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AGRICULTURAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: BASICS AND PRACTICALS

Nintu Mandal, Arib Dey, Anupam Das, Vinay Kumar
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389907254

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    90

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 995.00 INR 895.50 INR + Tax

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The book covers basic and practical aspects of nanotechnological applications in agricultural science. History of Nanotechnology, Basic Concepts, Definitions, Type of nanomaterials and its peculiarities have been described. Synthesis of nanomaterial’s through physical, chemical and biological modes have been covered. Characterization of nanomaterial’s through microscopic, spectroscopic and other techniques have been elucidated lucid language. This book will be helpful for UG and PG students of Agricultural Sciences including Horticultural, Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries disciplines.

0 Start Pages

Preface Nanotechnology is the cutting edge science dealing with fabrication or manipulation at atomic or molecular scale. Nanomaterials by virtue of its increased surface area coupled with enhanced chemical reactivity are useful in increasing agricultural input use efficiency. Basic understanding and hands on expertise in Nanosynthesis are of utmost importance in agricultural science. The Book entitled Agricultural Nanotechnology: Basics and Practicals covers basic and practical aspects of nanotechnological application in agricultural science. History of Nanotechnology, Basic Concepts, Definitions, Type of nanomaterials and its peculiarities have been described. Synthesis of nanomaterial’s through physical, chemical and biological modes have been covered. Characterization of nanomaterial’s through microscopic, spectroscopic and other techniques have been elucidated in lucid language. The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. S.K. Sanyal, former Vice-Chancellor, BCKV, Nadia, West Bengal for writing the Foreword . Authors are grateful to Dr. Samar Chandra Datta, Emeritus Scientist, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Prof S.S. Mukhopadhyaya, Former Director Electron Microscopy and Nanosceince Unit, PAU and Dr J.C. Tarafdar, Former ICAR- National Fellow for their constructive suggestions and critical inputs during the preparation of the manuscript. Authors acknowledges the enormous support with blessings from Prof. (Dr.) Ajoy Kumar Singh, Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor, BAU, Sabour, Bihar. This book will be helpful for UG and PG students of Agricultural Sciences including Horticultural, Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries disciplines. We hope this manual will be useful to the students of undergraduate and postgraduates of agricultural sciences for developing hands on expertise in nanotechnology.

 
1 Nanotechnology Basics

History and Recent Developments Richard P. Feynman in 1959 suggested that it should be possible to build machines small enough to manufacture objects with atomic precision. His talk “There is plenty of Room at the Bottom” is widely considered to be the foreshadowing of Nanotechnology. He delivered this talk at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at California Institute of Technology (Caltech), In 1990, a team of IBM Physicists revealed that they could write (arrange) the letter IBM using 35 individual atoms of Xenon. In 1992 a book entitled Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation was published by Eric Drexler where he outlined a way to manufacture extremely high performance machines out of molecular carbon lattice (diamondoid). Around year 2000, federal funding for Nanotechnology in the United States began with National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). NNI defined nanotechnology as dealing with materials with sizes between 1 and 100 nanometers exhibiting novel properties. The Government of India, in May 2007 launched a mission on Nano sceince and nano technology (Nano Mission) with an allocation of `1,000 crores.

1 - 6 (6 Pages)
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2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials

Solid state materials can exists in various forms namely: Single crystals (preferred for authentic characterization of structure and physical properties) Polycrystalline powders that are agglomerates of large number of crystallites and are used for characterization when single crystal cannot be easily obtained Nanocrystalline or nanostructured materials that posses large surface area Thin films that can be grown in the best crystalline form for many applications Amorphous systems that have no long-range translational order

7 - 12 (6 Pages)
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3 Chemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles

Synthesis of Zn Oxide Nanoparticle Aim To synthesize Zn oxide nanoparticle Introduction Zinc oxide nanoparticle are effective anti-bacterial and antiodur agent. They can be synthesized by number of techniques including hydrothermal methods. Their synthesis using solvothermal process is described, (Aneesh et al., 2007).

