Buy Now and Pay in EMI's

AGROFORESTRY: SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES

Sunil Puri, Pankaj Panwar
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389907339

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    655

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 4,200.00 INR 3,780.00 INR + Tax

Add to cart Contact for Institutional Price
 

Agroforestry is an age old practice throughout the world, but its recognition as a science is nearly three decades old. The scientific and systematic research on tree-crop interactions, in India, started in late 1970’s and got major support and impetus with the establishment of All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Agroforestry in 1983 by ICAR. Today AICRP on Agroforestry has its network through out the country. Under AICRP and through the individual efforts of State Agricultural Universities, location specific agroforestry systems has been recommended to suit agro-climatic zones, landholdings and economic status of the region.   Though extensive research had been done till date, but it is not available to scientific world, farming communities (who are the backbone of Indian rural development), students and inquisitive readers in one manuscript. This prompted the authors to club the information on agroforestry systems and practices prevailing in India in form of book. For the sake of convenience, agroforestry systems prevailing in India have been divided into four broad sections i) Agroforestry in India ii) Agroforestry system and practices in North, West and Central India iii) Agroforestry systems and practices in East, North-East and Southern India iv) Allied topics related to Agroforestry. Section one cover topics covering agroforestry experiences, research and extension efforts done in the last 25 years in India. Section two includes 13 s and section three covers 14 s wherein agroforestry research vis-à-vis agroclimatic zones of different states of India have been discussed. The last section comprising of 8 s includes topics related to role of agroforestry in soil conservation, women development; management of agroforestry; modeling; rehabilitation of mine spoils and breeding of agroforestry tree species.

0 Start Pages

Preface Agroforestry is unique in many respects, both as a science and as a practice. It encompasses a set of land use practices which aims to realize the benefits of growing woody and herbaceous species together. World over agroforestry is practiced since time immemorial but it has emerged as a focal theme in late 1970’s. Today the term agroforestry has become a widely used ‘term of art’ in agriculture and forest policy, despite the fact that it has no universally agreed definition. It also has become a widely used political and public relation tool. The Indian Planners in mid 1970’s while preparing Seventh Plan Document recommended to include agroforestry as a core subject in curricula of State Agricultural Universities (SAU’s). National Agriculture Policy 2000 of India has emphasized the need for diversification in agriculture through agroforestry. Similarly, the Task Force on Greening India for Livelihood Security and Sustainable Development, cover Joint Forest Management and Agroforestry are the viable options. Today agroforestry has become an important land use strategy and has emerged as one of the sustainable option of land management. Presently there is a great variety of perspectives and a lively debate on both its practical and scientific meaning. India being a large and diverse country, with reference to its climatic, edaphic and socio-economic conditions, the need is to develop land use systems, which fit well in these conditions. Lot of research with regards to complimentary and supplementary effect of perennials on annual/associated crops has been done with a support from agencies like ICAR or by individual efforts of SAU’s/ Institutes/ Scientists. These research efforts were able to recommend some well to do location specific agroforestry systems/ practices. The need is to share these location specific sustainable systems, which had been developed with great efforts, with rest of the scientists/ farming communities working elsewhere. Usually this is done in the form of annual reports or seminars. However, due to lack of funds these reports are circulated to only few centers and SAU’s, leave aside their reach to students, which are budding scientist of future.

 
1 How Can We Promote Sustainability and Development of Agricultural Lands through Agroforestry Practices - Some Experiences from India
SUNIL PURI, PANKAJ PANWAR

ABSTRACT In India agroforestry practices are ancient but the story of organized agroforestry research began in 1979 at Imphal. Considerable efforts have been expended towards promoting and implementing agroforestry practices in the country by establishing centers for agroforestry research in almost all agro-climatic zones. Though almost 30 years has passed since systematic research started however, adoption of agroforestry is still in patches. This is because of myths attached with integrating trees with crops, market condition, rules regarding timber movements, allelopathy, long duration and so on. This paper examines the various arguments for and against agroforestry practices in India and presents the opportunity and challenges in adopting agroforestry as a sustainable land use practice. INTRODUCTION In India the green revolution led to increase in production through enhanced productivity. Unfortunately the population growth is increasing at a rapid rate and there is an urgent need to accelerate agricultural growth to address issues on food security, nutrition adequacy, rural income generation, employment and poverty. Despite higher production, the per capita availability of food over time has not increased significantly. About 70 to 80 per cent of our people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Contribution of agriculture to GDP is declining; this affects the rural poor most. The urban – rural divide and regional disparities are on the increase. To achieve a desirable rate of 7 per cent growth in the economy, agriculture must register a growth not less then 4 per cent. Now it is around 2 per cent and is declining (Singh, 2002). These continuous improvements in productivity are essentials but these must be capable of being maintained in perpetuity. In other words, an evergreen revolution rooted in the principles of ecology, economics, social and gender equity, energy conservation, employment generation and social auditing, is essential in major farming systems of India. Land, water and vegetation care constitute the foundation for building up such an evergreen revolution movement.

1 - 24 (24 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
2 Agroforestry Research and Extension Efforts at National Level
PANKAJ PANWAR

ABSTRACT Agroforestry research and development in scientific mode in India started about thirty years ago with few individual scientists working on the aspect. However, concentrated efforts started with the establishment of a network under co-ordinated mode throughout the country in the year 1983. Since then lot of research has been done and recommendations made. The present paper compiles the chronological sequences of the starting of AICRP on AF along with its co-ordinating partners. Suitable perennial species and agroforestry systems recommended for respective agroclimatic zones of the country are also compiled. National seminars and group meeting conducted for popularizing and extending agroforestry to every corner of the country had also been provided. INTRODUCTION Agroforestry is an age old practice and was a way of life since the settled agriculture evolved from forest. However, with passage of time the cropping system was converted to monocropping and in the way the benefits of integrating the perennials with annuals were forgotten. In the late 70’s of 20th century, benefits of integrating perennials in cropping system was again realized and efforts were diverted towards scientifically associating the perennials and annuals. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan an eminent scientist while addressing first agroforestry seminar at Imphal in 1979 stated that agroforestry lies the key solution of some of the problems of forestry “what is now important is to give a scientific context and better planning like a good architect who can plan the use of space more efficiently”. This seminar was a spark in the history of scientific agroforestry in India. Taking into account the vide variation in edaphic and climatic factors in India along with the perennial nature of the systems, it was felt that working in isolation would not yield fruitful results and therefore, an association of scientist and institutes of different agroclimatic regions in form of a network was felt imperative and a viable wayout and hence the birth of AICRP on Agroforestry. All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Agroforestry (AICRPAF) was initiated vide ICAR letter number 21(1)/80-SW & DF dated 7th February, 1983 at 20 centers of which 12 centers were located in State Agricultural Universities and eight at the ICAR institutes. Later on more co-ordinating centers were added and at present there are 37 AICRPAF co-ordinating centers with 10 centers in ICAR institutes and 27 centers located in State Agriculture Universities covering all the major agroecological zones of the country. The coordinating unit of the project was initially located at ICAR, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, which was shifted to National Research Center for Agroforestry, Jhansi w.e.f. 1st April, 1997 under the administrative control of Director, NRCAF.

