, Microbes of Concern, and Nitrification Inhibitors Regulating the Release of NO3 into Agricultural Soils and the Emission of N2O into the Atmosphere
Gero Benckiser

Abstract The potent greenhouse gases N2O and CO2 are relased by aerobic/anaerobic respiring bacteria, archaea, fungi and protists in increasing amounts from converting virgin rain forest and permafrost soils, over fertilized agricultural fields and grasslands including animal husbandry, compost/waste water treatment plants, oceans, savannahs, forests of the temperate climate zones in annual amounts of 0.5 to 4.2 terragrams (Tg) N2O-N into the atmosphere after autotrophic and hetreotrophic NH4+ to NO3- oxidation. With estimated 0.25% industries contribute to the annual atmospheric N2O-N concentration increase.

471 - 482 (12 Pages)
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26 Two Step Treatments by Bacteria and Rhizofiltration for Bioremediation of Complex Industrial Wastewater: A Novel Approach for Safe Disposal
Ram Chandra, Sangeeta Yadav and Vineet Kumar

Abstract Complex industrial wastewater by using conventional treatment method is a significant challenge for its safe disposal. Recently, two step treatments by aerobic bacteria using activated sludge process followed by rhizofiltration has been recommended as a promising technology for detoxification of complex industrial waste. In activated sludge process recalcitrant compounds are biotransformed along with biodegradation of organic waste. Aerobic treatment may be activated sludge process, trickling filter or aerobic lagoon process, which one is used for treatment  it is based upon the characteristics of wastewater. Carbon and nitrogen ratio along with other organic compound is also play important role for microbial growth and degradation of pollutants. During degradation of various pollutants, metal microbes interaction play significant role for its bioremediation either through adsorption or bioaccumulation.

483 - 520 (38 Pages)
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