Preface Environmental science is the interdisciplinary field and requires the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the Environment; with a focus on Environmental pollution and degradation of the Environment related due to human activities; and the impact on Biodiversity and sustainability from local and global development. It is inherently an interdisciplinary field that draws upon not only its core scientific areas, but also applies knowledge from other non-scientific studies such as economics, law and social sciences.   Even though the concept of environmental science has existed for centuries, it become more active during the decades of 1960s and 1970s,  for the analysis of complex Environmental problems with substantive Environmental laws and the support of the growing public awareness on Environmental problems. The population and increase in standard of living is  also one of the major factor which makes the changes on Environmental issues such as Climate change, Conservation, Biodiversity, Groundwater and Soil contamination, Use of natural resources, Waste Management, Sustainable development, and Air pollution.

1.1     Forest Resources      1.2     Uses of Forest      1.3     Deforestation and its Effects      1.4     Water Resources              1.4.1 Water Conflicts     1.4.2 Dams Conflicts      1.5    Drought     1.5.1 Regions of Drought in the World     1.5.2 Effects of Drought      1.6     Flood      1.7    Environmental Effects of Mineral Resources      1.8    Food Rseources     1.8.1 Technological Improvements in Food Production     1.8.2 Environmental Issues Related to Increased Production      1.9    Overgrazing and its Effects      1.10    Impacts of Intensive Farming on Soil and Water Resources      1.11    Effects of Agricultural Chemicals on the Environment      1.12    Energy Sources      1.13    Waterlogging      1.14    Land Resources      1.15    Land Degradation      1.16    Soil Erosion     1.16.1 Types of Erosion      1.17     Desertification     1.17.1 Causes of Desertification     1.17.2 Effects of Desertification      1.18    Conservation of Natural Resources     1.18.1 Conflicts     1.18.2 Challenges and Methods

2.1    Ecosystem     2.1.1 Major Components of Ecosystems     2.1.2 Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems     2.1.3 Various Types of Ecosystems      2.2    Biodiversity     2.2.1 Genetic Diversity     2.2.2 Species Diversity     2.2.3 Ecosystem Biodiversity     2.2.4 Values of Biodiversity     2.2.5 Threats of Biodiversity     2.2.6 Endangered and Endemica Species of India     2.2.7 Biodiversity Conservation

3.1    Air Pollution     3.1.1 Classification of Air Pollutants     3.1.2  Properties of Air Pollutants     3.1.3  Health Effects     3.1.4 Particulate Pollution Control Equipments     3.1.5 Gaseous Pollution Control Equipments      3.2    Water Pollution     3.2.1 Causes of Pollution     3.2.2 Origin of Wastewater     3.2.3 Waste Water Composition     3.2.4 Types of Water Pollutants     3.2.5 Basic Processes of Water Treatment      3.3    Land      3.4    Marine Pollution     3.4.1 Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution Toxics     3.4.2 Control Measures      3.5    Noise     3.5.1 Effects of Noise     3.5.2 Major Noise Sources     3.5.3 Noise Control Measures      3.6    Thermal Pollution     3.6.1 Effects of Thermal Pollution      3.7     Nuclear Hazards     3.7.1 Nuclear Weapons     3.7.2 Types of Nuclear Bursts     3.7.3 Nuclear Injuries     3.7.4 Residual Radiation      3.8    Nuclear Waste and their Treatment      3.9    Solid Waste Management     3.9.1 Role of Human in Prevention of Pollution      3.10    Disaster Management     3.10.1 Floods     3.10.2 Earthquake     3.10.3 Cyclone     3.10.4 Landslides

4.1    Urban Issues      4.2    Environmental Ethics - Issues and Possible Solutions      4.3    Water Conservation     4.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting      4.4    Greenhouse Gases and their Sources     4.4.1 Climate Change     4.4.2 Global Warming     4.4.3 The Greenhouse Effect     4.4.4 Consequences of the Greenhouse Effect     4.4.5 Acid Rain, 176      4.5    Ozone Layer Depletion      4.6    Nuclear Accidents      4.7    Waste Reclamation      4.8    Consumerism and Waste      4.9    Forest (Conservation) Act 1980      4.10    Wildlife Protection Act      4.11    The Air  (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981      4.12    Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974     4.13    The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986     4.14    Environmental  Laws

5.1    Population Growth      5.2    Exponential Growth      5.3    Population Explosions      5.4    Over Population      5.5     The Causes of Rapid Population Growth      5.6    Ways and Means to Solve Over Population      5.7    Environment and Health      5.8    Family Welfare Programme      5.9    Human Rights      5.10    Child Welfare      5.11    Women Welfare

Annexure I The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)      Act, 1981 Annexure II Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)  Act, 1974 Annexure III The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Selected References Suggested References for Further Reading