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BIOINOCULANTS: A STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

R.P. Gupta, Anu Kalia, Shammi Kapoor
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389547689

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    314

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 1,595.00 INR 1,435.50 INR + Tax

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Developing countries as the nations of Indian subcontinent are experiencing big-bangs regarding their economic, agricultural and industrial development. The sole aim of present mechanized and advanced agricultural practices is to produce enhanced grain yield to satiate the hunger of burgeoning population. Thus the present scenario demands the use of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. However the production cost of these chemical products is to high as it increases pressure on the fossils fuel reserves of the country. Bioinoculants are the culture concoctions/live microbial isolates that are presently the most ecologically feasible and economically sound example of practical reproduction of lab experimentation for the help of modern day farmeBroadly, bioinoculants include biofertilzers, biopesticides and organic decomposers.Biofertilizers are live cells of beneficial microbial isolates that provide necessary nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous etc), excrete growth promoting compounds and provide resistance to a variety of diseases that culminates to enhanced yield and production. While biopesticides are live microbial isolates or their metabolic products that eradicate/kill known insects/pests of crops. Among commercialized biopesticides Bt cotton emerged as the first brand ambassador of modern day pesticides. The third component of bioinoculants are the organic decomposers that include certain fungal species, bacterial genera and actinomycetes that hasten decomposition of organic compounds and make available nutrients held as organic matter.

0 Start Pages

Preface Bioinoculants represent the cheap alternatives to agro-chemicals that is the chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Keeping in view their role in sustainable agriculture, elaborate highlighting is required for projection and application of these inoculants in the coming days. The salient feature of this work is the contents or the topics covered which includes the biofertilizers as well as biopesticides, bioremediation and organic matter degradation. This book would provide the readers not just the comprehensive knowledge on the topic i.e. bioinoculants but is also equipped with information regarding the recent innovations and technological advancements in this sector of sustainable agricultural approach. We’ve tried to arrange the available up-to-date information on this topic so that it would appeal to the students of under graduate, graduate and post-graduate level as well as percolate to the minds of this class of students and the policy makers by virtue of its comprehensibility. Recent developments have been touched for all the subsects mentioned in the book under future perspective title. Moreover information is also provided in form of diagrams, pictures and if necessary as flow charts to make the subject clearer and easily assimilative.  We are thankful to Dr. B.S.Dhillon, Director of Research, PAU, Ludhiana and Dr.J.S. Dhaliwal, Director and Dr. M.S. Dhanju Principal of BIS Institute of Sciences and Technology, Gagra (Moga) for providing this opportunity and the necessary inspiration for the completion of the work.

 
1 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixing Rhizobium

Introduction and History Leguminosae/Fabaceae is a superfamily of dicotyledonous plants, which in species diversity is the third largest family of plants accounting for 5% of Earth’s plant biodiversity and make up for more than at least 1% of the total Earth plant biomass. Among these, legume grains and pulses having more than 20 to 30% lysine protein content are cultivated in 145 million ha of land in developing countries. This family is also characterized by presence of specialized tumor like structure formation (nodules) on roots (occasionally on stem as in Sesbania rostrata, Aeschynomene) that is inhabited by microsymbiont gram-negative bacteria (Rhizobium), engaged in fixing atmospheric nitrogen or symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation.

1 - 36 (36 Pages)
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2 Actinomycetes Symbiosis with Higher Woody Plants

Introduction Rhizobia and Frankia are soil bacteria that exhibit symbiosis with their particular hosts owing to their ability to understand the intricate signals excreted by the host roots. Rhizobia exhibit symbiosis with legumes and one species member of Ulmaceae family Parasponia andersonii while actinomycetes Frankia forms the group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in symbiosis with a large spectrum of dicot plants distributed among eight families consisting of over 24 genera and around 200 species of angiosperms (Benson and Silvester, 1993) and are collectively responsible for 15% of the biologically fixed nitrogen in the world. This Frankia-woody tree or dicotyledonous plant interaction results in evolution of the actinorhizal plants and the symbiotic interaction is described between Frankia (actino) and plant roots (rhiza).

37 - 60 (24 Pages)
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3 Cyanobacterial Symbiosis with Vascular Plants

Introduction Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are the group of most primitive prokaryotes that have been observed in proterozoic era. Many Proterozoic oil deposits are attributed to the activity of Cyanobacteria, such as Gloeocapsomorpha. Small concentrically layered structures called pisolites are also the result of fossilized bacteria.

61 - 86 (26 Pages)
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4 Free Living, Loose Associative and Endophytic Diazotrophs

Introduction Diazotrophs are phylogenetically diverse microbes spanning over various classes varying vastly on basis of physiological properties (Young, 1992), include various phototrophic microorganisms aerobic phototrophic Cyanobacteria (Vaishampayan et al, 2001), anaerobic purple-sulfur phototrophs like Chromatium, and green-sulfur phototrophs, e.g. Chlorobium, Rhodopseudomonas; chemolithotrophs Alcaligenes, Thiobacillus, Methanosarcina, Methanobacterium, Desulfovibrio or Azospirillum lipoferum and heterotrophic bacterial anaerobes (Clostridium), microaerophiles (Herbaspirillum), and aerobes (Azotobacter). Free-living aerobic nitrogen fixing bacterial genera found in soil include obligate aerobes as Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, Derxia, Achromobacter, Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter and Bacillus but the majority are microaerophilic (e.g. Azospirillum, Herbaspirillum) or facultative and obligate anaerobes (e.g. Klebsiella, Aerobacter, Desulfovibrios, Rhodospirillum, Clostridium, Erwinia).

