Preface Immunology is the study of  immune system. Immunology is undeniably the fastest  growing and most popular of the biological sciences. The overwhelming discoveries in recent years in the field of Immunology, Biotechnology, Virology, Bacteriology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology around the world have produced significant new findings that have reshaped our understanding of many aspects of the immunology. With  the continued research  in the field of Immunology  various concepts and findings have been emerged to replace the older ones and provide a better understanding in the different branches of the immunology.  In this book most relevant and current informations  in the form of  objective type questions have been given in a concise, palatable and easily digestible fashion and it will be extremely useful for the students,  teachers and  researchers as well. Further, it will continue to convey a coherent understanding of immunology as well as some of the excitement of immunology as an area of scientific research.   With  the implementation of new trimester/semester systems, the students have to face a number of quizzes, midterm and final examinations. This system evaluates the student’s learning capability and teacher’s teaching techniques on a regular basis. Mostly objective type and short notes are asked in the examinations. Again, in various competitive examinations namely IAS, IPS, IFS, CSIR, ICMR, ICAR etc objective type questions are  set to evaluate the depth of knowledge of a particular subject of the students. Further, a number of organization/institutions hold regular examination for admission in various degree programmes, award of merit scholarships and appointment  on various jobs based on objective type questions.

A. Answer the following Q.1.    What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis? Ans.    In apoptosis, there is pronounced decrease in cell volume, modification of cytoskeleton, condensation of chromatin and degradation of DNA into fragments. Due to these changes, an apoptotic cell sheds tiny membrane bound apoptotic bodies containing intact organelles. Macrophages phagocytose apoptotic bodies and cells in the advanced stages of apoptosis. But there is no release of proteolytic and the lytic enzyme, cationic proteins and oxidizing molecule in the surrounding tissue and no local inflammatory response. On the other hand, in necrosis cells swell and burst releasing their contents and possibly triggering a damaging inflammatory response.

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     What are the different phagocytic cells ? Ans.     The phagocytic cells of mammals belong to two complementary systems (1) The myeloid system consists of cells that are rapidly phagocytic but incapable of sustained effect. (2) Mononuclear phagocytic system act more slowly but capable of repeated phagocytosis. Q.2.     How 3 types of granulocytes are differentiated ? Ans.    Three types of granulocytes are distinguished by the staining property of their granules. Cells whose granules take up basic dyes such as haematoxylin (a blue dye) are called basophils, whose granules take up acidic dyes such as eosin (a red dye) are called eosinophils and those that take up neither basic nor acidic dyes are called neutrophils.

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     What is the difference between cell wall of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria ? Ans.     The cell wall of Gram positive bacteria is largely composed of peptidoglycans. These are chains of alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid cross linked by short peptide side chains. On the other hand, the cell wall in Gram negative bacteria has thinner peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane composed of a polysaccharide-lipid-protein structure. The oligosaccharide attached to a lipid (lipidA) and a series of repeating trisaccharides. The polysaccharide antigens are called ‘O’ antigens. The cell wall lipopolysaccharides of Gram negative bacteria are also called endotoxins.

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     What is the percentage of different subclasses of IgG in the serum ? Ans.     IgG1 : 65 ; IgG2 : 24 ; IgG3 : 7 ; IgG4 : 4 Q.2.     How many inter heavy chain bonds are there in different subclasses of IgG ? Ans.     IgG1 : 2 ; IgG2 : 4 ; IgG3 : 13 : IgG4 : 2. Q.3.     What is the half life of different subclasses of IgG ? Ans.     IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 : 23 days ; IgG3: 8 days.

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     Why the serum is inactivated at 56º C for 30 min before using it in CFT and VNT ? Ans.     The complement and non-specific virus inhibitors are inactivated in this process. Q.2.     What are the different enzyme and complement factors are secreted continuously by macrophages ? Ans.     Lysozyme and Complement 2, 3, 4 and 5. B. Write true or false about the followings. Q.1.     The classical complement activation pathway is dependent on antigen-antibody complex. Ans.    True.

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     What are the different enzymes used to couple with antibodies to prepare conjugates for use in ELISA? Ans.     HRPO, Alkaline phosphate, b galactosidase, penicillinase etc. Q.2.     What does it indicate if any woman has HI titre of > 10 for rubella ? Ans.     It means that the woman is immune to rubella. If it is less than 10 it indicates that the woman needs to be immunized against rubella.