25 - 42 (18 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
3 An Overview of Agroforestry in Kashmir Valley
A. H. MUGHAL, M.A.KHAN

ABSTRACT The state of Jammu and Kashmir, especially the valley of Kashmir, has a rich diversity of traditional agroforestry models, which are in existence since time immemorial. Agroforestry is based primarily on natural occurrence of trees. The paper highlights the traditional agroforestry systems prevailing in the valley. A number of studies have been undertaken since the inception of AICRP-AF in University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir. Besides design and diagnostic survey, studies on evaluation of twelve multipurpose tree species identified during design and diagnostic survey and designing of various agroforestry models for different problematic sites have been undertaken. These studies have been tested over a period of time and have been found suitable for different sites. The out come of these studies and the recommended agroforestry systems are given in this paper. INTRODUCTION Land is a vital natural resource and is the basis of our existence. Due to mounting pressure of increasing human and livestock population it has been subjected to various pressures and misuse resulting in degradation of land and loss of biodiversity. Management of land is therefore, of paramount importance so that increasing needs of human and livestock are met on sustainable basis. During the last three decades agroforestry has been recognised as a distinct land management system, which is destined to play an important role in socio-economic transformation of marginal lands into more productive agrarian economy. India has a long tradition of agroforestry, farmers and land owners in different parts of the country integrate a variety of woody perennials in their crop and livestock production fields, depending upon the agro climatic conditions and local needs. Most of these practices are, however, location specific and information on these is very scanty, therefore, benefits have remained vastly under exploited and un extrapolated to other sites.

43 - 54 (12 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
4 Agroforestry for Sustainable Development of Agriculture in North-western Himalayas — With Particular Reference to Jammu Region
M. SALEEM, L.M. GUPTA

ABSTRACT Deforestation, land degradation, biodiversity decline, demand of fuelwood, fodder and timber had necessitated the planners and scientists to develop a system of cropping which would be able to revert these detrimental effect of exploitation and simultaneously provide the day-to-day needs. In present paper we have revisited our ancestors who practiced agriculture in a sustainable basis by keeping trees in the field. This paper intends to highlight some of the problems which are being faced in North-Western Himalayas and suggest different agroforestry practices which should be adopted to sustainable utilize our resources. INTRODUCTION Though late, the country and the society have gradually started to realize the detrimental deterioration of our ecosystem and environment. There are several factors and reasons for the same. However, land use in the country in general and hills in particular have proved to be one of the most important factors and needs much of attention for proper planning. The vital role of the forests in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem has long been acknowledged world over. In our country too, it was rightly resolved through a National Forest Policy Resolution in the years 1952 to bring at least twothird of the land in hills under the forest cover. This decision, though wise timely and farsighted, was never implemented with same spirit and there are evidences to accept the fact that effective forest cover in hilly areas is far less. The increasing need of expanding industrialization and urbanization coupled with population growth, the process of illegal and indiscriminate cutting of trees is resulting in consistent decrease of forest cover in the hills. The cultivation of land on steep slopes and hillsides is causing heavy loss of top soil and depleting the productivity of these soils besides siltation of river beds and cultivated lands down below. Coupled with this is the reckless destruction of vegetative cover by way of over-grazing which is resulting in large scale denudation and degradation of lands and thereby increasing acreage under wastelands. With this background the regular rains for which most of our country was well known have become irregular and drought have become a permanent menace and crores of rupees spent on relief work. The need for developing correct methodologies of land uses has become imperative to protect the existing forest cover, whether on public or private lands. Forest influences the rural prosperity and the human needs for the growing population have to be ensured while preserving the environment and ecological balance. A sustainable land-use system in conformity with ecological stability, economic viability and above risk aversion is desirable land use pattern in the Himalayan region.

55 - 66 (12 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
5 Agroforestry Systems in Himachal Pradesh
K.S. VERMA, D.R. BHARDWAJ, KRISHAN CHAND

ABSTRACT The practice of agroforestry in the hills and mountains of Himachal Pradesh is as old as the hill agriculture itself. Farmers are retaining trees on the farmlands for the multiple benefits they provide. The selection of the trees, their planting pattern and density is chosen in such a way that it had minimum effect on the associated crop. The present paper gives the prevalent agroforestry systems with their components in different agroclimatic zones of Himachal Pradesh along with their management practices. Adoption of landuse practices depends to a large extent on status of the farmer concerned. Paper presents the association between type of farmer and the corresponding agroforestry systems they adopt. Sustainability of agroforestry systems, their role in climate change and social and economic gain of agroforestry systems in hills had also been detailed. A comprehensive list of agroforestry components had also been appended as annexures. INTRODUCTION Farmers throughout the Indian Himalayas covering about 16 states partially or fully have nurtured trees on their farms and in the agricultural landscape both for production and protection benefits for millennia. Mountainous region like Himachal Pradesh located in western Himalayan range present wide range of tree growing practices and systems owing to the diverse physiographic and demographic mosaic. The state is located between 30° 22’ 40” to 33° 12’ 40” N latitude and 75°47’ 55” to 79°4’ 20” E longitude and extends over a geographical area of 55673 km2 which is 1.69 per cent of the country’s area and 10.5 per cent of the Himalayan landmass. This land locked state is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir in the north, Punjab and Haryana in the south–west and Uttaranchal in the south–east. In the north–east the state forms the international boundary with the Tibet. Agricultural landscapes are characterized by undulating topography wherein terraced fields are made on medium to steep slopes. Crop fields on sloppy lands are in general 5-10 m wide and 20-30 m long almost conical on both ends and wide in the middle. In valley areas and on lands with gentle to mild slopes (up to 40%) large sloping fields have been developed manually by the farmers where Government has undertaken land consolidation.

67 - 94 (28 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
6 Agroforestry in Uttaranchal
SALIL TEWARI, RAJESH KAUSHAL, R. PUROHIT

ABSTRACT The paper introduces the biophysical environment and landuse pattern of newly formed state. On the basis of ownership of land the scope of adopting agroforestry had been discussed. Existing agroforestry systems under different agroclimatic zones of Uttaranchal are provided with examples. Tree improvement program and system development research carried out under AICRP on Agroforestry for Terai zone of the state has also been discuused in the paper. Constraints in adopting and carrying out research in agroforestry along with future strategies to extend agroforestry in Uttaranchal are also given in the paper. INTRODUCTION Uttaranchal, formed on November 9, 2000, is the 27th state in India. The state is spread over 53,483 km2 of land, which extends between 77° 34’ and 81° 02’ E longitude and between 28° 43’ to 31° 27’ N latitude. It covers 1.67 per cent of the country’s total area and is home to 84.7 lakhs of people as per the provisional census report 2001. The entire state forms part of the Central Himalayas. The state is strategically located and forms part of the Northern boundary of the country sharing its borders with Nepal and China. The entire region, except the southern most foothills belt, is mountainous with a series of ridges and valleys. Starting with an altitude of about 240 m in the tarai on the southern fringes, the terrains rise to 7817 m in the north with in a short width span of about 160 km. It touches Tibet in the north, Himachal in the west and northwest, gangetic plains of Uttar Pradesh in the South and Nepal in the east. Uttaranchal has two administrative divisons, the western half known as Garhwal and the the eastern region known by the name of Kumaon.

