S. S. Hiwale
S. S. Hiwale: Principal Scientist, Central Horticultural Experiment Station (C.I.A.H.-I.C.A.R), Godhra-Vododara Highway, Vejalpur – 389340, Gujarat, India

The book entitled The Pomegranate" contains work carried out on aspects like introduction, uses and composition. The main trust is laid on plant genetic resources, its evaluation, breeding and improvement, commercial varieties, cultural management, which includes s, like climate and soil requirement, nursery management and propagation along with economics, flowering, fruiting, Bahar management, water management, integrated nutrient management, high density plantation, canopy management, fruit thinning, chemical regulation, staggering of crop, rejuvenation of old orchard, disorders, pest and disease management, post harvest management and value addition, export and management for export along with pesticide residue standards for export with glossary of terms. The book will be use to researchers, students and farmers to overcome the problems faced by the crop and to boost the productivity and utility of the crop."

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   Preface

   Pomegranate (Punica granatum L) is emerging as one of the important fruits of semiarid rainfed areas. Its cultivation is possible even on marginal degraded lands earlier found unsuitable for growing crops. Apart from this its ability to with stand salinity in soil and water to some extent made this crop to emerge as a hardy fruit crop. Research carried out over the years at Ganesh Khind Research Station at Pune in Maharashtra by Dr. Cheema gave boost to put more area under this crop. In the recent times it is the leading fruit in Maharashtra with an estimated area of more than 1.25 Lakh hectares and its increasing importance as major export earner. Earlier the requirement of Pomegranate and Pomegranate products in our country had been met through import, which put a heavy burden on the exchequer for foreign exchange. This prompted the Government of India to launch the projects on the improvement of Pomegranate and Pomegranate culture in India. During the last 3 decades enormous improvement has been made in this field with the evolution or selection of commercial cultivars suitable for North, South, and West Indian regions and standardization of their agro-techniques and post-harvest technologies. However, only a fraction of information has passed to the growers and research organizations due to transmission gap. Even this meagre information has improved cultivation so much that it has not only lessened the burden on foreign exchange by minimizing the import of Pomegranate, but also the exchequer is now being augmented partly through the export of Pomegranate.

2. 1 

   Introduction

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   Introduction
   
   Pomegranate is emerging as one of the important fruit crops owing to its hardiness and ability to withstand adverse soil and climatic conditions. Today out of world production of ten Lakh tons; India contributes 40-45 percent. Currently the export of pomegranate is around 10,000 tones, which is just 5 percent of the total export. With the increase in population the domestic demand of fruits has also increased substantially. As on date out of total area of 1,25,000 ha. area, under pomegranate major area under the crop is found in the state of Maharashtra. The state has 85,000 ha. (68 % area) under the crop, of which only 51,000 ha is under production, followed by Karnataka 12,727 ha. Gujarat 3,787 ha. up to 2003 –2004.

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   Varietal Improvement

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   Breeding
   
   Pomegranate is genetically heterozygous material thus there is lot of variability existent in the nature. Therefore there is scope for crossing two selected genotypes. Raising of hybrid population and identification of superior types for following major constraints in its successful cultivation.
   
       1.    Cracking and splitting of fruits is a severe menace due to variation in atmosphere, humidity. 
       2.    Resistance to fruit borer and stem borer. 
       3.    To develop varieties having high sugar (16%) and less acid (1.5 %).
       4.    All varieties bear some sterile flowers. This reduces the yield appreciably. Selection of varieties bearing high percentage of fertile flowers should be achieved.

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   Plant Genetic Resources and Its Evaluation

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   The world’s largest collection comprising 1117 entries is maintained at Turkmenistan (CIS). They exhibit great variability for fruit size and quality, skin color, resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses but most of them are temperate in nature and do not grow well in the Indian tropics. There is scope to use this material for breeding superior types.
   
   There are several varieties adopted to both tropical and subtemperate climate. They are either evergreen on semi deciduous or deciduous types. The flowering habit, fruiting and flower physiology are altered with the habitat. The tropical climate with mild winter of south India, growth and flowering are continuous processes, while in the subtropical climate of north India the trees remain dormant during cold winter and flowers in the following spring and in temperate climate flowering occurs in summer.

