Preface   It is widely felt by the young learner in formal system of learning that, there should be some syllabus oriented text books written in simple understandable form. Many a times the author, during the twenty three years of academic career, empathetically felt that in technical course the difficulty level of junior students is much more as they sometimes fail to comprehend the text books of jargoned vocabulary. The author as a teacher in Agriculture College strongly felt the feedback of the students who have just entered the technical stream after their secondary school. Many text books sometimes fail to solve out the felt need of a junior student as far as the understanding level of the students are concerned. Moreover, the authors sometimes go far ahead of learner understanding. Another important area in text book is it should based on the prescribed syllabus of the students. Many a times we add the irrelevant text materials unknowingly which costs a student a lot. The author have initiated the effort on the basics of pedagogy mode and tried to reflect the minimum cognition load to the students by explaining the terms with examples and simple words. This particular book volume is based on the experience of the author in teaching extension education, agricultural extension in undergraduate and post graduate level. This a small effort by the author to present the society a need based text book for the fundamental course of extension education in undergraduate level. The author surely aspires that the book will prove its worth for the academic necessity of students, scholars and research workers in the field of extension education. The author duly and gratefully acknowledges the various publication, text and references of eminent scholars in the field of extension education.

Extension Extension is that type of education which is stretched out to people in rural areas far and near, beyond the limits of education institutions to which the formal type of education is usually confined. Education Education is a process of bringing about desirable changes in the behaviour of human being. Formal education: The hierarchically structured, chronologically graded ‘education system’, running from primary school through the university and including, in addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialised programmes and institutions for full-time technical and professional training. Informal education: The truly lifelong process whereby every individual acquires attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience and the educative influences and resources in his or her environment - from family and neighbours, from work and play, from the market place, the library and the mass media. Non-formal education: Any organised educational activity outside the established formal system - whether operating separately or as an important feature of some broader activity - that is intended to serve identifiable learning clientele and learning objectives.

OBJECTIVE OF EXTENSION EDUCATION Objective Objectives are expression of the ends towards which our efforts are directed. The objective of extension is to develop the rural people economically, socially and culturaly by means of education. Overall, these objectives are divided into 4 types they are : a)   Material objective b)   Educational objective c)   Social and cultural objective d)   Developing leadership objective a) Material objective According to National Commission on Agriculture (1976). Agriculture extension aims at improving the efficiency of human capital, an effort to rapidly increase the rate of agricultural production. It also seeks to import necessary skill to farmer to understand the improved agricultural operation and improve the their own income, own resource and also the money value. b) Educational objective Extension education also aims at development of individual to change in behaviour by identifying their knowledge, skill, attitude and action. It aims at increasing the knowledge of people to analyse their past, present and expected future situation, to become aware of problem identification, solution and also realising their felt and unfelt need.

RURAL DEVELOPMENT Meaning The word “Rural” comes from the word “Rurale” which means close to nature and environment, and “Development” means growth or maturation. Rural development is utilization, protection and enhancement of the natural, physical and human resources to make long-term improvements in rural living conditions. It involves provision of jobs and income opportunities while maintaining and protecting the environment of rural areas. General Definition 1)     It is based on an operational approach with practicalities with the people covering maximum end users for maximum economic return. 2) Definition by Axinn R.D. is a process of change among the rural people through change in environment, technology institutions and attitude to eliminate the poverty and improve the way of life. 3) Definition by Miller R.D. is based on the following components a)     Development of human resource - It includes the development of rural people by providing education to the rural children and employment to rural youth, socio-economic condition of village can be improved. b)     Expansion of physical resources - Construction of infrastructures like roads, schools, colleges, post office, bank etc will improve the rural condition. c)     Extension of communit’s control over the resources.

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT (CD) Meaning of Community Development Community development is an exclusive term. It is used frequently to encompash every efforts towards the advance of community interest. Community A community is a group of people who live in a particular geographical area and have an interest on each other and have a purpose of making a living. Development It means growth or maturation. It is gradual and sequencial phases of changes. Example: Life from child to death Definition of Community Development 1. It is bringing forth the potential abilities and qualities of a group of people who live together in a common territory or region and who have an interdependent relationship with each other. 2. Community Development is a continuous process of social action by which the people of community do the following things. (a)   Define their common and group needs. (b)   Organize themselves formally and informally for democratic planning and action. (c)   Make group and individual plans to meet their need and solve their problems. (d)   Execute their plans with maximum reliance upon their own resources. (e)   Supplement their resources from outside community when necessary with services and materials. 3. Carl Taylor’s Definition Community Development is a method by which people in villages are involved in helping to improve their own economy through their own effort. Thereby, they are effective working groups in the programme or national development.

DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN RURAL AREAS (DWCRA) Objectives   1.    To raise the income level of women poor households.   2.    Formation of groups of 10-15 women in rural poor for developing of services. Salient features   1.    Each group is given one time grant of Rs.25,000/-as revolving fund for infrastructure, purchase of raw materials, marketing, child care etc.   2.    Fund is in ratio of 50:50 between Central and State government.   3.    Provision of setting up of District Supply and Marketing Society for women producers. DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (DRDA) Objective To professionalise the DRDA so that they are able to effectively manage the antipoverty programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development and interact effectively with other agencies. Salient Features •   The DRDA is visualized as a specialized agency capable of managing the anti-poverty programmes and to effectively relate these to the overall efforts of poverty eradication in the district. •   The DRDA role will be to facilitate the implementation of the programmes, to supervise, oversee and monitor the progress, to receive and send progress reports and maintaining accounts of funds received for various rural development programmes. •   DRDAs also need to develop synergies among different agencies for the most effective results. •   The Chairman Zilla Parishad would be the chairman of the governing body of the DRDA.

  1.    Gender Sensitization: Change of Attitude of people towards gender equality, gender roles etc.   2.    Public-Private Partnership: Involvement of private stakeholders with public entreprises   3.    Information and Communication Technology (ICT): Use of computer. fax, video, telephones in information sharing & transfer of technology.   4.    Cyber Extension: Use of computers in extension management.   5.    Broad Based Extension: Farming system use for maximum use of all available resource to maximize profit   6.    Bottom-up Approach: Planning from lowest level of society.   7.    ITK (Indegenous Technological Knowledge): Use of farm community knowledge for development   8.    Market Led Extension: Transfer of technology basing on assured & confirmed market of the product.

Further Readings   1.    Dimension of extension education: By: A.K. Singh, Lakhan Singh, R. Roy Burman   2.    Education and Communication for Development By: O.P. Dahama O.P. Bhatnagar   3.    Extension Communication and Management By: G.L. Ray   4.    Rural Development By : Kartar Singh   5.    Agricultural Extension Impact and Assessment By: A.K. Singh   6.    India Agriculture and Rural Development By: M.A. Quarashi   7.    Extension Education By: A. Adivi Reddy   8.    Handbook of Extension Education By: O.S. Rathod