95 - 126 (32 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
7 Promising Agroforestry Practices in Punjab
H. S. SARALCH, BALJIT SINGH, S. K. CHAUHAN

ABSTRACT Punjab is the richest state in the country in term of per capita income and has earned the name as food bowl of the country by putting 84-85 per cent of its geographical area under highly intensive, technical and mechanical agriculture with cropping intensity as high as 185 per cent and contributing more than one third of rice and half of its wheat production to the central pool of food reserve. The food grain production in the state has increased approximately twelve times in a span of about 50 years after independence from 20 lac tones in 1950-51 to 234.89 lakh tonnes in 2002-2003. Achieving this high productivity without caring for natural resources has resulted in a considerable loss in the inherent production potential and deterioration of soil health. As a result, man is getting serious warning signals in the form of lowering of water table, drought, high rate of environmental pollution, extremes of climatic parameters, etc. Agriculture in the state has become too intensive, wasteful and reckless and the radical changes are required to maintain the balance. Therefore, there is a strong thinking to diversify farming in the state to maintain the sustainability of the whole system. The state government is stressing hard to save the natural resources through the diversification in traditional crop rotation and adopt resource-conserving measures.

127 - 148 (22 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
8 Agroforestry Systems and Practices in Haryana
D. P. S. NANDAL, K. S. BANGARWA

ABSTRACT Haryana being predominantly agricultural state had only 2.86 per cent recorded forests at the time of its inception. Agroforestry has been an age old practice in Haryana as in other parts of India. It has existed in various forms through the time immemorial. Farm boundary plantation/natural regeneration and scattered trees in the farmlands were the main agroforestry interventions in Haryana till the seventies. To counter the environmental degradation and to provide fuel, fodder and timber different tree-crop combinations were tried for accessing their compatibility. As a result number of agroforestry systems had been recommended and are discussed in this paper. The paper also include methods of managing the perennial component of agroforestry system. Economics of some of the successful systems has also been discussed. INTRODUCTION Haryana state lies in the Indo-gangetic plains of North-west India. It has 44,212 sq.km of land and 90 per cent of this is in plains and the remaining area is in Shiwalik and Aravalli hills. Yamuna plains in the North and sandy plains in the South and West respectively have 50 per cent and 40 per cent of above land. More than 80 percent of the land is under agriculture. Canal and tube well irrigation is available for 65 per cent of arable land. Two crops per annum are a routine practice in Haryana. The climate of Haryana is arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid. It is sub-tropical, continental and monsoonic type. The range of temperature daily as well as annual is extreme. It varies from 1°C in winter to 47°C in summer. Mean annual average temperature varies from 23°C to 26°C. May and June are the hottest months while December and January are the coldest ones. The normal annual rainfall ranges from 300 mm in the southwestern parts of Bhiwani, Hisar and Sirsa districts to about 1500 mm in the northeastern hilly tract of Ambala district. The mean daily pan evaporation ranges from 2.4 mm in December and January to 13.4 mm in May and June.

149 - 162 (14 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
9 Agroforestry Practices and Systems in North Gujarat
S.N. JAIMINI, S.B.S TIKKA

ABSTRACT The western part of India particularly Gujarat and Rajasthan received erratic and scanty rainfall and have sandy to sandy loam soil. In such climatic and edaphic conditions failure of crop is a regular phenomenon. In such situations a cropping system is required which can protect the associated crops from extremes of climatic condition and/or provide alternative/additional income. Agroforestry has such potentials; as a result lot of research had been done on agroforestry. This paper provides some of the agroforestry system and practices, which are suitable for Gujarat. The hurdles in adoption of agroforestry and its future prospects are also provided. INTRODUCTION North and North-West Gujarat fall under scarcity zone, where rainfall is inadequate as well as erratic in nature. Sandy loam soils with low moisture retention capacity pose problems of low and unstable crop production and degradation due to soil erosion. Under these situation, adoption of a high yielding, more remunerative, cost effective, compatible and multipurpose system ie Agroforestry is a dire necessity.

163 - 174 (12 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
10 Agroforestry Systems in Arid Regions of India
L.N. HARSH, J.C. TEWARI

ABSTRACT Scattered trees/shrubs in agricultural fields or grazing fields are common features of landscape in arid regions of India. These trees were considered as insurance to the people during drought years. In recent past importance of these trees in such areas had been recognized by the scientific world. Lot of research had been made and is continuing to identify and research the tree-crop combination. This paper reviews the tested agroforestry systems in arid region of country with particular reference to Rajasthan. Economic gains due to technology intervention in agroforestry system is also given. INTRODUCTION The people in the arid regions of India, since time immemorial has developed location specific agroforestry systems. The scattered trees / shrubs in the agricultural fields or grazing fields are common features of the landscape. Since the beginning of cultivation the farmers deliberately allow the trees /shrubs to grow with the crops. They have screened the trees / shrubs based on their utility. They have considered that these trees are insurance to them during drought years. These trees provided lean period fodder, fruits, vegetable, timber, fuel, fiber etc. as farmers knew that occurrence of drought is common phenomenon in Rajasthan and due to failure of rains the crops failed to grow or their production is abysmally low. In the recent past efforts have been made to identify existing agroforestry systems for different agro-ecological zones (Malhotra, 1984 ; Harsh et al., 1992 ; Saxena, 1997). Efforts have also been made to study the production systems under each agroforestry systems and also to improve the existing systems through technological interventions (Harsh and Tewari, 2003; Tewari et al., 2004; Harsh et al., 2004).

175 - 190 (16 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
11 Status and Scope of Agroforestry Development in Eastern Part of Uttar Pradesh
B. S. RANA, A. K. SAXENA, A. K. S. PARIHAR

ABSTRACT Eastern part of the Uttar Pradesh falls in mid-Gangetic plain commonly called as ‘Purvanchal’. It is divided into three ecozones : i) North eastern tarai, ii) Eastern Plains, and iii) Vindhyan. Most of the farmers of the region have subsistence agriculture with small land holding. Although total forest area is 10.69 per cent of the geographical area, the actual well stocked forests (medium and good forests) in the region are confined to 3.51%. Vindhyan zone indicates higher dependence for fire wood (35% of the total need) on natural forests. Cow dung is major source used as fuel in Eastern plains (65% of the fuel requirement). The cropping systems are different in rainfed and irrigated lands. Surveys of different parts of the eastern U. P. indicate that people have a progressive attitude towards agroforestry. However, due to land hunger most of the farmers develop homesteads. Agrihorticulture system is most popular system adopted by large and medium farmers in the region. Agrisilvihorticulture system is adopted by the farmers of Eastern plains and North eastern tarai zones. Agrisilviculture, Silvihorticulture, Agrisilvihorticulture and sivipastoral systems researched by us, are recommended for adoption by the farmers.