13 - 14 (2 Pages)
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4 Synthesis of Iron (III) Oxide Nanoparticles

Aim To synthesize iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles Introduction Iron oxide nanoparticles have a number of applications in catalysis, sensors and high sensitive biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. They can be synthesize by the bottom-up approaches including the sol-gel technique.

15 - 16 (2 Pages)
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5 Synthesis of Nano (Silver) Ag

Aim To synthesize silver (Ag) nanoparticle. Introduction The Ag nanoparticles easily interact with other particles and increases their antibacterial efficiency. The Ag nanoparticles can be synthesized using various methods: biological, chemical electrochemical, γ-radiation, photochemical, laser ablation etc (Udapudi et al., 2012). The most popular preparation of Ag colloids is chemical reduction of Ag salts by sodium borohydride or sodium citrate (Udapudi et al., 2012).

17 - 18 (2 Pages)
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6 Synthesis of Chitosan/Nanosilica Coating Solution

Aim To synthesize chitosan/nanosilica coating solution for fruit coating aiming at increasing shelf life. Introduction Application of edible coatings is promising to improve the quality and extend shelf life of fruits and vegetables (Lin et al., 2011). Chitosan, a versatile biopolymer derived from deacetylation of chitin had been widely applied in the fresh-keep field owing to its good biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibacterial activity and capacities to form film (Lin et al., 2011).

19 - 22 (4 Pages)
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7 Equilibrium Water Absorbency of Hydrogel

Introduction Hydrogels are loosely cross-linked, highly hydrophilic, organic polymers. They can absorb and retain aqueous fluids up to 500 times of their own weight (Singh et al., 2011). In the field application, such absorbents exhibited a limited swelling capacity within the soil matrix.

23 - 24 (2 Pages)
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8 Zerovalent (nZVI) Nanostructures Application in Heavy Metal Decontamination

Zerovalent (nZVI) Ionic Compounds Although Ag+ contains a filled d10 shell, the structures of Ag compounds can in many instances be understood only if one assumes the existence of weak attractive Ag+ - Ag+ interactions. Similar attractive forces have been shown to be responsible for the formation of gold cluster compounds. In Ag+ solid state compounds the unoccupied 5s and 5p orbitals give rise to empty bands which may be partially occupied thus resulting in subvalent Ag compounds; examples are Ag3O and Ag2F. The compound Ag5SiO4 prepared from Ag and Si02 at 350 °C under a high pressure of oxygen, contains [Ag6]4+ clusters (average oxidation state 2/3) and should be formulated at [Ag6]4+ (Ag+)4 (SiO4 4 -)2. Ag and Au forms numerous cluster compounds in which the metals are zero valent or subvalent. Examples are Ag6 Fe3 (CO)12 {HC(PPh2)3} and paramagnetic cluster ions [Ag13 Fe8 (CO)3 2]4-.

25 - 28 (4 Pages)
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9 Nanocomposite Technology

Polymer Clay Nanocomposites Polymer clay nanocomposites has been used as to affect permeability of the maternal to gases and vapours. Majority of papers on nanocomposites have been focused on the use of smectitic type clays as nanoparticles. They are a group of swelling type of clay minerals including montmorilonite, nontronite, saponite, sauconite and hectorite. A number of polymer-layered silicates (PLS) preparation methods has been reported in literature. The three most common methods to synthesize PLS nanocomposite are intercalation of suitable monomer and subsequent in situ polymerization, intercalation of polymer from solution and polymer melt intercalation. In general, layered silicates have layer thickness on the order of 1 nm and a very high aspect ratio (e.g. 10–1000). A few weight percent of layered silicates that are properly dispersed throughout the polymer matrix thus create much higher surface area for polymer/filler interaction as compared to conventional composites. Depending on the strength of interfacial interactions between the polymer matrix and layered silicate (modified or not), three different types of PLS nanocomposites are thermodynamically achievable (Fig. 1 and 2 ) as outlined by Sinha Ray and Okamoto (2003). They are as follows:

29 - 32 (4 Pages)
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10 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles

Biological synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles Aim To synthesize nano ZnO particles using fungal isolates. Introduction The ZnO nanoparticle are effective anti-bacterial and antiodur agent. Biological synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle is a new approach for environmentally benign protocol in context to green nanotechnology, (Raliya and Tarafdar, 2013).

