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Preface Production and bumper crops and food security begin with high quality seeds. Seed producers and processor’s must provide these high quality genetically pure seeds to farmers and consumers every year. This is a challenging work, as it requires that seeds be clean, free from weed seeds and other contaminants. Seeds for sale must also be checked 1to make sure they have a good vigour and viability. The importance of improved seed associated with genetic, physical, physiological and health qualities warrants thorough knowledge on seed biology, production of genetically pure seeds, post harvest management of seeds, seed quality enhancement techniques, seed legislation and certification, seed testing and seed industry and marketing. The question of man power development in Seed Science and Technology arises in early 70’s among the policy makers to fulfil the above gaps. During fifth five year plan, the National Commission of Agriculture (1971-76), recommends teaching of Seed Science and Technology in Agricultural Universities and ICAR Institutes. Now, the students and graduates of agriculture, horticulture and forestry specializing in Seed Science and Technology are taking up competitive examinations at State and National levels for job opportunities and higher education. Considering the need of the students and graduates including teachers, the book on “Competitive Seed Science and Technology” is prepared. I hope that this book can cater the requirements of students, graduates and teachers. I welcome your suggestions and comments for improvement of the book.

I. FILL UPS A _____ is an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with pedicellate flowers along the axis. A _____ is a type of raceme with flowers that do not have a pedicel. An _____ is a type of raceme with a short axis and multiple floral pedicels of equal length that appear to arise from a common point. Indeterminate simple inflorescences are generally called _____. Determinate simple inflorescences are generally called _____. A compound raceme is often called a _____. _____ are umbels in which the single flowers are replaced by many smaller umbels called umbellets. _____ is the pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther. _____ is the part of the stamen where pollen is produced. _____ is the ovule producing part of a flower.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the period during which a flower is fully open and functional, in terms of pollen maturation and dispersal. Flowers with _____ anthesis generally have brightly coloured flowers to attract insects, such as butterflies. Flowers with _____ anthesis generally have white or less colourful flowers. _____ is the mechanism, in which the stamens and pistil of a flower mature at different times. The best example for protandry is _____. _____ is the mechanism in which the stigma become receptive before pollen release. _____ is the process by which plant pollen is transferred from the male reproductive organs to the female reproductive organs to form seeds. In Bengal gram, the method of pollination is _____. Red gram is _____ pollinated crop.

I. FILL UPS Mango fruit is a _____. _____ is a fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp or pit. Apple fruit is a _____. _____ fruit is a drupe. Grape fruit is a _____. Cucumber fruit is a _____. Citrus fruit is a _____.

I. FILL UPS A seed is defined as a _____ or a reproductive unit formed from fertilized ovule, consisting of an embryo, reserve food and a protective cover. A seed is defined as a mature ovule or a reproductive unit formed from _____ consisting of an embryo, reserve food and a protective cover. A seed is defined as a mature ovule, or a reproductive unit formed from fertilized ovule, consisting of an _____, reserve food and a protective cover. A seed is defined as a mature ovule or a reproductive unit formed from fertilized ovule, consisting of an embryo, _____ and a protective cover. Seed acts as a carrier of _____. Seed must ensure high _____ (true to type). Seed must be viable and have good _____ capacity

I. FILL UPS _____ is the method of propagating plants with the use of organs other than the seed and spore. The word asexual, which means _____. In asexual, the _____ of the male and female sexual gametes (fertilization) is not a requisite to the production of new plants. In vegetative propagation, the union of the male and _____ sexual gametes (fertilization) is not a requisite. _____ without fertilization is known as vegetative propagation. In vegetative propagation, _____ cell division takes place.

I. FILL UPS Development of seed without fertilization is called _____. _____ is the substitution for any sexual nuclear fusion. Apomitic seed will have genetic material only from the _____ plant. In _____ apomixis type, the megaspore cell undergoes the usual meiotic division and forms a haploid embryo sac. The process of seed formation without sexual fusion is known as _____. _____ is defined as the development of embryo from some other cell of embryo sac other than egg. Haploid embryo arises from the egg without fertilization is called_____.