191 - 212 (22 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
12 Agroforestry in Eastern Uttar Pradesh
S. B. LAL

ABSTRACT Eastern Uttar Pradesh has 27 districts and lowest per capita net domestic output then other regions of the state. Rainfall is the only source of water. Acute shortage of fuel, fodder and timber makes agroforestry an important proposition for this region. The paper presents different agroforestry models developed by Allahabad Agriculture Institute for the region. Economics of the prominent agroforestry systems has been worked out. Emerging innovative agroforestry practices like aqua farming, honey bee, sericulture are discussed. Recommended species and agroforestry models for utilizing wastelands of the region are also provided. INTRODUCTION Eastern Uttar Pradesh covers an area of 87,840 sq. km. ranging from 24° - 28°20’ N latitude and 81° - 85° E longitude (map of Eastern U.P.) with population of 632 lakhs (Census, 2001). It has 27 districts and the lowest per capital net domestic output than other regions of U.P. It has 6 districts which are under developed and 15 districts are industrially backward. The contour of 100m roughly marks the western limit of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is mostly filled with deep alluvial deposits by the Ganga and tributaries. The Microregional variations are highlighted by the Bangar (the old alluvium) and the Khedar (new alluvium) formations. It enjoys tropical humid climate (rainfall varying from 120 cm to 140 cm). This region is plaughed with recurring floods and droughts. In 1983 Eastern Uttar Pradesh suffered a loss of the order of Rs. 319.12 crores because of the floods; in the same region, drought due to long dry spells left 3.820 lakhs ha. of sown area to wither. The menancing of Ganga – Ghaghara, Doab and recurring drought of trans Yamuna tract of Allahabad district, parts of Mirzapur and Varansi districts and big chunks of usar and unculturable wasteland (2.93 lakh ha) sap agricultural potential of these areas. Hardly 9.54 percent of total geographical area is under forests. Their paucity accenulates the problems of floods and soil erosion. Most Ganga plain is devoid of mineral wealth excepting kankar in Bhanagar tracts, but southern uplands are rich in minerals like limestone, dolomite, silica, sands, marble, building stone, magnesite and coal; organic matter is rich but nitrogen is deficient. Despite of vast water resources percentage of irrigated to gross cropped area is only 40.36 per cent that led cropping intensity only 145.20 and net irrigated to net sown area is 54.22 per cent. It has depressed economy where unemployment and underemployment is rampant, thus out migration is a typical phenomena.

213 - 226 (14 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
13 Agroforestry Practices in Chhattisgarh — Scope and Potentials
SUNIL PURI

ABSTRACT Chhattisgarh is a tribal dominating state and is one of the backward and poor area of India in terms of poverty and productivity. The trees have been the part of agriculture in this region since long. The present paper highlights some of the practices which are being adopted by the farmers from time immoral and efforts had been made to fit them in the present day scientific classification system of agroforestry system with their spatial and temporal sequences. Despite of the fact that trees are integral part of farmlands still adoption of agroforestry as a sustainable land use has some constrains which have been discussed and way out suggested. Areas needed in developing agroforestry in the state have also been discussed at the end of the chapter.

227 - 240 (14 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
14 Agroforestry Systems in Madhya Pradesh — Potentialities, Possibilities and Opportunities
S.D. UPADHYAYA, AASHUTOSH SHARMA

ABSTRACT Madhya Pradesh is declared as mega diversity state in India. It also harbours diversity in human population as 1/4th of its population is tribal. These tribal people are practicing agroforestry since time immemorial. The state is divided into 11 agro climatic zones. The paper provides the agroforestry systems and species suitable for these zones. The traditional practices and the innovative agroforestry systems developed are also given. Agroforestry systems that are suitable for problematic soil have been briefly discussed. Efforts of different institutes like TFRI, JNKV and projects like TDET, ORP on Agroforestry, AICRP on AF in developing different system and their recommendations are also provided in this paper. INTRODUCTION Environment remained in its pristine purity and congeniality till man stayed in the hunting and food gathering stage. But, as he entered in the pastoral age and domesticated animals, he gradually passed from the nomadic stage to settled cultivation. When, he cleared the first patch of earth and upturned the first sod and lifted the first bucket of water, the long story of his interference with environment started. Clearing trees for farming, disturbing the moisture regimes and furrowing the land endangered the phenomenon of erosion leading on to the problem of reducing the soil fertility. At the same time, the art of Agroforestry emerged, though in the most rudimentary fashion, which in varying form and emphasis has continued till today. Coming to recent times, the increasing pressure on land as well as on forests, rising demand for fuel and fodder and finally the requirement of timber for multifarious purposes have strengthen the need of agroforestry as an alternate land use system especially at natural resource conservation front (Singh, 1999). Pathak (2000) opined that agroforestry is a land management system that optimizes the overall land productivity and reduces resources depletion through the utilization of positive interactions between crops-trees-animals in its temporal and spatial dimensions. In this way, agroforestry operates in a given socioeconomic frame work; it is not a static but a dynamic structure.

241 - 266 (26 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
15 Agroforestry System in Maharashtra
V. M. ILORKAR

ABSTRACT Maharashtra ranks second in terms of area under tree cover, however, still large chunk of land is lying without use or are underutilised because of their degradation status. Such degraded lands can be put to use through agroforestry. Agroforestry is being adopted in this state in one way or the other by raising trees on farm bunds, around cattle sheds etc. since earlier times. New innovative technology has now been developed by all the agricultural universities of state. The paper provides detailed information of different agroforestry systems which have been developed and practised in the state. INTRODUCTION Maharashtra is the third largest state of India having the geographical area of 307,713 km2, which constitute 9.4 per cent of the country’s geographical area. The human population of the state is 96.75 million (9.4% of country’s population) of which 57.6 per cent is rural and 42.4 per cent is urban. The average population density is 314 persons per km2. The tribal population is 9.3 per cent of the state population. The state supports livestock population of 36.4 million, which is 7.7 per cent of the country’s livestock population. The state rank second amongst all the state/UTs in terms of area under tree cover and third in term of recorded Forest Area (Anon, 2001).

267 - 276 (10 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
16 Agroforestry Systems and Practices Prevailing in Bihar
O.P. CHATURVEDI, D.K. DAS

ABSTRACT Bihar is a state whose economy is solely dependent on agriculture. Though it has deep fertile land of alluvial origin, still agriculture of this state is facing problems due to frequent flooding. Population pressure on forest had led to creation of large extent of degraded lands. Agroforestry seems to be one of the viable option to avert these adverse conditions. Traditionally people used to integrate trees in farm lands in different forms. However, green revolution reduced these practices. The present paper provides a detailed account of prevalent agroforestry practices in Bihar. Results of different agroforestry systems which had been researched under AICRP on Agroforestry in Bihar since 1987 are also given in this paper. INTRODUCTION Bihar, the twelth largest state of India is bound on the north by Nepal, south by Jharkhand, east by West Bengal and on the west by Uttar Pradesh. The state lies between 24° 20’10″ to 27° 31’15″ N latitude and between 83° 19’50" to 88° 17’40"E longitude at an elevation of 53.12 m above the mean sea level and comprises an area of 93595.68 sq.km. The topography of Bihar is practically plain. The whole of the Bihar plain is traversed by a number of fairly large rivers, viz., Ganga, Ghagra, Kosi, Bagmati, Burhi Gandak, Kamla balan etc. which cause intermittent floods and engulf several districts of Bihar each year.

