Preface Biotechnology has brought revolution in our lives and is our future tool to reshape destiny. It has touched almost every aspect of human endeavour. Biotechnology is all set to have a massive impact on almost all aspects of our life in the 21st century. Animal Production and Health is an important area affecting human welfare especially the livestock farmers. Biotechnology has made inroads in this area and changed the way the animal production and health aspects are handled and holds great promises for future. India is fast pacing in the area of biotechnology to harness all potentials of productivity, growth and sustainable development. Animal biotechnology is the application of scientific processing or production of materials by animals to provide goods and services. Animal genetics is important in the application of Biotechnology to manage genetic disorders and improve animal breeding. Genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics are also being applied to animal biotechnology. This small book is an attempt to unravel the mysteries of biotechnology as it affect animal health and production. Most of the aspects in the related areas are discussed briefly and a small number of important references given as suggested reading for readers who wish to persue further. Since this is a new and important area, it is hoped that this book will stimulate minds to understand the biotechnological advances and will be useful to students of agriculture, animal husbandry and veterinary sciences. I am sure this topic will be covered as a separate subject in the coming years as part of the agriculture and veterinary curriculum and this book shall become an essential reading for such courses.

Biotechnology Products and Technologies      Bottlenecks in Fast Progress of Animal Biotechnology      Why Biotechnology should be Used in Animal Husbandry and Dairy Production      Contribution of Livestock Sector to Food Basket      Biotechnology and Environment      Biotechnology of Nutrient Partitioning      Genetic Programming for Better Animals      Biotechnology of Reproduction      Biotechnology of Animal Health

Reproductive Biotechnology      Artificial Insemination (AI)      History and Future Perspectives of Artificial Insemination      Semen Cryopreservation      Buffalo      Goat      Cryoprotection and Anti Oxidants      Cryopreservation and Genetic Stability of Livestock Spermatozoa      Insemination Technique      Cattle and Buffalo      Sheep and Goat      Conception Rate with Artificial Insemination      Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET)      Advantages of Embryo Transfer      MOET Includes the Following Steps      Superovulatory Treatments      Insemination      Recovery of Embryos      Synchronization of Recipients      Cattle      Buffaloes      Goats      Horses      In vitro Maturation, fertilization and culture of Oocytes      Historical Development      In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes      In vitro Sperm Capacitation      Scope      Limitations      Embryo Cryopreservation      Ultrasonography in Reproductive Management      Ultrasound-guided Transvaginal Oocyte Pick-up (OPU)      Embryo Cloning or Nuclear Transfer      Blastomere Separation      Embryo Splitting      Nuclear Transfer Cloning (NT)      Embryonic Stem Cell Complementations      Limitations and Future Prospects of Cloning      Sexing of Embryos and Separation of X and Y Chromosomes Bearing Sperms      PCR  in Sex Determination      Transgenic Animal Production      Gene Transfer Through Direct DNA Microinjection      Gene Transfer with Retroviral-Vector Assistance      Gene Transfer through Production of Germ-line Chimeras      Parthenogenetic Embryos: An Emerging Tool in Reproductive Biotechnology for Multiplication of Superior Germ Plasm      Applications of Parthenogenesis      Livestock Genomics and Marker Assisted Selection (Use of DNA Level Markers)      Stem Cells      Vaccine for Fertility Control and Increase Prolificacy      Auto-immunization to Increase Prolificacy      Biotechnology of Conservation of Livestock Breed Biodiversity      Gene for Prolificity: Booroola Merino      Role of Biotechnology in Enhancing Production      Milk      Biotechnology of Rumen Manipulation      Genetically Modified Ruminal Microorganisms Biotechnology of Animal Feeding      Probiotics      Biotechnology Crops as Animal Feed      Biotechnology of Animal Products      Some New Products made Possible by Biotechnology Include

Vaccines      Veterinary v/s Human Vaccines      Modern Veterinary Vaccines      rDNA Technology to Prepare Vaccines      Veterinary Viral Vaccines      Live Vaccines      Killed Vaccines      Genetically Engineered Viral Vaccines      Veterinary Bacterial Diseases Vaccines      Veterinary Parasitic Vaccines      Vaccines against cancer      Swine Flu      Foot and Mouth Disease      Adenovirus Vector Vaccine      Johne’s Disease      Diseases of Poultry      Newcastle Disease in Poultry      Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)      Rabies      Disease Diagnostics      The Nucleic Acid-hybridization Technique      Diagnostics Based on pcr      Diagnosis by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms and Related DNA-based Approaches      Diagnosis by DNA Probes and DNA Microarray Technology      Antigen-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Proteomics      Disease Diagnosis Kits Developed      Brucelosis      Rabies      Canine Distemper and Canine Parvo Virus      Canine Hepatitis Virus      Foot and Mouth Disease      New Castle Disease      Egg Drop Syndrome Virus-76 (EDS-76)      Proteomics for Disease Diagnostics      Nanotechnologies in Diagnosis and Vaccine Development      Monoclonal Antibodies      Immunotherapy      Problems      Animal Genomics for Disease Resistance      Gene Knockout Technology      Gene Pharming      Gene Therapy      Types of Gene Therapy      Germ Line Gene Therapy      Somatic Gene Therapy