I. FILL UPS Somatic embryo encased with artificial endosperm and protective cover is called _____. The term artificial seed was coined by_____. The artificial seed technology was patented by_____. The most common gelling agent used for artificial seeds is_____. In desiccated system, the artificial seeds are coated with _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is a technology that eliminates or reduces the germination capacity of the following seed germination. _____ technology offers a means of preventing the unwanted flow of genes from genetically modified organisms. Terminator technology is technically known as _____. _____ technology is used to protect the transgenes from being pirated by researches elsewhere. _____ is a inducer used to initiate the terminator gene interaction.

I. FILL UPS The developing ovule is commonly attached to the placenta by the _____. The scar on the ovule made where the funiculus detaches at maturity is known as the _____. The point where the integuments meet at the nuclear apex is _____. Opposite to the micropyle, the region of integumentary origin and attachment is called _____. Between the chalaza and the hilum is an area called _____. _____ is an example for species with developed perisperm.

I. FILL UPS Ovule moisture content at the time of fertilization is approximately _____. After sexual fusion, the developing seeds begin to _____ in weight as a result of nutrient accumulation. _____ is the precursor substrate for starch formation in a seed. In cereals, the walls of the dead cells of the mature starchy endosperm are composed of _____ and _____. In coffee and ivory nut seeds _____ is deposited in the cell wall. In cereal seeds, proteins are accumulated in the _____ layer.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the stage of accumulation of maximum dry matter within the seeds. The stage of attainment of physiological maturity by 80% of population is considered as _____ stage. In rice, during harvestable maturity the moisture content of long duration varieties will be _____. For short and medium duration varieties of rice, the moisture content will be _____. Rattling sound of kernel is the physiological maturity symptom of _____. The harvestable maturity indices of cotton is _____. The harvestable maturity indices of bhendi is _____.

I. FILL UPS The major storage organ for cereals is _____ . The major storage organ for legumes is _____. The major storage organ in pine is _____. The average protein percent present in soybean is _____. The average oil percent present in oilpalm is _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ refers to lack of growth due to any external or internal cause. _____ refers to a state in which viable seeds fail to germinate even when given favourable environmental conditions. _____ is a condition in which seed can germinate upon absorption of water. _____ is otherwise known as primary dormancy. A condition that develops to prevent germination after the seed has been detached from the plant is called _____. Dormancy related to the embryo is called _____.

I. FILL UPS The process whereby seeds sprout and begin to grow is known as _____. During germination of a seed, the water is absorbed through _____. _____ is the onset growth of a seed often following a period of dormancy. _____ is a type of germination in which cotyledons and shoot are carried above the soil level. _____ is a type of germination in which the cotyledon or comparable structure remain in the soil. Water moves into the tissues and cells by _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the process of bringing wild species under human management. _____ is referred to as taking a genotype into new environments, where they were not being grown before. Introduction of plants from a foreign country is called as _____. Introduction from one state to another state is called as _____. When the introduced variety is well suited to the new environment it is called as _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. Heterosis is otherwise known as _____. _____ is the reduced fitness in a given population as a result of breeding of related individuals. In _____ heterosis type, naturally occurring mutants are sheltered. The progeny posses superiority over parents in vegetative growth, but reduction in yield is known as _____. Average heterosis is mathematically expressed as _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is a crossing between two genetically dissimilar parents. Detasseling is done in _____. _____ is an example for chemical hybridizing agent. _____ is called as pollen parent. _____ is the fertile counter part of A line. DUS stand for _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the most important source of varietal deterioration during seed production. _____ in oats is caused due to mutation. In peas, _____ is caused due to mutation. _____ is another most important source of varietal deterioration due to introgression to genes from unrelated stocks. _____ is the major source of genetic contamination and varietal deterioration in cross fertilized crop.