277 - 304 (28 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
17 Agroforestry Systems and Practices in Jharkhand
M. S. YADAVA, S. M. SULAIMAN QULI

ABSTRACT The paper gives a comprehensive detail of the state with regards to its inception, socio-economic, climatic and edaphic conditions. In addition states agroclimatic zones along with their characteristics have been described in the paper. Extent of agriculture crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry along with their production and contribution to national pool is provided elaborately. Details of agroforestry systems like silvipastoral and agrisilvipastoral for land with very high erosion and hortisilviculture and hortiagrisilviculture, aquaforestry, entomoforestry recommended for land with moderate to low erosion had been explained in details. Significant results obtained in agroforestry research under AICRP on Agroforestry and Horticulture and Agroforestry Research program have also been presented in this paper. Finally some tips to make agroforestry successful and future strategies have been given. INTRODUCTION Jharkhand state evolved as 28th State on 15th November 2000 from the southern part of Bihar, with a total area of 79.5 lakh ha and population density of 274/Km2 consisting of 28 per cent schedule tribes and 12 per cent schedule caste population. A total of 29.61 per cent of the geographical area of the state consists of forest area with 28.4 per cent actual forest cover (Annon., 2001). Most of the forest area of the state consists of mines, which do not allow any agriculture. The continued large-scale mining operations of Coal and Iron ore are generating serious threats for the area coming under down streams. The areas lying under sharp undulating topography are under threats of soil erosion, which in turn affect the low lying water body’s carrying capacity i.e. due to continuous siltation, all such anomalies emphasizes the need to improve the water and land use efficiency in order to ensure better storage and retention of the rain water, for improving the productivity of the land.

305 - 318 (14 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
18 Agroforestry Systems and Practices in West Bengal
PANKAJ PANWAR

ABSTRACT West Bengal is the gateway to North-East and has diverse vegetation and social strata. The paper presents the agroclimatic zones of the state along with their characteristic features. The scenario with regard to agriculture, forest cover and livestock shows that practicing agroforestry is the need of the state. For the sake of convenience the state has been divided into two parts: south Bengal and north Bengal. In the tribal dominated parts of the state home gardens are prevalent. Possible interventions in the present land use along with strategies to increase tree cover under agroforestry has also been discussed. INTRODUCTION Cultivation of tree species and agricultural crops in intimate combination had been a practice through out the world at one period or another. Trees were integral and important component of the farming system. However, in the middle ages the concept changed and agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry were separated under a monoculture management system. This in long run led to an incredible reduction in forest cover and ecological imbalance. Scientists and managers once again began to think about changing the land use system and integrating trees with agriculture crops (Panwar et al., 2004). In India, research work on agroforestry was initiated during the late 1970’s by Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi; Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Dehradun; Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur and ICAR Research Complexes in isolation. National commission on agriculture also emphasized starting of agroforestry education in all agriculture university. The formal research activities related to agroforestry started in a big way with the initiation of All India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry (AICRPAF) from 7th Feb., 1983 with 20 centers, of which 12 were in State Agricultural Universities and rest in ICAR Institutes. Later more centers were added. The major emphasis was to have research centers in all the major ecological zones of India. In this venture in the first phase AICRPAF was initiated in West Bengal at Jhargram, Distt. Midnapore under the auspices of the then only Agricultural University in West Bengal - Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur representing Humid and Subhumid zone of West Bengal.

319 - 332 (14 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
19 Agroforestry Systems and Practices in Orissa
A.K.MOHAPATRA, N. BHOLA, R. K. PATNAIK

ABSTRACT Orissa is traditionally an agrarian state. It is endowed with vast natural resources, diversified agro-edaphic conditions,rich flora and fauna, wide range of land holdings, various socio-cultural groups and people with multiple economic strata. These factors have led to evolve a variety of agroforestry systems and practices. The traditional agroforestry systems which are prevailing in the state since time immemorial are broadly agrisilvicultural, silvipastoral and agrisilvipastoral systems. The prominent agrisilvicultural systems include podu/jhum cultivation, multipurpose trees on farm lands, multiple species tree gardens and agroforestry for fuel wood production. The important silvipastoral systems are trees on pasture, fodder trees and shrubs on forest land and live fence of fodder trees and shrubs. The very old agrihortisilvicultural system prevailing in the state is homegarden. Interventions of Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology and various Government and Non-Government agencies have resulted in the development of some improved agroforestry practices in recent years. Some of the improved agroforestry practices are Acacia mangium based agrisilvicultural practices, Guava based agrisilvicultural practices, coconut based agroforestry practices, Eucalyptus (Clonal) based agrisilvicultural practices, windbreaks, timber tree based agrisilvicultural practices, Sesbania grandiflora based agrisilvicultural practice, Acacia mangium based silvipastoral system, mangium-guava based silvipastoral practices, improved homegardens, commercial block plantations on farmlands and apisilvicultural practice.

333 - 346 (14 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
20 Agroforestry Systems and Practices Prevailing in Assam
A.A.AHMED, D.N. HAZARIKA

ABSTRACT Assam has been divided into six agroclimatic zones on the basis of soil, climate, terrain and vegetation. It comprises of Brahmaputra plain zone to Hill zone. The paper deals with the traditional agroforestry systems prevailing in all these agroclimatic zones along with the research activities which are going on in Assam. Salient research achievements with respect to tree-crop compatibility are given at the end of the chapter. Impact of agroforestry research on farmers of Assam in terms of adoption is also given. INTRODUCTION Assam, one of the eastern states of India, lies between 240 N and 28018’ N latitudes and 8904’ E and 960 E longitudes. The state is surrounded by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh in the north, Nagaland, Manipur and a part of Arunachal Pradesh in the east, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya in the south and West Bengal in the west. The state is endowed with abundant fertile land and water sources with a total geographical area of 78,523 km2 with population density of 318 per square kilometer.

347 - 356 (10 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
21 Agroforestry Systems and Practices Prevailing in Meghalaya
J. M. S. TOMAR, K. UPADHAYA, O. P. TRIPATHI, H.N. PANDEY

ABSTRACT In the state of Meghalaya, forests are being degraded by age-old practice of shifting agriculture by native tribes and other human activities. Agroforestry has a great potential both from the point of view of restoration and maintenance of soil fertility and to increase agriculture production. The traditional system of agriculture in the state is primitive, labour intensive and dependent on rainfall. The proportion of space occupied by the tree and crop components in the traditional system largely depends upon factors like soil types, plant species and crop arrangements. The common traditional systems practiced in the state may be grouped under agrisilviculture, agrihorticulture, silvihorticulture, pastoralsilviculture and pastoralhorticulture. Agroforestry systems can play an important role in soil conservation and improvement in moisture and nutrient levels through efficient cycling of nutrients, which in turn would enhance agriculture production. The analysis of different agroforestry systems in the state of Meghalaya suggests that further improvement of the existing systems may yield high productivity and make them more sustainable. INTRODUCTION Agroforestry is an ideal scientific approach to tackle the problems of degraded lands and to bring about eco-restoration and maintenance of soil resources. The significance of tree based land use systems in general and agroforestry in particular, has been realized in improving the economy of farmers having small land holdings (Chauhan and Dhyani 1990, Beer et al 1990, Fisher 1990, Dhyani and Tripathi 1999). The fertility of soils can be improved under the influence of tree cover, which checks erosion, contributes to accumulation of organic matter content, adds nitrogen through symbiotic N-fixation by leguminous or actinorrhizal trees and continuously replenishes the nutrients through effective recycling mechanisms. It offers a practical means of achieving greater outputs and at the same time maintains soil fertility that ultimately helps in increasing productivity of agricultural crops and trees.

