Preface Many of the animal health problems in developing country like India are different from those of developed countries. Infectious diseases still play a considerable role in livestock sector of our country. Mastitis, is one of them, causes a significant magnitude of economic losses in livestock. In spite of intensive research and preventive measures, the incidence of mastitis in lactating animals is increasing in livestock farming system. Control of mastitis is becoming difficult due to involvements of multiple etiological factors and as a result development of suitable and effective prophylactic tool is thorny. The increasing importance of the newer knowledge on impact of mammary gland infection on animal health is not adequately stressed in most of the Indian text books dealing with veterinary and animal sciences. We therefore undertook this endeavor on our experience of teaching and research of postgraduates for over one decade. With the realization of new semester systems, the scholars are to face number of viva-voce, quizzes, mid-term and final examination which require the students learning capacity, up-to-date knowledge on the subject and teaching technique of teachers on a regular basis. In most of the competitive examinations like ICAR, ICMR, CSIR, NET, JRF, ARS and examinations for admission in various degree programmes, award of merit scholarships and appointment on various jobs objective type questions are asked to evaluate the depth of the knowledge. This book has been meant for wide sources of information on mastitis of animals; however, it has been designed to serve the purposes to guide undergraduate and postgraduate scholars of Veterinary science. Adequate information has been incorporated after thorough review of the subject, to serve the professional needs of animal health practitioners in the field. Some important references have been listed to lead the readers for further readings. We hope that this book will be extremely helpful for students, teachers as well as field veterinarians and other disciplines of various institutions particularly associated with animal health.

Answer the followings     Q.1.    What is mastitis?     Ans.    It may be defined as inflammation of mammary parenchyma and characterized by physiochemical changes in the milk and pathological changes of the glandular tissue.     Q.2.    What are the cardinal changes of milk and udder in mastitis?     Ans.    Changes of milk includes discoloration, presence of clot, and presence of huge leukocytes whereas, mammary gland becomes hot painful swelling and induration.     Q.3.    What is sub clinical mastitis?     Ans.    In subclinical mastitis, normally mammary gland is normal by physical examination; however, cellular constitution only indicates presence of mastitis (i.e. increased somatic cell count).     Q.4.    What is the basis of diagnosis of sub clinical mastitis?     Ans.    Diagnosis sub clinical mastitis depends largely on indirect tests which are related to leukocyte content of milk.

Answer the followings     Q.1.    What is the relative incidence of  Streptococcus agalactiae, other Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus     Ans.    1:1: 2     Q.2.    What are sources of contagious pathogen for mastitis?     Ans.    Udder surfaces of infected quarters      Q.3.    What are sources of environmental pathogen for mastitis?     Ans.    Bedding of cow’s environment     Q.4.    When animal get infection from environmental pathogen?     Ans.    Animal get infection at any time during the life such as milking time, between milking, during dry period and prior to first calving.     Q.8.    What is the probable period of new infection from environmental pathogen?     Ans.    Early part of dry period and first two months of lactation.     Q.9.    What is the relation of growth of Corynebacterium bovis in milk and lactation?

Answer the followings     Q.1.    What is the different stage of pathogenesis in mastitis?     Ans.    There are three stages in pathogenesis  These are as follows: Invasion: here pathogens move from the exterior of teat to milk inside the teat canal. Infection: Here pathogens multiply rapidly and invade the mammary gland. Inflammation: In this stage clinical mastitis occurs with varying degree of clinical abnormalities of milk and udder.     Q.2.    Of these phases, which phase is important to reduce the incidence of mastitis in control program?     Ans.    Invasive stage is very important. The incidence of mastitis can be reduced by taking preventive measures at invasive stage by good management and good hygiene practices.     Q.3.    What are the common abnormalities encountered in udder during mastitis?

Q.1.    What are the major clinical findings in mastitis?     Ans.    These are abnormalities of secretions, abnormalities of udder related to size, consistency, temperature and sometimes systemic reactions. Q.2.    How clinical forms of mastitis could be classified based of severity and duration?     Ans.    Based on severity it is classified in four forms: Per acute mastitis, acute mastitis, subacute mastitis and subclinical mastitis. However, based on duration it is of three forms: Short term clinical or subclinical mastitis (Coliform mastitis), recurrent mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, Streptococcal dysgalactiae mastitis) and persistent clinical or subclinical mastitis (Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis). Q.3.    What is sub clinical mastitis?     Ans.    In sub clinical mastitis there is evidence of inflammation which is evidenced by only raised SCC in milk without any visible abnormalities of milk and udder.