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   Plant Propagation and Nursery management

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   Pomegranate is emerging as one of the important fruit crops for semiarid and arid areas of India with the identification of superior varieties like Ganesh, Mrudila, Arka Ruby, and Bhagwa the area under pomegranate is increasing fast. Therefore the demand for elite planting material is also increasing fast. Pomegranate is propagated vegetatively either by cutting or air layering since ages. However now a day’s orchards raised from tissue culture are also very common. Nursery as a business preposition can also be as profitable as raising a crop. 

   Types of Nurseries According to Marketing
       1.    Wholesale nurseries
       2.    Garden centers
       3.    Nurseries for large-scale gardening (municipals etc.)
       4.    Regular nurseries

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   Cultural Management

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   Soil and Climate
   
   Commercial pomegranate orchards are confined mainly to Mediterranean, and semi-arid regions of the world. It is hardy fruit, which can be grown successfully, even in low fertile soils. Although pomegranate of high quality can be grown only where there is a cool winter and a hot dry summer, the trees grow under wide range of climatic conditions. It can be grown from the plains to an elevation of about 1829 m. The tree can withstand frost but gets injured by temperatures below 11.1^ºC.
   
   In areas of low winter temperatures the tree is deciduous but under tropical and sub-tropical conditions, it is evergreen or partially deciduous. The tree cannot produce sweet fruits, unless the temperatures are high for sufficiently long period. The quality of fruit is adversely affected in humid climate.

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   Water Management

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   Irrigation/ Drip/ Fertigation
   
   Pomegranate is considered to be drought hardy fruit crop. Supplemental irrigation, however, is necessary for realizing higher fruit yield and better quality. Irrigation is also used to regulate cropping in pomegranate and the total water applied therefore depends on the desired bahar. In Gujarat and Maharashtra, where Ambe bahar is taken, regular irrigation is required during March to July and irrigation is stopped after the fruit harvest until January. For Mrig bahar crop irrigation is not required from July to September. However, in case of prolonged break in monsoon one or two supplementary irrigation at an interval of 10-15 days during October to December are required. In hasta bahar (September flowering) prolonged rainy season helps in reducing requirement for irrigation 3-4 irrigation at monthly interval after cessation of rainfall are must to obtain good fruit size and higher yield.

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   Nutrient management

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   Manures and Fertilizers
   
   Even though pomegranate grows well in soils of low fertility, production can be increased by application of manures and fertilizers. Initial soil analysis is desirable for proper scheduling of fertilizers. The nutritional recommendation depends on fertility of the soil and also the age of the plant. For young plants (2-3 months old) application of 200 g Neem cake along with 3-4 kg FYM/plant is recommended. After 3 months, each plant may be given 250 g DAP along with 250 g Neem cake and 5 kg FYM. Again after 9 months, application of 500 g DAP, 250 g Potassium sulphate, 1 kg Neem cake and 10 kg of FYM/plant is recommended.

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   High Density Orcharding and Canopy Management

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   High Density Orcharding
   
   India is the second largest producer of the fruits (41.5 million tones) in the world. Still the productivity of almost all the fruits in India is very low (12 tones /ha) as compared to other fruit growing countries of the world. It is a major cause of concern to our scientists, extension personnel and orchardists. Many reasons may be attributed to the low productivity and to solve this problem our scientists have to develop high yielding varieties/hybrids, resistant to the biotic and abiotic stresses and develop better agro-techniques for realizing the maximum potential of the fruit cultivation in India. Though, we have achieved this distinction, but the per capita consumption of the fruits in our country is still 80 g/day due to our huge population, which is far below from the recommendation of 120g/capita/day.

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    Orchard Rejuvenation

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    The old orchards become non-productive due to incidence of pest and diseases and neglect, once the orchard becomes old its productivity goes down, and it is general tendency of the farmers to neglect the orchard. In pomegranate when the survey was conducted it was observed that 25 percent of the old orchards become unproductive due to loss of vigor in the plant. Owing to heavy incidence of pest and diseases. There is still scope to review production from these orchards through intensive care. Rejuvenation can be bone by mechanical measures, chemical measures as well as by pruning of plants. Work carried out on non-selective pruning at CHES, Vejalpur has shown encouraging results.