I. FILL UPS The initial handful of seeds obtained from selected individual plants of a particular variety is called as _____. The panicles collected should be stored in a airtight drum under _____. _____ is the original purified seed stock of a new variety in the hands of a plant breeder. The seeds of a notified variety collected from the evolving institute with all the passport information is considered as _____. Nucleus seed is produced by _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the progeny of nucleus seed. Genetic purity of breeder seed is _____. Physical purity of breeder seed is _____. The colour of tag for breeder seed is _____. _____ is the progeny of breeder seed. Genetic purity of foundation seed is _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is a matured ovule usually developed after fertilization. Seed can also be defined as the _____ in resting stage. _____ of seeds refers to the trueness to type. Pure live seed is calculated by _____ _____ is the most crucial factor in the maintenance of seed germination and viability during storage. _____ refers to the sum total of all the attributes that give effective plant stand in the field.

I. FILL UPS The Seeds Act was passed in the year _____ Seed Control Order was passed in the year _____ The New Policy on Seed Development was passed in the year _____ Seed Act came into force in _____ In _____ year, Seed Rules were formed. In _____ year, Seed Certification Agencies and Central Seed Certification Board were formed.

I. FILL UPS _____ is basically a critical assessment of effective seed requirement. _____ is the ratio of seed yield per seed generation. The quantity of quality seed that have replaced the actual seed requirement of the location is _____. SRR for hybrid seeds is _____ Seed multiplication ratio for groundnut _____

I. FILL UPS Seed village is also known as _____. ITC with Zeneca stands for _____. ITC Zeneca has recently changed name to _____. CENSAR stands for _____. _____ is a compact area approach in which the whole village involved in seed production. The concept of seed village is a _____. Seed village concept was started in_____. _____ has guided the experiment in wheat. _____ is a milestone in green revolution. CAPART stands for _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is required during raising of a seed crop to avoid contamination due to natural crossing. _____ is another potent source of genetic contamination i.e., the plants differing in their characteristics from the seed variety. Removal of off types is referred as _____. _____ is the distance maintained between the seed crop and source of contaminant. The isolation distance for cotton foundation seed production is _____. The isolation distance for paddy is _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the necessary component for vitamins. _____ is vital for seed formation. _____ is essential for protein synthesis. _____ is essential for nut development in peanuts. _____ is the key element for chlorophyll production. _____ is the integral part of amino acids. _____ is essential for seed and cell wall formation. _____ catalyzes several plant processes.

I. FILL UPS The beheaded portion of cabbage is called _____. _____ method is followed for cauliflower seed production in India. In carrot, _____ method is followed among seed companies for large commercial seed production. Knob to seed method is followed in _____. Bulb to seed method is followed in _____.

I. FILL UPS The inflorescence of rice is _____. The rice flower is called _____. The stigma receptivity of rice crop is_____ period. The pollen viability of rice is for _____. The grain stem of rice is called_____. Rice is _____ pollinated crop.

I. FILL UPS Green revolution in wheat was started by _____ in Mexico. Wheat revolution in India was started by_____. Isolation distance for wheat seed production is _____. Seed rate for wheat seed production is _____. Wheat is a _____ pollinated crop Seed multiplication ratio for wheat is ranged from _____. Spacing adopted in wheat seed production plot is _____. Average seed yield in wheat is _____. _____ is the critical moisture content for wheat seed storage The minimum pure seed percentage for wheat foundation seed is _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ crop is known as the Queen of cereals. Maize is a _____ pollinated crop. Male inflorescence of maize is known as_____. Female inflorescence of maize is known as_____. Pollen viability in maize crop is_____. Silk receptivity in maize crop is _____. Isolation distance for maize certified seed production is_____.

I. FILL UPS The inflorescence of sorghum is _____. The pollen viability in sorghum is_____. Spacing adopted in sorghum seed production is _____. Seed rate recommended for sorghum seed production is_____. Seed yield of sorghum is _____. The moisture content of sorghum seed should be _____ during storage. Isolation distance for hybrid sorghum seed production is_____. Sorghum is a_____ pollinated crop. _____ crop is used as a feedstock for production of ethanol. _____ hybridization technique is followed for sorghum.