357 - 366 (10 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
22 Agroforestry Systems and Practices Prevailing in Mizoram
U. K. SAHOO

ABSTRACT Mizoram is predominantly a hilly state where people have been practicing agroforestry in a variety of forms from traditional shifting (jhum) cultivation to the most scientific-induced agroforestry models. However, ‘jhum’ still remains the main form of land use even though it is known to cause severe soil, water and biodiversity erosion and low crop productivity. The induced agroforestry practices carried out in Miozram have the ability to replace shifting cultivation but these systems again are not properly designed to tackle various biophysical, socio-cultural and economic need of the people, resulting in their poor acceptability. The paper reviews various agroforestry systems prevailing in Mizoram and details some ongoing agroforestry research trials in the State.

367 - 384 (18 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
23 Agroforestry Systems and Practices Prevailing in Arunachal Pradesh, their Constraints and Potentials
KAMAL KISHOR SOOD, P. HANDIQUE, B. SINGH

ABSTRACT Arunachal Pradesh, the largest state of North-East India is unique state of the country in the sense that its altitude range between 70 – 7000 m, have 26 major tribes besides 110 sub-tribes, have 82 per cent of its land under forest and most of the area is under the control of local tribes which practice shifting cultivation. The paper presents the potentialities of agroforestry in Arunachal Pradesh. The different agroforestry systems prevailing in the state are also given in detail. Agroforestry systems which are scientifically tested and the direction in which research are to be done in future to extend agroforestry has also been presented. INTRODUCTION Indian Eastern Himalaya, covers the states of Assam, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura and Meghalaya (Kukreti, 2000). The erstwhile North East Frontier Agency, now Arunachal Pradesh, the largest state among the North-eastern states of India lies at latitude 26°28’-29°30 N and longitude 91°30’- 97°30 E with a geographical area of 83,743 km2. The human population of the state is 10,91,113 (GOI, 2002). The recorded forest area in the state is 68602 km2 which is 82.0 per cent of the geographical area of Arunachal Pradesh (Kukreti, 2000). The forest cover in the state forms the highest amongst all the states of the country and state is least densely populated. The state is bounded by Bhutan to the west, Myanmar to the east, China to the north and north east, and the plains of Assam to the south. There are 26 major tribes and 110 sub tribes which inhabit different parts of the state, with a life style totally dependent on the forest resources. Moreover, almost all the major tribes and sub tribes has been practicing shifting cultivation from the ancient time in this region which is integral part of sociocultural life of the tribal people.

385 - 402 (18 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
24 Homegarden Systems in the Humid Tropics of North-Eastern India
A. ARUNACHALAM, K. ARUNACHALAM, S. TANGJANG, S. DEB

ABSTRACT Homegardens are traditional agroforestry systems present throughout the northeast India especially in foothill region. The high diversity and the intensive care that is given to the homegarden in and around Arunachal Pradesh results in a unique combination of high levels of productivity, stability and sustainability of the system. The homegardens studied here were vertically distributed in four different layers viz, floor, middle, sub-canopy and canopy. Such stratification has given rise to the distribution of a variety of species based on light requirement in the system. Density and diversity index of tree species in the homegardens were highest in Harmutty in the foothills (468.5 plants ha-1 and 1.17 respectively), whereas lower values were recorded in Ziro in the upper elevation (16 plants ha-1, 0.651 respectively). Soil nutrients were greater in Harmutty, followed by Doimukh, Nirjuli and then Ziro. Maximum plant detrital (litter and fine roots) biomass and their subsequent decomposition in the homegardens of Harmutty (10185.67 kg ha-1) might be the probable reason for the efficient nutrient cycling and generation of more available nutrients.

403 - 414 (12 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
25 Structure and Function of Homegardens of Andaman and Nicobar
C. B. PANDEY, R. B. RAI

ABSTRACT Homegarden is a least studied agroecosystem of the world. Present study, conducted in 430 homegardens before Tsunami in five island groups namely North Andaman, Middle Andaman, South Andaman, Car Nicobar and Noncowry (former three, Andaman group and later two, Nicobar group of islands), India, reports composition, species structure and its distribution and functioning of the system. The homegarden is comprised of 6 components i.e., garden, livestock, poultry, fishpond, homesteads, and rice fields. Coconut and arecanut trees predominate in the garden. Fruits, spices and agroforestry trees are other ligneous species, which together with the former trees form multistorey canopy structure. But, composition and dominance of the tree species vary across the islands. Arecanut to coconut ratio is greatest invariably in all the homegardens in the Andaman. Family members do maximum 70 per cent labour in the homegarden and consume 35-65 per cent fruits, poultry, livestock and fishpond products, however, surplus is sold. Free range grazing in nearby protected forests is an age old practice of animal feeding whereas poultry birds are fed among the garden trees and household refuge. Livestock includes cattle, buffaloes and goats in Andaman and pig and goat in Nicobar. Cattle are used for milk, he buffaloes as a draft animal and pig and goat for meat. Cattle, mostly local breed, yield a little amount of milk, an average, 1 liter cow-1. Plantation crops production is low: coconut 18-30 nuts palm-1 and arecanut 0.75 kg palm-1. The homegardens serve the subsistence as well as earn income, but low (US$ 2357) to the house. In Nicobar, Nicobarese huts interspersed in a big natural coconut plantation form the homegarden. Tribe Nicobarese do not know crop husbandry, rather they pursue round the year sea fishing and pig rearing. They relish most pork, unripe boiled wild banana, Nicobari tuber, fruits and seeds of Pendanus and fried fish.

415 - 440 (26 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
26 Agroforestry Systems and Practices Adopted in Andhra Pradesh
B. SREEMANNARAYANA, B. JOSEPH, L.G. GIRI RAO

ABSTRACT Andhra Pradesh is predominently an agrarian state, where 70 per cent of the people live in rural areas. Andhra Pradesh has 7 Agroecological zones spread over in coastal Andhra, Telangana and Rayalaseema regions with varied climatic situations. The existing agroforestry systems in costal Andhra are Mango-based Agrihorticulture system, Betelvine-sesbania system, Borrasus flabellefer, Glyrecidia boundary plantations, Eucalyptus, Causarina and Subabul block plantations. Besides Neem, Tamarind and jamuns are also found in isolated manner. In Telangana region, Custard apple based Agrihorticulture system, Mango based Agrihorticulture system, Boundary plantations of Neem, teak, Jamun etc., are present. Eucalyptus based Agrisilviculture system is propagated by ITC, Bhadrachalam in Khammam and elsewhere in the state. In Rayalaseema region in all the districts tamarind, mango and sweet orange based agroforestry systems are prominently seen. The betelvine - sesbania system alone is fetching an income of 100 crores/year to the states’ exchequer. The common trees and tree systems available in the state are : Azadirachta indica, Tamarindus indica, Acacia nilotica, Pithecellobium dulce, Parkinsonia aculeata, Pterocarpus santalinus, Dalbergia latifolia and many others.

