This book describes and evaluates animal biotechnology and its application in veterinary medicine and pharmaceuticals as well as improvement in animal food production. Transgenic technologies are used for improving milk production and the meat in farm animals as well as for creating models of human diseases. Transgenic animals are used for the production of proteins for human medical use. Biotechnology is applied to facilitate xenotransplantation from animals to humans. Genetic engineering is done in farm animals and nuclear transfer technology has become an important and preferred method for cloning animals. Biotechnology has potential applications in the management of several animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, avian flue and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The most important biotechnology based products consist of vaccines, particularly genetically engineered or DNA vaccines. Gene therapy for diseases of pet animals is a fast developing area because many of the technologies used in clinical trials humans were developed in animals and many of the diseases of cats and dogs are similar to those in humans. RNA interference technology is now being applied for research in veterinary medicine. Molecular diagnosis is assuming an important place in veterinary practice. Polymerase chain reaction and its modifications are considered to be important. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are also widely used. Newer biochip-based technologies and biosensors are also finding their way in veterinary diagnostics. This book is an attempt to unravel the mysteries of biotechnology as it affects animal health and production."
Preface Biotechnology has brought revolution in our lives and is our future tool to reshape destiny. It has touched almost every aspect of human endeavour. Biotechnology is all set to have a massive impact on almost all aspects of our life in the 21st century. Animal Production and Health is an important area affecting human welfare especially the livestock farmers. Biotechnology has made inroads in this area and changed the way the animal production and health aspects are handled and holds great promises for future. India is fast pacing in the area of biotechnology to harness all potentials of productivity, growth and sustainable development. Animal biotechnology is the application of scientific processing or production of materials by animals to provide goods and services. Animal genetics is important in the application of Biotechnology to manage genetic disorders and improve animal breeding. Genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics are also being applied to animal biotechnology. This small book is an attempt to unravel the mysteries of biotechnology as it affect animal health and production. Most of the aspects in the related areas are discussed briefly and a small number of important references given as suggested reading for readers who wish to persue further. Since this is a new and important area, it is hoped that this book will stimulate minds to understand the biotechnological advances and will be useful to students of agriculture, animal husbandry and veterinary sciences. I am sure this topic will be covered as a separate subject in the coming years as part of the agriculture and veterinary curriculum and this book shall become an essential reading for such courses.
Biotechnology Products and Technologies Bottlenecks in Fast Progress of Animal Biotechnology Why Biotechnology should be Used in Animal Husbandry and Dairy Production Contribution of Livestock Sector to Food Basket Biotechnology and Environment Biotechnology of Nutrient Partitioning Genetic Programming for Better Animals Biotechnology of Reproduction Biotechnology of Animal Health
Reproductive Biotechnology Artificial Insemination (AI) History and Future Perspectives of Artificial Insemination Semen Cryopreservation Buffalo Goat Cryoprotection and Anti Oxidants Cryopreservation and Genetic Stability of Livestock Spermatozoa Insemination Technique Cattle and Buffalo Sheep and Goat Conception Rate with Artificial Insemination Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET) Advantages of Embryo Transfer MOET Includes the Following Steps Superovulatory Treatments Insemination Recovery of Embryos Synchronization of Recipients Cattle Buffaloes Goats Horses In vitro Maturation, fertilization and culture of Oocytes Historical Development In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes In vitro Sperm Capacitation Scope Limitations Embryo Cryopreservation Ultrasonography in Reproductive Management Ultrasound-guided Transvaginal Oocyte Pick-up (OPU) Embryo Cloning or Nuclear Transfer Blastomere Separation Embryo Splitting Nuclear Transfer Cloning (NT) Embryonic Stem Cell Complementations Limitations and Future Prospects of Cloning Sexing of Embryos and Separation of X and Y Chromosomes Bearing Sperms PCR in Sex Determination Transgenic Animal Production Gene Transfer Through Direct DNA Microinjection Gene Transfer with Retroviral-Vector Assistance Gene Transfer through Production of Germ-line Chimeras Parthenogenetic Embryos: An Emerging Tool in Reproductive Biotechnology for Multiplication of Superior Germ Plasm Applications of Parthenogenesis Livestock Genomics and Marker Assisted Selection (Use of DNA Level Markers) Stem Cells Vaccine for Fertility Control and Increase Prolificacy Auto-immunization to Increase Prolificacy Biotechnology of Conservation of Livestock Breed Biodiversity Gene for Prolificity: Booroola Merino Role of Biotechnology in Enhancing Production Milk Biotechnology of Rumen Manipulation Genetically Modified Ruminal Microorganisms Biotechnology of Animal Feeding Probiotics Biotechnology Crops as Animal Feed Biotechnology of Animal Products Some New Products made Possible by Biotechnology Include