33 - 36 (4 Pages)
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11 Biological Synthesis of Phosphorus Nanoparticles

Aim To synthesize phosphorus (P) nanoparticles from tricalcium phosphate using fungal mycelium. Introduction Green nanotechnology includes a range of processes that reduce or eliminate toxic substances to restore environment. Microorganisms like fungi and bacteria having naturally bestowed property of reducing and oxidizing nanoparticles, are used for synthesis.

37 - 40 (4 Pages)
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12 Biological Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

Aim To synthesize gold (Au) nanoparticle using fungal mycelium. Introduction Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a kind of bottom up approach where the main reaction occurring is reduction/oxidation. The fungal enzymes are usually responsible for reduction of metal compounds into their respective nanoparticles.

41 - 44 (4 Pages)
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13 Phytogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

Aim Phytosynthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles using Cassia roxburghii aqueous leaf extract. Introduction The Ag nanoparticles constantly exhibit adverse effects on microbes such as inhibition and inactivation (Nasrollahi et al., 2011). The Ag nanoparticles synthesized by using various biological sources such as herbs, plants and biological organisms display excellent properties in various fields i.e., non-linear optics and intercalation materials for electrical batteries as optical receptors, catalysts in chemical reactions biolabelling and as antibacterials (Sanghi and Verma, 2009).

45 - 48 (4 Pages)
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14 Green Synthesis of Zero Valent Iron (Fe) (nZVI)

Aim To synthesize Zero valent (Fe) (nZVIs) iron using tea leaf extract. Introduction In this approach extracts of natural products (in most cases green tea leaves) with high antioxidant capacities are used. The compounds present in these extracts react with Fe (III) in solution to form nZVIs (Nadagouda et al., 2010).

49 - 50 (2 Pages)
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15 Chemical Synthesis vs Green Synthesis

Chemical Synthesis Methods Several methods can be used for the production of these nanoparticles, namely: (i) top-down methods (Li et al., 2006) such as vacuum sputtering (Kuhn et al., 2002) or the decomposition of iron penta carbonyl (Fe(CO)5) in organic solvents (Karlsson et al., 2005); and (ii) bottom-up methods that promote the ‘growth’ of the nanostructures via chemical synthesis, for example through the reaction of iron(II) or iron(III) salts with sodium borohydride (Wang and Zhang, 1997). However, these methods present several limitations and problems; the top-down methods are generally expensive and require specific and costly equipment while the drawbacks of the bottom-up approaches are related to safety issues due to the toxicity of sodium borohydride, the production of flammable hydrogen gas during the process (Li et al., 2006), and the tendency to form large agglomerates, very fast and at a high extent, and therefore have a reduced reactivity and degradation efficiency.

51 - 54 (4 Pages)
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16 Nanoscale Characterization Techniques

Characterization Tools: Microscopy

55 - 58 (4 Pages)
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17 Structure Determination by X-Ray Diffraction

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an important experimental tool used in determining crustal structure of material system in bulk and nanoregimes. Therefore, it is important to understand the basic concepts of XRD.

59 - 66 (8 Pages)
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18 Interaction of Electron with Matter

An electron impringing on a solid surface may be scattered once, several times, or never. When an incident electron beam bombard atoms of the sample, secondary electrons (SEs) and backscattered electrons (BSEs) emerge from the sample surface. Multiple scatterings occur if the dimension of the material is greater than approximately twice the mean free path of the electrons. This scattering may be elastic or inelastic. A pear shaped volume (interaction volume) is formed as shown in Fig. 1 and this volume of excitation increases with increase in the beam voltage (electron energy) and decreases with the increasing specimen density (ion atomic number).

67 - 76 (10 Pages)
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