Environmental Biotechnology      Global Warming and Animal Health and Production      Genome Mapping      Human Genome      Livestock Genomics      Cattle Genome      Pig Genome      Bioinformatics      Major Branches of Bioinformatics Include      List of Bioinformatics Software Commonly Used in Animal Genomics Research      Sequence Analysis Software      Genetics Analysis Software      Functional Genomics Software      Biofuels      Advantages of Bioethanol      Ecological      Economical      Looking to the Future: The Potential of Second-Generation Biofuels      Future Role of Biofuels Depends on Profitability and New Technologies

Information Sources for Biotechnology      Books      General Biotechnology Books      Animal Biotechnology Books      Review Articles      Journals      Animal Biotechnology Journals      Biotechnology Job Listings      The Scientist      Patents      Requirements for Setting up a Biotechnology Laboratory      Essential      Beneficial      Useful      PCR      Specifications of a Good PCR Macine      Gel Documentation System Electrophoresis      Laboratory Safety and Hazards

Checks and Balances in Biotechnology Applications      Biosafety Issues in Animal Biotechnology Application      World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)      Recombinant DNA Safety Guidelines (1990)      Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992 (2006)(Draft Amendment)      Revised Guidelines for Research in Transgenic Plants and Guidelines for Toxicity and Allergenicity Evaluation of Transgenic Seeds, Plants and Plant Parts (1998)      Guidelines for Generating Preclinical and Clinical Data for rDNA Vaccines, Diagnostics and other Biologicals (1999)      The Food Safety and Standards Act (2006)      Transgenic Animals Bioreactors      First Patent in Biotechnology      Biotechnology - Ethical Concerns      Some Priority Areas in the Field of Biotechnology      Suggestions for Future Development of Biotechnology Activities in the Field of Animal Health and Production in India      Epilogue

Animal Science Biotechnology Research Centres      Current Status and Some of the Achievements in Animal Heatlh      National Bioresource Development Board      Animal Biotechnology      Biotechnology Parks and Incubators      National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi      Bose Institute, Kolkata      Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi      National Centre For Cell Science, Pune      Centre for Dna Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (Cdfd) Hyderabad      National Institute for Plant Genome Research (Nipgr) New Delhi      Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development,Imphal      Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar      Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation Limited      International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnolgoy (Icgeb), New Delhi      Animal Biotechnology Research Abroad

r DNA Biotechnology      Concept of r DNA      DNA Preparation from Tissue      Reagents      Preparation      DNA Buffer (Tris-EDTA)      RNase A (20 mg/ml)      Toe DNA Preparation for Southern Blots      Southern Blot      PCR      Polymerase Chain Reaction      The Cycling Reactions      Denaturation at 94°C      Annealing at 54°C      Extension at 72°C      DNA Sequencing      The Sequencing Reaction      Denaturation at 94°C      Annealing at 50°C      Extension at 60°C      Separation of the Molecules      Detection on An Automated Sequencer      Assembling of The Sequenced Parts of a Gene      Freezing of Buffalo Semen (Jindal, 1995)      Tissue Culture      Preparation of Media      Laboratory Procedure for IVF (Kharche et al., 2008)      Source of Oocytes      Preparation of Estrous Goat Serum      Collection of Oocytes      Laparoscopic Ovum Pick-up      Oocyte Retrieval from Ovaries Collected form Slaughter       House      Slicing Technique      Follicle Puncture Technique      Follicle Aspiration Technique      Follicle Isolation Technique      Evaluation of Oocytes      In vitro Maturation of Oocytes      Preparation of Cells for Co-culture      Assessment of Nuclear Maturation After in vitro Maturation of Oocytes      Analysis of Nuclear Status is Ascribed to One of the Following      Sperm Preparation for in vitro Fertilization of Oocytes      In vitro Fertilization of Oocytes      Assessment of in vitro Fertilization of Oocytes      Assessment of Cleavage      In vitro embryo culture

References Glossary List of Noble Prize Winners Index