Vaccines Veterinary v/s Human Vaccines Modern Veterinary Vaccines rDNA Technology to Prepare Vaccines Veterinary Viral Vaccines Live Vaccines Killed Vaccines Genetically Engineered Viral Vaccines Veterinary Bacterial Diseases Vaccines Veterinary Parasitic Vaccines Vaccines against cancer Swine Flu Foot and Mouth Disease Adenovirus Vector Vaccine Johne’s Disease Diseases of Poultry Newcastle Disease in Poultry Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Rabies Disease Diagnostics The Nucleic Acid-hybridization Technique Diagnostics Based on pcr Diagnosis by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms and Related DNA-based Approaches Diagnosis by DNA Probes and DNA Microarray Technology Antigen-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Proteomics Disease Diagnosis Kits Developed Brucelosis Rabies Canine Distemper and Canine Parvo Virus Canine Hepatitis Virus Foot and Mouth Disease New Castle Disease Egg Drop Syndrome Virus-76 (EDS-76) Proteomics for Disease Diagnostics Nanotechnologies in Diagnosis and Vaccine Development Monoclonal Antibodies Immunotherapy Problems Animal Genomics for Disease Resistance Gene Knockout Technology Gene Pharming Gene Therapy Types of Gene Therapy Germ Line Gene Therapy Somatic Gene Therapy
Environmental Biotechnology Global Warming and Animal Health and Production Genome Mapping Human Genome Livestock Genomics Cattle Genome Pig Genome Bioinformatics Major Branches of Bioinformatics Include List of Bioinformatics Software Commonly Used in Animal Genomics Research Sequence Analysis Software Genetics Analysis Software Functional Genomics Software Biofuels Advantages of Bioethanol Ecological Economical Looking to the Future: The Potential of Second-Generation Biofuels Future Role of Biofuels Depends on Profitability and New Technologies
Information Sources for Biotechnology Books General Biotechnology Books Animal Biotechnology Books Review Articles Journals Animal Biotechnology Journals Biotechnology Job Listings The Scientist Patents Requirements for Setting up a Biotechnology Laboratory Essential Beneficial Useful PCR Specifications of a Good PCR Macine Gel Documentation System Electrophoresis Laboratory Safety and Hazards
Checks and Balances in Biotechnology Applications Biosafety Issues in Animal Biotechnology Application World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Recombinant DNA Safety Guidelines (1990) Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992 (2006)(Draft Amendment) Revised Guidelines for Research in Transgenic Plants and Guidelines for Toxicity and Allergenicity Evaluation of Transgenic Seeds, Plants and Plant Parts (1998) Guidelines for Generating Preclinical and Clinical Data for rDNA Vaccines, Diagnostics and other Biologicals (1999) The Food Safety and Standards Act (2006) Transgenic Animals Bioreactors First Patent in Biotechnology Biotechnology - Ethical Concerns Some Priority Areas in the Field of Biotechnology Suggestions for Future Development of Biotechnology Activities in the Field of Animal Health and Production in India Epilogue
Animal Science Biotechnology Research Centres Current Status and Some of the Achievements in Animal Heatlh National Bioresource Development Board Animal Biotechnology Biotechnology Parks and Incubators National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi Bose Institute, Kolkata Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi National Centre For Cell Science, Pune Centre for Dna Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (Cdfd) Hyderabad National Institute for Plant Genome Research (Nipgr) New Delhi Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development,Imphal Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation Limited International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnolgoy (Icgeb), New Delhi Animal Biotechnology Research Abroad
r DNA Biotechnology Concept of r DNA DNA Preparation from Tissue Reagents Preparation DNA Buffer (Tris-EDTA) RNase A (20 mg/ml) Toe DNA Preparation for Southern Blots Southern Blot PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction The Cycling Reactions Denaturation at 94°C Annealing at 54°C Extension at 72°C DNA Sequencing The Sequencing Reaction Denaturation at 94°C Annealing at 50°C Extension at 60°C Separation of the Molecules Detection on An Automated Sequencer Assembling of The Sequenced Parts of a Gene Freezing of Buffalo Semen (Jindal, 1995) Tissue Culture Preparation of Media Laboratory Procedure for IVF (Kharche et al., 2008) Source of Oocytes Preparation of Estrous Goat Serum Collection of Oocytes Laparoscopic Ovum Pick-up Oocyte Retrieval from Ovaries Collected form Slaughter House Slicing Technique Follicle Puncture Technique Follicle Aspiration Technique Follicle Isolation Technique Evaluation of Oocytes In vitro Maturation of Oocytes Preparation of Cells for Co-culture Assessment of Nuclear Maturation After in vitro Maturation of Oocytes Analysis of Nuclear Status is Ascribed to One of the Following Sperm Preparation for in vitro Fertilization of Oocytes In vitro Fertilization of Oocytes Assessment of in vitro Fertilization of Oocytes Assessment of Cleavage In vitro embryo culture
References Glossary List of Noble Prize Winners Index