I. FILL UPS Pearl millet is a_____ pollinated crop. An example for protogyny is_____. The isolation distance for foundation seed production of pearl millet is _____. The spacing adopted for pearl millet is _____. Seed yield of pearl millet is_____. The moisture content of pearl millet seed during storage should be_____. The planting ratio for pearl millet hybrid seed production is _____. Presence of fertile counter part of female plants in the female rows is called _____. In some female plants, fertile anthers may be hanging out only from a portion of the panicle. Such plants are called _____. _____ technique is used for hybrid seed production of pearl millet.

I. FILL UPS Redgram is commonly is known as _____. _____ is the second most important pulse crop after chick pea. Redgram, being a _____ capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Pigeon pea contains_____% protein. Isolation distance of redgram must be_____. The spacing adopted for short duration red gram is _____.

I. FILL UPS Blackgram is commonly known as _____. Adopted spacing for blackgram is _____. Seed rate for blackgram is _____. Moisture content must be reduced to _____ for short term storage of blackgram seeds Isolation distance for blackgram seed crop is _____.

I. FILL UPS The isolation distance for seed crop of greengram must be _____. Spacing adopted for greengram seed production is _____. Seed rate of greengram is_____.

I. FILL UPS Cowpea is a _____ crop. Isolation distance for cowpea foundation seed production is _____. Spacing adopted for cowpea is _____. Seed rate for cowpea seed production is _____. The maximum permitted limit of offtypes for CS is _____.

I. FILL UPS Lab lab is a _____ crop. Spacing adopted for lablab seed production is _____. The isolation distance for lab lab crop is _____. The offtypes permitted for CS in lab lab crop is _____. Seed rate for field lab lab is _____.

I. FILL UPS Soybean is also known as_____. _____ is the largest oil seed crop in the world. Soybean is a_____ crop. The isolation distance for soybean is _____. Spacing adopted for soybean is _____. Seed rate for soybean is _____. _____ extracted from soybean oil used as emulsifier and lubricant.

I. FILL UPS _____ is called as ‘king of fibres’ and ‘white gold’. _____in the cotton meal is toxic to monogastric animals. A purple spot is found in the claw of the petals is called _____ The isolation distance adopted for cotton is _____ for foundation seed.

I. FILL UPS The isolation distance is _____ for foundation seed production of jute. The maximum permitted limit of off types for foundation seed is _____. The water requirement of jute crop is _____. Seed rate recommended for olitorius type of jute is _____. Seed rate recommended for capsularis type of jute is _____.

I. FILL UPS Groundnut contains _____ oil. Groundnut contains _____ protein. Groundnut is a _____crop. Stigma receptivity is for _____ after anthesis. Fertilization occurs about_____ after pollination.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the fastest growing oilseed crop in India. The inflorescence of sunflower is _____. The tiny flowers (or) florets are attached on a platform called _____. Sunflowers in bud stage exhibit _____. _____ is a tuft of hairs on the fruit.

I. FILL UPS _____ seed is one of the oldest condiments the human race has ever known. Sesame seed contains _____ oil and _____ protein. Sesame oil contains about _____ % oleic acid. Isolation distance for gingelly certified seed production is _____.

I. FILL UPS Castor seeds contain _____ % oil. The castor is rich in which triglycerides _____. _____is a toxin present in castor seed. Castor is a _____ crop.

I. FILL UPS _____ is a multipurpose crop that has been grown for orange red dye. Safflower oil contains _____ % linoleic acid. Orange red dye extracted from safflower flowers is called _____.

I. FILL UPS Tomato is a _____ pollinated crop. _____ pigment is responsible for red colour of tomato. Seed rate recommended for tomato is _____. Isolation distance recommended for foundation seeds of tomato is _____. Spacing adopted for tomato is _____.