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    Crop Regulation, Root Distribution and Intercropping

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    Crop Regulation
    
    Staggering in pomegranate is practiced with a view to regulate crop load on the plant which will help in availability of the fruit for the long period helping the farmer fetching remunerative prices in the market. Also it will help in avoiding the glut in the market leading to distress sale. The relationship between source and sink can be regulated which helps in better fruit development. Pomegranate flowers and fruits through out the year if irrigation is provided to the plant. Taking of particular bahar leads to the glut in the market. This results in distress sale by the farmers. To avoid this staggering of pomegranate crop was attempted to find out and fruiting flowering during various months of the year so that maximum production with best quality fruits can be obtained.

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    Post harvest Management

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    Fruit Maturity Criteria
     
        1.    The fruit takes about 135 to 170 days to mature depending on the variety.
    
        2.    In summer, mature fruit turns yellow and is dark pink in winter and rainy season.
    
        3.    The calyx at the bottom of the fruit turns hard and curves inwards.
    
        4.    The fruit shape gets compact
    
        5.    The fruit skin becomes hard.
    
        6.    The color of the aril turns dark red or pink and is full of juice and sweetness.

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    Disorders

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    Fruit Cracking
    
    The results fruit cracking is observed in almost all the cultivars. The extent of cracking ranged from 3.57% in kazkai to 76 .6% in Suni Bedana, Josan et al (1979). Fruit cracking is mainly associated with fluctuation in soil moisture, day and night temperature and relative humidity and rind pliability and nutrient imbalance. Phadnis (1974) reported that irregularity in watering and lack of moisture at the time of fruit development leads to cracking. Singh et al (1967) reported that cracking might be due to boron deficiency as well as wide variation in moisture content of the soil and humidity in the air. Prasad and Bankar (2000) also reported that varietal character plays important role in cracking. The percentage was minimum (36.6%) in Jalore seedless and maximum (78.2%) in Jodhpur red.

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    Export

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    Export
    
    India is one of the largest producer of the pomegranate. Apart from India, Spain, Iran, Egypt, Peru, Israel, Pakistan, Afganisthan, Turkey and America are the countries where the crop is cultivated. World production of Pomegranate is around 10 Lakh tones out of which India’s share is 40-45 percent .At present Spain is the maximum producer and exporter of pomegranate due to high quality and low transport cost capturing most of the European market. The total demand for pomegranate in the world is around 1.5 Lakh tones, which is increasing day by day. Spain contributes 75,000 to 80,000 tones (75%)of the total demand followed by Iran 25,000 tones and India 10000 tones (5%). Thus to increase the export there is only one way to improve the quality.

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    Pests and Diseases Management

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    Anar butterfly, Deudorix isocrates (Fab.)
    
    The pest has been found boring into fruits of pomegranate. Besides it may attack guava, aonla, apple, ber, citrus, litchi, loquat, sapota, etc., pomegranate is the most preferred host for this pest. It may destroy up to 50 percent fruits. The female lays eggs singly on calyx of flowers or small fruits. On hatching, the caterpillars bore inside the developing fruits and are usually found feeding on pulp and seeds just below the rind; subsequently bacteria and fungi causing fruit rot also attack the infested fruits. The conspicuous symptoms of damage are offensive smell and excreta of caterpillars coming out of the entry holes, the excreta is found stuck around the holes. The affected fruits ultimately fall down and are of no use; even if the fruits be picked before falling down, these fruits have no market value.

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    Glossary

    A
    Actionomorphic :    Having radially symmetric shape, usually refers to the petals of a flower
    Acuminate :    The shape of a tip or base of a leaf or perianth segment where the part tapers gradually and usually in a concave manner.
    Adnate :     Joined to or attached to.
    Albumen :    Starchy and other nutritive material in a seed, stored as endosperm inside the embryo sac, or as periderm in the surrounding nucellar cells; any deposit of nutritive material accompanying the embryo.
    Anatropous :    Bent over through 180 degrees to lie alongside the stalk.
    Androceium :     All the male reproductive organs of a flower; the stamens