87 - 114 (28 Pages)
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5 Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms

Introduction Increased population pressure, reduced length of fallow, deforestation and improper agricultural practices have led to widespread soil degradation in many parts of the developing world which has culminated in appearance of determinative manifestations of environmental damage in form of inadequate replenishment of soil nutrients and organic matter. Phosphorus is second major plant growth limiting nutrient and despite being in abundance in soil (organic and inorganic form), P deficiency is becoming critical in many soils throughout world as these soils have free available P concentration (generally) not higher than 10mM even at most soluble slight acidic pH (Arnou, 1953). Moreover, consistent P deficiency threatens to disturb the use efficiency of applying other nutrients. Hence to preserve the sustainability of agriculture it is foremost to rebuild soil fertility and maintain/improve the soil biodiversity to reap hiked current levels of productivity and farm income.

115 - 138 (24 Pages)
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6 Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Introduction Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae are fungi that exhibit symbiosis with roots of higher plants. The term vesicular arbuscular is derived from characteristic structure i.e. ‘branched hyphae or arbuscles’ that are formed with in the root cortical cells and vesicles or ‘swollen lipid storing organs’ that occur with in or between them.

139 - 182 (44 Pages)
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7 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Biocontrol Agents

Introduction Lithosphere, including the earth’s crust, is helpful in providing the base or medium for sustenance of most life processes and forms, interwoven in fine network interdependencies within themselves and the environment surrounding them i.e. ecosystems. Terrestrial ecosystem contains an important dynamic living matrix termed soil, which is critical for agricultural production and food security. Soil forms the medium for growth and maintenance of a variety of plant species while the plant roots in the soil represent a four dimensional region in space and time of profuse activity relative to the bulk soil, revolving around pH, nutrient, redox potential, and exudate gradients changing as distance from the root increases (Marschner, 1995). The soil region adhering the plant roots is being strongly influenced by the presence of these roots and is characterized by high rates of microbial population and activity and referred as rhizosphere (the soil adhering to plant roots).

183 - 200 (18 Pages)
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8 Mass Production and Quality Control of Biofertilizers

Introduction India being a developing nation is trying to reach a balance in ever increasing population with marginal increase in crop production. There occurred a bigbang in crop production during the green revolution era however this also resulted in creation of infertile, barren lands with low chemical nutrient input responsive soils. Soil fertility is the major constraint among resource poor Indian farmers as lesser benefits are harnessed by use of newer agricultural protocols/tools/products viz improved varieties, productive technology from less fertile soils. There is dire need for looking for the alternative technologies of food or crop production to satiate the hunger of burgeoning Indian population. Today there is enormous emphasis on the conservation facets of soil fertility and crop productivity which are the instrumental philosophies in sustainable agriculture. Biofertilizers are the cost effective, ecofriendly and renewable resource of plant nutrients that could well supplement the use of already functional and popular chemical fertilizers for obtaining increase in crop yield without over hazardous impacts on various facets of soil chemistry, fertility and microbial diversity to attain sustainable agricultural system.

201 - 222 (22 Pages)
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9 Biopesticides

Introduction Introduction of improved high yielding varieties of crop plants, use of modern agricultural practices coupled with essential control of pests of food and fiber crops have significantly contributed towards increasing the food production in green revolution era in India. Pesticide application forms the foremost limb in hiked agricultural food production and management practices. The production and post production management of crop yield requires increased use of pesticides.

223 - 256 (34 Pages)
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10 Organic Matter Decomposition

Introduction Soil forms the base of the lithosphere on earth and is a fundamental and irreplaceable versatile three dimensional dynamic system that supports majority of terrestrial plant and animal life on earth. This soil system contains mineral (sand, slit and clay forming basic soil structure) and organic matter as well as marginal air and water contents. The soil organic matter content of the soil system constitutes every fraction of matter in various stages of decomposition that once was associated with the body, body parts, exudates, tissues and cells of living organisms including plants, animals and microorganisms. It is the product of continuous cycling of the compounds synthesized by autotrophic plants among the three kingdoms viz microbes, plants and animals. The decomposition of the organic residues in soil is performed primarily by the resident soil microflora termed as microbial decomposers; though initially the larger and complex organic material is broken down, devoured upon, chewed, regurgitated and transformed into smaller bits by larger soil faunal forms (earthworms, beetles, springtails, and collembola, the macro (large) to mesofauna) on which soil microbial forms could act upon.

257 - 272 (16 Pages)
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11 Bioremediation

Introduction Bioremediation can be defined as elimination, attenuation or transformation of polluting or contaminating substances by the use of biological processes, to minimize the risk to human health and the environment. Bioremediation of contaminated soil and water uses microbes (e.g. bacteria and fungi) to convert pollutants to harmless or more environmentally acceptable products and minimizes the risk to human health in a natural or managed process.

273 - 298 (26 Pages)
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