I. FILL UPS Brinjal is rich in _____ and _____. In brinjal, _____ is the common feature in case of style. Stigma receptivity of brinjal is _____. Pollen viability in brinjal is _____. The isolation distance recommended for brinjal certified seed production is _____.

I. FILL UPS Dehydrated green chilli is a good source of _____. Isolation distance adopted for chilli for foundation seed production is _____. Seed rate of chilli is _____. Spacing generally adopted for chillies are _____.

I. FILL UPS Capsicum belongs to _____ family. _____ active ingredient is present in capsicum. Ideal day temperature for flowering is _____

I. FILL UPS _____ crop stabilizes the blood sugar by curbing the rate at which sugar is absorbed from the intestinal tract. Okra is _____ crop. The isolation distance adopted for okra for foundation seeds is _____. Seed rate of okra is _____.

I. FILL UPS Onion is a bulbous _____ herb. Onion is a _____ pollinated crop. Thin white mass within the seed coat is called _____. _____ method is commonly followed for onion seed production. The minimum isolation distance for foundation seed is _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ vegetable is botanically called as a fruit. Fruit of pumpkin is called _____. The isolation distance for pumpkin foundation seed production is _____. The isolation distance for pumpkin certified seed production is _____.

I. FILL UPS Ashgourd is a _____ crop. Stigma receptivity is for _____. Ashgourd is a _____ pollinated crop. Ashgourd fruit is a _____. The isolation distance for ashgourd certified seed production is_____.

I. FILL UPS _____ vegetable contain anti-diabetic properties. Bittergourd has _____ similar to bovine insulin. Bittergourd is popularly seen as a _____. Bittergourd is a _____ plant.

I. FILL UPS The stigma receptivity of ribbedgourd is_____. Ribbedgourd is a _____ pollinated crop. Isolation distance for foundation seed production of ribbedgourd is _____.

I. FILL UPS The viability of pollen grains in snakegourd is for _____. Stigma receptivity is for _____hours after opening. The isolation distance for snakegourd foundation seed production is _____. The wild species of snakegourd is _____.

I. FILL UPS The botanical name of radish is _____. The botanical name of knol-khol is _____. The botanical name of cauliflower is _____. The botanical name of cabbage is _____. The botanical name of carrot is _____.

I. FILL UPS The potato is made up of _____ and _____. Potato is a _____ pollinated crop Potato fruit is called as_____. An example of stem tuber is a _____.

I. FILL UPS The isolation distance of fodder cowpea for certified seed production is _____. The isolation distance of lucerne for foundation seed production is _____ The isolation distance of lucerne for certified seed production is _____. The isolation distance of berseem for certified seed production is _____.

I. FILL UPS The botanical name of mango is _____. The family name of mango is _____. The botanical name of banana is _____. The family name of banana is _____.

I. FILL UPS The botanical name of carnation is _____. The family of carnation is _____. The botanical name of chrysanthemum is _____. The family of chrysanthemum is _____.

I. FILL UPS The fruit of coffee is called _____. Coffee is a_____ pollinated crop The fruit of tea is called _____. Tea is a _____ pollinated crop. The fruit of cardamom is called _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ number of beds measuring 8 m, 0.6 m are sufficient for raising sufficient seedling for one hectare. Seeds are sown singly at _____distance apart in the furrow.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the growing of plants from meristematic tissue (or) somatic cells of superior plants on nutrient media under controlled conditions. _____ is a group of undifferentiated palnt cells. Explants used is _____ in shape. Meristem forms _____ at its cut end on which a large number of shoot primordia develop.

Varietal Seed Production Technology At a Glance

Hybrid Seed Production Technology At a Glance

I. FILL UPS The type of harvest in paddy is _____. The type of harvest in cumbu is _____. The type of harvest in bhendi is _____. The type of harvest in brinjal is _____.

I. FILL UPS The seed removal in wet fruits is known as _____. The seed removal in dry fruits is known as _____. _____ is used for mechanical extraction.