   Q.1.    How milk sample is collected for diagnosis of mastitis?     Ans.    At first the end of teat is cleaned with a cotton swab dipped with 70% alcohol, then the dirt and wax are removed from the external sphincter by pressure. After this milk sample is collected in screw cap bottle.     Q.2.    When milk sampling should be done in suspected cases of tubercular mastitis?     Ans.    Last few streams of milking is crucial in cases of tubercular mastitis.     Q.3.    What is the effect of freezing of milk sample on bacterial count?     Ans.    On freezing of milk, Arcanobacter pyogenis and E. coli counts are decreased, coagulase negative bacteria counts increases whereas, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp. counts may be unaffected or increased.     Q.4.    Which media is suitable for initial isolation of bacteria from milk samples?     Ans.    Blood agar. However for isolation Streptococcus agalactiae selective media is required

Answer the followings.     Q.1.    Which factors govern the efficacy of intramammary drug in mastitis therapy?     Ans.    The important factors are spectrum of bacteria controlled, diffusibility through mammary tissue and cost of the drug.     Q.2.    What should be line of emergency treatment when type of infection is not known?     Ans.    Frequent removal of milk manually or by using oxytocin, broad spectrum antimicrobials parentrally as well as via intramammary route and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.     Q.3.    Why therapy of mastitis often fails to respond in lactating cows in spite of intensive veterinary service?     Ans.    The main reasons are as follows:     a)    Ineffective drug diffusion     b)    Inactivation of antibiotics by milk and tissue priteins     c)    Formation of micro-abscesses which make inaccessible of drug to pathogens     d)    Inefficient killing of bacteria and intracellular survival of bacteria

Answer the followings     Q.1.    What is the international organizations associated for making outline the mastitis control programme?     Ans.    National Institute for Research on Dairying (NIRD) and National Mastitis Council (NMC).     Q.2.    What is the important objective of dairy industry as regards to mastitis control?     Ans.    The important objective is to achieve an excellent udder health for production of high quality of milk.     Q.3.    What is the basic principles of mastitis control programme?     Ans.    There three basic principles of mastitis control programme:     a)    Elimination of existing infection     b)    Prevention of new infection      c)    Monitoring of udder health status

Q1.    What is the etiology of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis?     Ans.    Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. Q.2.    It causes contagious or environmental mastitis?     Ans.    Contagious mastitis Q3.    What are the important animal risk factors of S. aureus mastitis?     Ans.     (i)    Presence of coalgulase –ve Staphylococci and Corynebacterium bovis in the mammary gland act as protective factor for S. aureus mastitis.     (ii)    Abrasion of teat orifice epithelium is a major risk factor of S. aureus mastitis.     (iii)    Cows with increased parity are more prone to clinical and subclinical S. aureus mastitis.     (iv)    Presence of different periparturient diseases like parturient peresis, retained placenta, dystocia, ketosis and ulcers in different organs are also risk    factors for S. aureus mastitis.     (v)    Animals having very low SCC in milk are more prone to S. aureus mastitis.

Fill in the blanks     Q1.    …………… is a contagious pathogen in bovine mastitis     Ans.    Streptococcus agalactiae     Q.2.    Streptococcus agalactiae causes ……… (acute/chronic) mastitis if control procedure of mastitis is not used.     Ans.    Chronic Answer the following     Q.1.    Mention the strategy to reduce the prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis at herd level.     Ans.    Good hygienic measures, proper disinfection and efficient treatment of clinical cases.     Q.2.    What is the relation between SCC and Streptococcus agalactiae infection?     Ans.    The possibility of Streptococcus agalactiae infection is high with high bulk milk somatic cell count.     Q.3.    What are the common sources of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in a dairy herd?

    Q.1.    How many species of Mycoplasma are responsible for causing mastitis?     Ans.    At least seven species like Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma Canadensis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma alkalensis, Mycoplasma capricolium, Mycoplasma californicum, Mycoplasma disper and Ureaplasma sp. are responsible for causing mastitis     Q.2.    Which herds are more prone to such type of mastitis?     Ans.    The herds where milking hygiene is very poor and when the cows are imported from other farms or from public sale yards.     Q.3.    Which organs act as common habitat of the Mycoplasma organisms?

Q.1.    Enumerate the etiological agents responsible for Coliform mastitis.     Ans.    Different serotypes of E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter aerogens. Q.2.    What is the primary reservoir of Coliform mastitis?     Ans.    Primary reservoir of Coliform is the dairy cow’s environment as it is an environmental pathogen, however, infected mammary gland acts as reservoir of Coliform mastitis Q.3.    What is the important factors of E. coli that affect the normal bactericidal activity of leukocytes?     Ans.    Lipopolysaccharide-endotoxin, somatic and capsular factors. Similarly, fibronectin binding property of E. coli is also an important virulence factor which help to adhere to ductular epithelium.

    Q.1.    What are the most common isolated environmental Streptococci from mastitis cases?     Ans.    Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae.     Q.2.    What are the common sources of environmental Streptococcus uberis in a herd?     Ans.    The common sources are bedding materials, lips, nostrils and abdominal skin of cows.     Q.3.    What are the common sources of environmental Streptococcus dysgalactiae?     Ans.    The common sources are tonsils, mouth, vagina and mammary gland of cows.     Q.4.    Why incidence of Streptococcus uberis is highest just prior to calving?     Ans.    The important reasons are the excessive accumulation of milk due to lack of milking, lack of keratin plugs from the streak canal and immunosuppression at periparturient period.     Q.5.    The cattle fly sometimes involves in persistent bacterial contamination on teat of a cow. Mention the name of the cattle fly.