441 - 450 (10 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
27 Agroforestry Systems of Karnataka — An Overview
B.N. SATHIS, C.G KUSHALAPPA

ABSTRACT Agroforestry a sustainable land use system being practiced since long back through out the country. A diverse climatic, edaphic, and environmental conditions prevailing in the country has made it possible to practice different kinds of agroforestry systems. The local research organizations and individuals have undertook various studies for the betterment of the local agroforestry systems for getting higher yields to meet the need of food, fodder, fuel wood etc. It was found that Jowar+Teak+Papaya followed by Chilli+Teak+Papaya combination gave more economic returns compared to pure agricultural crop. Casuarina equisetifolia, Grevillea robusta, Dalbergia sissoo and Melia dubia have been found to be suitable for agroforestry systems in dryland. Coffee based agroforestry system and other tree-crop combination tried have been elaborated in this paper. INTRODUCTION Agroforestry is a new word for the old practice of growing woody plants with agricultural crops and/or livestock together on the same land. Various experts and scientists working on agroforestry or involved in land use related sciences have defined agroforestry according to their individual understanding of what they call agroforestry. “Agroforestry is sustainable management system for land that increases total production, combines agricultural crops, tree crops and forest plants and or animals simultaneously or sequentially and applies management practices that are compatible with the cultural patterns of the local population” (Chundawat and Gautham, 1993).

451 - 458 (8 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
28 Agroforestry Systems and Practices of Kerala
B. MOHAN KUMAR

ABSTRACT Agroecologically the state is divided into 13 zones based on altitudinal variations, precipitation pattern, soil type and topographic features. Land use systems that integrate woody perennials with other life forms abound in all these zones, along with a great diversity of trees and field crops. Although these practices are apparently specific to the topographic and edaphic factors, a complex pattern of overlapping which transgresses over a wide range of agroecological zones is obvious. An attempt is made to describe the important agroforestry systems of Kerala, both traditional as well as those potentially suitable. INTRODUCTION The state of Kerala with many woody perennial-based land use practices is often regarded as the “Mecca” of agroforestry. Most of these are, however, traditional systems evolved over centuries of cultural and biological transformations and may represent the accrued wisdom and insights of farmers who have interacted with environment, without access to exogenous inputs, capital or scientific skills. Over long periods in the history of land use in these highly populated humid tropical lands, such diverse land use systems have apparently remained as engines of food security, besides sourcing multiple products and services including certain intangible benefits (e.g., microclimatic modification, soil and water conservation); thus providing the rationale for the co-existence of an array of pluralistic land use orders often in close juxtaposition with one another. Yet another plausible explanation for the occurrence of many diverse woody perennial-based systems and practices over a relatively small geographical range is perhaps the brute heterogeneity of the Kerala landscape.

459 - 484 (26 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
29 Agroforestry Systems and Practices of Tamil Nadu
M. PARAMATHMA, R. JUDE SUDHAGAR, P. RATHAKRISHNAN

ABSTRACT Tamil Nadu, the southern most state of India has 8 per cent of the country’s population and its net sown area is only 4-5 per cent of the country’s area. The state is endowed with varied physiography from hills to coastal lands and hence varied agroclimatic and edaphic conditions. This paper details the characteristics of different agroclimate and provides varied perennial and annual components being practiced in different combinations in these agroforestry systems. INTRODUCTION Land is a major non renewable natural resource. With the increase in population, the demand of land for all activities increases. The requirement of food, fibre, fodder and fuel of the ever increasing population has to be met with the finite land resources. In India, the pattern of land use in agriculture and forestry took a drastic turn during the period from fifties to eighties. Conservation, development and management of the available land is basic for ensuring food, ecological, environmental and economic security of our country. Tamil Nadu’s population is around 8 per cent of the total country and the net sown area is only a meager 4-5 per cent of that of the country. With the ever increasing population and expanding industrialization, steps need to be taken to utilize the land to the optimum extent possible and to identify and utilize lands effectively and efficiently in order to make full use of their maximum capability.

485 - 496 (12 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
30 Agroforestry Modelling
AJIT, A. K. HANDA AND UMA

ABSTRACT Modelling has been used in natural sciences since centuries in one-way or the other. However, system modelling as a discipline in itself is established in the recent years. Agroforestry modelling is a complex process that essentially involves at least two elements viz. tree and crop, where tree is the long term and crop is the short-term component. Agroforestry models, usually, predict tree growth and yield and the reduction/enhancement in crop yield as influenced by the tree component in temporal and spatial sequence. In this paper the need of modeling, stages of model development, its validation and classification of models are given. The models, which are relevant to agroforestry, have also been given. INTRODUCTION Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land use systems. According to the Association for Temperate Agroforestry - “Agroforestry practices are intentional combinations of trees with crops and/ or livestock that involve intensive management of the interactions between the components as an integrated agroecosystem”. These key characteristics are the essence of agroforestry and are what distinguish it from other farming or forestry practices. To be called agroforestry, a land use practice must satisfy all of these criteria:

497 - 518 (22 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
31 Potential of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Agroforestry Systems
L.M. GUPTA, M. SALEEM, S. K. GUPTAAND MEENAKSHI GUPTA

ABSTRACT The popularity and belief in natural and herbal healthcare systems is inseparable from traditional ethos and practices in India. India has been known to be a rich repository of medicinal plants since time immemorial. Now many countries like China, Cuba, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand etc. have endorsed the official use of traditional system of Medicines in their healthcare programmes. The western system of medicine (allopathy) too has a large component of plant based drugs and most potent medicines use specific chemical constituents which in turn has generated bulk demand. A dramatic increase in exports of MAP’s (medicinal and aromatic plants) attests to global interest in their products as well as in the traditional health system. Past efforts of 27 years in agroforestry research and extension is now yielding results; Agroforestry is coming up in private as well as community lands in a big way for both subsistence as well as commercial purposes. Incorporation of medicinal plants in agroforestry will not only diversify the cropping system but will also lead to conserve and reduce pressure on medicinal plants in forest besides improving economic status of the farmers.

519 - 532 (14 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
32 Canopy Managament in Agroforestry— Options and Strategies
P. S. THAKUR, ANJU THAKUR

ABSTRACT The integration of woody perennials on the farm lands for obvious reasons has been the common practice with the farming community for ages. It is true that the integration of trees on the farmland, albeit paves the way for the improvement of existing system, but nevertheless creates complex biological interactions, which may not necessarily result in yield advantage. Management of multipurpose tree species, especially agroforestry tree species, integrated on the farmland with crops, is essential for two reasons, i) because canopy size decides the transmission of photosynthetically active radiation to the understorey crops and ii) that the impact of canopy management practices some times have drastic implications. Canopy management practices like coppicing; pollarding and partial crown removal not only affects foliage and branch wood biomass production but also modifies physiological parameters and resource utilization pattern. This paper deals with the need and techniques of managing canopy as well as the research activities carried out in this regards.