I. FILL UPS The process of eliminating moisture from the seed is called_____. _____ is the common conventional method, in which drying of harvested crop is carried out in the field. In _____ method the outside air is heated with the help of burner heater and circulated into the godown.

I. FILL UPS The _____ is used in modern seed handling and storage systems for preliminary cleaning. _____ removes large inert matter from the seeds. _____ is a machine that do the rubbing action and debeard the seeds and polish the seed. _____ is the basic cleaner in most seed processing plants.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the step in which the seeds are allowed to attain enough water holding capacity facilitating separation. _____ process helps to draw the precise difference between filled live and filled dead seeds in IDS method. PREVAC stands for_____. NIR stands for_____. IDS stands for_____.

I. FILL UPS _____ means the application of physical, biological, chemical agents to the seed in order to enhance the physical, genetical, biochemical and health qualities of seed. _____ coined the term seed priming. _____ is the impregnation of the needy substance into seed through imbibition phase. In paddy, seed fortification is done with _____ chemical. In groundnut, seed fortification is done with _____ chemical.

I. FILL UPS The seed act was passed in the year_____. _____ advise the central and state government regarding suitability of seed testing laboratories. _____deals with all the problems related seed certification and to coordinate the work of state seed certification agencies. _____ agencies take sample to inspect seed lot and certify seeds of any notified kind of varieties. _____ initiate testing program and collaborate with state seed laboratory and designed to promote uniformity in test results between all seed laboratories in India. _____ look into the grievances of certified seed producers against a seed certification officials.

I. FILL UPS _____ is a legally sanctioned system for quality control on seed multiplication and production. Certification consists of _____ phases. In single application, the maximum area that can be offered for certification is _____. AOSCA stands for_____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the observation of number of plants / earheads of seed crop which should be observed during field inspection as one unit depending upon cropping pattern and crop. Number of plants / earheads to be observed in one count for paddy is _____. Number of plants / earheads to be observed in one count for sesame is _____.

I. FILL UPS The objectionable weed of paddy is _____. The objectionable weed of sunflower is _____. The objectionable weed of oat is _____. The objectionable weed of napier grass _____

I. FILL UPS Specific crop standard consists of _____and _____. _____ and _____ standards constitute the minimum seed certification standards for seed certification.

I. FILL UPS A specified quantity of seed which is physically identifiable to the types of which certificate may be issued is called _____. Taking small portions of seed random from different position of the lot and combining them is _____ of a seed lot. A small portion taken from representative part of the seed lot is called _____. A mixture of all primary samples taken from the seed lot is called _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ works on the principle based on gravitational force Gamet divider is otherwise known as_____. Gamet divider works on the principle based on_____. _____ method is suitable for seeds requiring working samples upto 10grams and seeds not chaffy and do not bounce and roll.

I. FILL UPS _____ and _____ seeds give highest grain yield. Assessment of _____ is one of the basic requirement for quality control of seed under the seed act. The minimum number of seeds for germination test of _____. The purity analysis in groundnut is done with working sample size is _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is one of the most important deciding factors of seed viability and quality during storage. Indirect method of moisture estimation is_____. Karl fisher titration method is _____ method of moisture estimation For volatile oil containing seeds moisture is estimated by_____.

I. FILL UPS _____ number of seeds are used for germination. The seedlings which show the capacity for continued development into normal plant is called_____. The seedlings which do not show capacity for continued development into normal plant is called_____. Seeds which do not absorb moisture till the end of the test period is called _____.

I. FILL UPS The quick viability test was developed by _____. _____ is a biochemical test. The indicator used for quick viability test is _____. For maize seeds, the method followed for staining is _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the measure of how many seeds are alive and could develop into plants which will reproduce themselves. _____ method is useful for determining viability of forest tree seeds.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the official measure for controlling the genetic purity of the seed lot. _____ serves as ‘pre-control’ as well as ‘post-control’ for avoiding genetic contaminations. _____ can also be used as a measure to judge the efficacy of the certification agency or the inspector. The minimum population requirement for taking the observations shall be _____ plants.