    Q.1.    The mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA) is a disease syndrome of which animal species?      Ans.    Swine     Q.2.    What is MMA syndrome?     Ans.    MMA syndrome is post parturient disease of sows and manifested as fever, anorexia, lethargy, agalactia, mastitis, swollen udder and appearance of vulvar discharge due to development of metritis.       Q.3.    What is the critical time of occurrence of MMA in sows?     Ans.    The mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA) syndrome occurs between 12-48 hrs of farrowing in sows.     Q.4.    What is the probable causes for the development of MMA syndrome?     Ans.    The probable causes of MMA syndrome are infectious mastitis, metritis, more feeding at pregnant period, nutritional deficiency, endocrine disorders and constipation.

Fill in the blanks     Q.1.    ---------- and -------------- are the synonyms of mastitis of sheep.     Ans.    Bluebag, garget     Q.2.    In gangrenous mastitis, besides Staphylococcus aureus, ----------- organism may also be involved.     Ans.    Clostridium perfringens A Answer the followings     Q.1.    What are the characteristic symptoms of mastitis in sheep?     Ans.    The important symptoms include severe necrotizing inflammation of mammary gland, severe systemic reaction and reduced milk production     Q.2.    Classify the sheep mastitis based on etiology and clinical symptoms.     Ans.    a) Gangrenous mastitis by Staphylococcus aurcus mastitis b) Herd mastitis by Pasteurella hemolytica     Q.3.    When the risk of mastitis in sheep is high?     Ans.    During summer month between parturition and weaning

Fill in the blanks     Q.1.    ………… organisms are the common isolates from clinically affected quarters.     Ans.    Coagulase-negative staphylococci     Q.2.    ………….is the most common cause of mastitis in goats.     Ans.    Staphylococcus aureus     Q.3.    Streptococcal zooepidermicus causes …………. in does.     Ans.    Chronic suppurative mastitis.   Write True/ False about the statements     Q.1.    Pseudomonas organism causes an acute mastitis characterized by extensive necrosis and fatal septicemia.     Ans.    True.     Q.2.    In summer mastitis, non-lactating goats develop severe mastitis whereas lactating goats suffer from moderate degree.     Ans.    False

    Q.1.    What is the cause of mastitis in non-lactating mare?     Ans.    Mastitis may develop in a non-lactating mare due to abnormally high estrogen levels in her system. This excess female hormone can result from a pituitary gland tumor or consumption of high estrogen containing hay. High estrogen concentrations can cause mammary gland enlargement and trigger the production and secretion of milk, even though the mare is not pregnant and has not foaled. If the non-lactating mare begins to secrete milk due to excess estrogen, she may become a candidate for mastitis.     Q.2.    Why equine mammary glands are less prone to mastitis than bovines?     Ans.    The possible reasons are as follows:     a)    Mammary glands are relatively smaller in size     b)    Concealed position of the glands     c)    Small milk capacity of the glands     d)    Greater resistance to infection in equine mammary glands because of differences in endocrine environment and local immunity

    Q.1.    How mastitis occurs in dogs?      Ans.    Mastitis in dogs initiates with the infection in the milk ducts of the dogs, where in the dog’s breast is enlarged as well as milk duct is blocked. The skin around the nipple might get cracked which might give a way to bacteria. In neglected cases it leads to cause gangrenous mastitis which is a severe form of mastitis in dogs.     Q.2.    What are common pathogens responsible for mastitis in bitch?     Ans.    Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli.       Q.3.    What are the characteristic features of milk cytology during mastitis in bitch?     Ans.    Milk cytology will show the presence of erythrocytes, degenerated neutrophils and bacterial agents.     Q.4.    What characteristic physical changes of milk are seen during mastitis in bitch?     Ans.    The viscosity of milk is increased and the colour of milk will be yellow to brown depending on the amount of blood and purulent exudates present.

    Q.1.    What are the common infectious diseases affect teat skin of mammary gland?     Ans.    The common infectious diseases that affect teat skin of mammary gland are cowpox, buffalopox, pseudocowpox, bovine ulcerative mammillitis, black pox, foot and mouth disease, vesicular exanthema, swine vesicular diseases, contagious exanthyma, Staphylococcus sp., Pasteurella sp etc.     Q.2.    What is thelitis?     Ans.    Thelitis is the inflammation of tissues of teat wall caused by traumatic injury to the teat cistern. It is generally manifested with gangrenous mastitis.     Q.3.    What is the main etiology of gangrenous mastitis?     Ans.    Staphylococcus aureus     Q.4.    What are the causes of coming blood in milk and mentions its treatment?

1. California mastitis test The California mastitis test (CMT) is conducted during milking of lactating cows. The CMT paddle is used to collect about three to four ml of fore milk from each quarter of cows after discarding few streams to which an equal volume of CMT reagent (composition mentioned below) is mixed immediately by circular motion (Fig. 1). The reaction is graded by intensity of gel formation and color changes as follows:

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