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     What are the key cytokines produced by Th1 cells ? Ans.     IL-2 and IFN-g.  Q.2.     What is class III MHC genes ? Ans.    The class III MHC genes encode various secreted protein that have immune functions including component of C’ and molecules involved in inflammation. B. Write true of false about the followings. Q.1.     Macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells can acts as antigen presenting cells. Ans.    True.

A.    Answer the following. Q.1.     What are the cytokines involved in innate immunity ? Ans.     IL-1, IL-12, IL-6, IFN-a, IFN-b and TNF- a. Q.2.     What are the cytokines involved in adaptive immunity? Ans.    IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-g and transforming growth factor – b (TGF- b). Q.3.     How does superantigen differ from conventional  antigen? Ans.     Superantigens bind to class II MHC molecules outside of the normal peptide binding cleft. Unlike normal antigens, they are not internalized and processed by antigen presenting cells but binds directly to class II molecules. A particular superantigen can activate 5-25% 

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     How lysozyme kills Gram + and Gram – bacteria ? Ans.     Lysozyme kills Gram + bacteria by splitting cell wall proteoglycans and Gram – bacteria in conjunction with complement. Q.2.     Describe the different forms of leprosy ? Ans.     Leprosy occurs in two different forms (1) tuberculoid (2) lepromatous. Tuberculoid leprosy occurs in 80% cases. Tuberculoid leprosy patients mount a strong CMI response. These patients have few organisms in their tissues and therefore few lesions. The lesions are infiltrated with macrophages and patients show a positive delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to I/D

A. Answer the following. Q.1.    What is nude mouse ? Ans.     Nude mice are strain of hairless  mice that fail to develop functional thymus and  devoid of CMI. B.  Write true or false. Q.1.     Individuals who fail to develop a functional T cell system will die from viral infections. Ans.    True. Q.2.    Individuals who fail to develop a functional B cell system will die from bacterial  infections. Ans.    True.

A. Answer the following. Q.1.    Which protein is coded by gag gene in HIV ? Ans.     It codes for protein that form the core (p24 and p17). Q.2.     Which protein is coded by pol gene in HIV ? Ans.    It codes for a protein that cleaved into 4 enzymes.  Q.3.     Which protein is coded by env gene in HIV ? Ans.    It codes for protein that is cleaved into two proteins (gp120 and gp41).

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     What is the definition of sequestered antigens ? Ans.     Sequestered antigens are antigens which are protected from the immune system and no immune response is generated against them. Ex lens and uveal proteins of the eye, chondrocyte antigens in cartilage and antigens of spermatozoa. Q.2.     What is autoimmune haemolytic anaemia ? Ans.    It is an antibody mediated autoimmune disease and antibodies are generated against self RBCs. It occurs in unmatched erythrocyte antigen in transfusion or in erythroblastosis fetalis. The antibodies developed in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia are of two types (1) warm autoantibodies (2) cold agglutinins. The warm

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     What are tumour specific transplantation antigens (TSTAs) or tumour specific antigens (TSAs) ? Ans.     Some antigens present on the surface of malignant cells are unique to the cancerous cells and are not present on their normal counterparts. They are called tumour specific transplantation antigens (TSTAs) or tumour specific antigens (TSAs). Q.2.     What are tumour associated antigens (TAAs) ? Ans.    Some antigens present on the tumour cells that are not different qualitatively from those found on normal cells but are overexpressed and present in increased number on the cancer cells as products of cellular oncogenes. They are called tumour associated antigens (TAAs). Ex the high level of a growth factor receptor due

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     How many types of polio virus are there ? Ans.    There are 3 serotypes of polio virus namely polio virus type 1, 2 and 3. Q.2.     Who first developed inactivated polio vaccine ? Ans.    Jonas Salk. Q.3.     Who first developed attenuated oral polio vaccine ? Ans.     Sabin. Q.4.     What are the different inactivating agents used to inactivate viruses in preparing vaccines ? Ans.    Formaldehyde, b-propiolactone and ethylenimines.

A. Answer the following. Q.1.     What is the full form of the followings : MALT, GALT and BALT Ans.    MALT : Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue ; GALT : Gut associated lymphoid tissue ; BALT : Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue Q.2     What is the definition of antigen ? Ans.    Antigen is any agent capable of binding specifically to components of the immune response such as lymphocytes and antibodies. Q.3.     What is the definition of immunogen ? Ans.    Immunogen is any agent capable of inducing an immune response.

Disease    Prescribed test    Alternative test

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