I. FILL UPS Rapid and uniform production of healthy seedling and stand establishment under a wide range of field condition is considered as _____. The sum of those properties of seed which determine the potential level of activity and performance of the seed lot is called _____. Vigour index = _____.

I. FILL UPS The seed colour of cv COH2 is _____. The special appendage present in castor is called _____. Modified phenol test was identified by _____ for pearl millet hybrids. _____ test is for the varietal identification of sorghum.

I. FILL UPS ISTA was founded in _____. ISTA secretariat is located at _____. _____ was founded with the aim to develop and publish standard procedures in the field of seed testing. _____ is one of the leading international journals featuring papers and articles on seed quality and physiology published by ISTA. The technical committees are made up of _____ number of members.

1. VARIETAL SEED PRODUCTION 3 m : Rice, soybean 5 m : Blackgram, greengram, cowpea, field lab lab lab lab 5-10 m : Groundnut 25 m : Tomato

60% - Bottlegourd, pumpkin, bittergourd, watermelon 65% - Cotton varieties, bhendi

I. FILL UPS _____ is the maintenance of high seed germination and vigour from harvest until planting. _____ is important to get adequate plant stand in addition to healthy and vigours plants. _____ seeds can be dried to 6-10% moisture depending upon the species. _____ seeds cannot be dried below 30-35% moisture and should be maintained at this temperature.

I. FILL UPS _____ is defined as deteriorative mechanism occurring with time that increase the seeds vulnerability and decrease ability to survive. Lettuce seeds develop red necrotic lesions in cotyledons known as _____. _____ morphological changes occur in ground nut due to deterioration.

I. FILL UPS _____ refers to the application of pesticides to seeds before sowing or storage to protect the seeds. The chemical gases as fumes are used to control the pests in seed lots is called as _____. The treatments given to the seeds prior to or during storage to protect the seed are called _____ treatment.

I. FILL UPS _____ are capable of reducing the age induced damages and restoring the seed vigour by controlling free radical reactions. _____ is the process of soaking the low and medium vigour seeds in water with or without adding chemicals to raise seed moisture and drying back for safe storage of seeds. _____ treatment is similar to the moisture equilibration treatment.

I. FILL UPS _____ is a collection of genetic resources for an organism. The conservation of species in their natural habitats is called _____. _____ is the preservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats. _____ is a type of gene bank that stores seeds as a source for planting in case seed reserves elsewhere are destroyed.

I. FILL UPS The area of science that studies the relationship between pathogens and seeds is _____. The diseases that are caused by fungal pathogens in residues and on the soil surface are defined as _____. The establishment of a pathogens in any part of the seed is referred as _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ refers to the health status of a seed. A group of fungi that infects developing seeds on the plant in the field, but before it is threshed is called as _____. _____ fungi invade seeds at (or) after harvest. _____ method is used particularly for smut and bunt fungi in gramineous host. _____ method is used for detection of karnal bunt of wheat.

I. FILL UPS _____ is the most important primary pests of cereals. _____ causes serious damage in maize cob. _____ is the field pest of pulses. _____ feeds on already damaged.

I. FILL UPS _____ are also called ed-worms. _____ nematode causes discolouration in groundnut. _____ in rice is caused by Aphelenchoides besseyi. The ear cockle disease is caused _____.

I. FILL UPS RCA stands for _____. Expert standing committee was set up in _____. In _____year, All India Co-ordinated maize improvement programme was started. First maize hybrid was released in the year _____. All India co-ordinated bajra and sorghum improvement programme was started in _____. First sorghum hybrid was released in the year _____.

I. FILL UPS _____ refers to the actual acquisition and selling packed seeds, intermediate storage delivery and sales promotional activities. _____ entails using marketing information for the purpose of planning. _____ is one of the major channel through which bulk of paddy seeds, pulses seeds and oil seeds are marketed in the state.