533 - 544 (12 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
33 Rural Women in Agroforestry in North Western Himalayas
VIDYA THAKUR

ABSTRACT Women nearly constitute half of the population of the mountainous region of northwestern Himalayas. Rural hill women with their multiple roles and functions in the society, form an integral part of sustainable development of hills. Irrespective of age and health, they have to perform domestic household and agriculture work. Collection of fodder, firewood and fuel wood from the forest areas for energy requirements and household cooking are also done by women. The present paper provides the background information about the women in hilly areas and their dependence on agroforestry for meeting daily requirements of household. INTRODUCTION More than ninety per cent of mountain population inhibit in rural areas. Women nearly constitute half of the population of the region having composite social profile. Mountain specificities which consists of habitats, societies and their interactions and adaptations can prove to be constraints as well as opportunities. Comparative economic growth or development and dynamism in social-economic structure are due to interlinking of various land use systems including agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry and tourism. Rural women play a pivotal role in sustainable development of their areas and form an integral part of subsistence rural economy (Thakur, 2003). They are considered nucleus of hill farming because of their multiple functions/ role in the society. Hence this section of the society in the region is the main and basic asset. They depend on their surrounding environment for many of the basic needs, therefore they are inextricably linked with natural resources and environment, and thus have to cope with the harsh environment by developing mountain specific adaptations.

545 - 550 (6 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
34 Bamboo based Agroforestry Systems in India and their Future Potential
D. R. BHARDWAJ, KRISHAN CHAND

ABSTRACT The paper discusses distribution of bamboo, their uses and bamboo based agroforestry systems in India and their future potential. Bamboo, one of the fastest growing plant species is extremely versatile and has been traditionally put to a large number of uses. Application of modern technology and industrial processing has catapulted bamboo into a new global limelight. At present there is huge demand of bamboo based raw material viz., timber, plywood, bamboo flooring, edible bamboo shoots, etc. in the international market and most of the international market of bamboo is captured by China. In India, most of the bamboo raw material comes from natural forest. To capture the emerging bamboo market we have to increase the bamboo cultivation outside the forest under different bamboo based agroforestry systems. Experiments have shown that bamboo based agrisilviculture systems is technically and economically feasible in our country under different agro-ecological conditions. The agriculture crops which can be profitably grown with bamboo are soybean, pigeon pea, ginger, turmeric, etc. Keeping in view the international scenario, ecological conditions and taking clues from China’s success stories, some of the bamboo based agroforestry system components are also proposed.

551 - 562 (12 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
35 Potential and Strategies of Agroforestry Interventions for Rehabilitation of Mine Spoil Wastelands of Uttaranchal Himalaya
K.S. DADHWAL

ABSTRACT Minerals are important raw materials for the economic development of any nation. However, unscientific mining for minerals poses a serious threat to the environment. Mine spoils from outer Uttaranchal Himalaya are highly variable from loose to hard and compact at places. Rehabilitation technology for degraded mine sites consist of several steps, each of them playing an important role. Rehabilitation of these spoils is imperative to meet our demand of fuel, fodder, timber, reduce soil erosion and improve environmental pollution. The paper presents the efforts of rehabilitation of mine spoils in Uttaranchal Himalayas both mechanical as well as vegetative measures. Agroforestry techniques used in rehabilitation of mine spoils has been given in this paper. INTRODUCTION Himalayan region which constitute about 54 million ha (16.5%) area of the country is characterized by marginality, inaccessibility and fragility, compounded by high intensity erratic rainfall, steep slopes, large scale deforestation and faulty management practices. Natural resources in the region are under great stress due to mounting human and livestock populations. The increasing frequency of natural disasters, e.g. landslides, floods, droughts and deterioration of water bodies due to accelerated deforestation, conversion of marginal/forest land into agriculture and unscientific developmental activities e.g. mining, roads etc. further aggravate the problem. Soil erosion is the major constraint in crop production. High intensity rains in the monsoon season cause excessive runoff and soil loss. On erosion-prone steep slopes, about 50 per cent of the rainfall is lost as runoff, carrying with it 20 t ha-l soil.

563 - 576 (14 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
36 Tree Breeding — Status and Strategy for Agroforestry Species in India
V.K. GUPTA, R.V. KUMAR, S.P. AHLAWAT

ABSTRACT In agroforestry and forestry sectors, little efforts have been made for tree improvement research in India. Planting of genetically poor quality of seedlings/propagules is one of the major reasons of low level impact of agroforestry systems in Indian Agriculture. Most of the agroforestry tree species have not been even gone through simple selection for superior types (plus trees). Exploration, collection and conservation of germplasm of woody agroforestry species, selection for fast growing trees, clonal propagation, seed orchards and other advances in tree breeding are still in fancy stage. At present, all the woody agroforestry species are propagated through collected seeds and/or propagules by unskilled labourers. It is well known that through tree breeding and establishment of seed orchards of improved genotypes, significant achievements towards the improvement of productivity of economic tree products is possible as happened in agricultural crops in India and industrial trees in USA and Europe. Even by small efforts of tree improvement, productivity of economic tree products can be raised by 20-30 per cent. In this paper breeding methodology, limitations, status and strategy of various agroforestry species has been discussed in special reference to Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul), Prosopis cinereria (Khejri), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Populus spp., Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham), Acacia nilotica (Desi babul), Eucalyptus spp. Casuarina equisetifolia (Casuarina), Albizia lebbek (Desi siris) and Jatropha curcus (Ratanjot).

577 - 608 (32 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
37 Agroforestry for Sustainability — Soil and Water Conservation Strategy
SATYANANDA PATRA, CALVIN FOX

ABSTRACT Contour hedgerow technology has different names in different regions. Sloping Agriculture Land Technology (SALT) has alley farming with hedgerow barrier technology. It is basically an agroforestry system in which nitrogen - fixing trees or shrubs are planted very closely in rows and cash crops grown in between the alleys. The SALT has been considered as an alernative to shifting cultivation. Forest dwellers are mostly tribals and shifting cultivation have been their practice for food production. The slash and burn has caused enormous damage to the forest composition. The forests on the hills and on the mountains have suffered a lot due to “Podhu” cultivation. The similar situations have been observed also in most of the Asian country. The hilly area has been considered under the hedgerow system for soil and water conservation. The introduction of the agroforestry systems in the farmers fields and in the wastelands have brought potential forest farming. The young leaves of some hedge row plants provide good fodder for livestock. Hedgerows can also be managed to provide fuelwood, if necessary. The hedgerows and their trimming provide mechanical and biological barriers and help minimise soil erosion by reducing surface runoff velocities, leading to higher deposition of soil sediments and living source of nutrient cycling. The food and cash production has been observed to be the most essential components in four types of SALT models.

609 - 624 (16 Pages)
INR114.00 INR103.00 + Tax
 
38 End Pages

Species Index   A. Auriculiformis 290, 298, 487 A. Indica 158 Acacia 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 71, 72, 73, 81, 83, 86, 89, 99, 100, 112, 114, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 151, 152, 156, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184, 186, 187, 188, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 293, 303, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 441, 447, 449, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495, 523, 525 Acacia auriculiformis 37, 40, 247, 248, 249, 290, 311, 313, 314, 316, 317, 525 Acacia catechu 69, 71, 72, 81, 83, 86, 89, 99, 100, 112, 114, 134, 137, 261, 282, 310, 311, 523 Acacia holosericea 249, 487 Acacia lenticularis 282, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 293, 303 Acacia leucophloea 38, 487, 488, 490, 491, 492

 
9cjbsk

Browse Subject

Payment Methods