Preface The livestock sector in India is experiencing fast growth. Livestock resources across regions and species have therefore to be utilized optimally to achieve the goals of efficiency, equity, nutritional security and sustainability. Consumption of livestock products has been increasing over the last 20 years. Sustained economic growth and attendant increase in per capita income are expected to further boost demand of livestock products substantially. Demand for milk and meat is estimated to be 147 and 14 million tonnes, respectively, in 2020. Changing consumption pattern and increasing needs of livestock products would demand use of new scientific technologies to achieve goal of increased animal production efficiency. It is obvious that reproduction comes before production and thus, it becomes essential to update the practical knowledge for achieving optimum fertility from our dairy animals. This new “Common Reproductive Problems in Bovines and Canines - Hand Manual” deals with nearly all aspects of reproductive disorders in cows, buffaloes & bitches under a single cover. We do believe that this, compilation of knowledge/information, will benefit to our veterinary clinicians, field workers as well as students. This has been written to fulfill the gap and aimed to provide desired knowledge as well as putting the management of reproductive health control in dairy and pet animals, in the hands of Veterinarians.

RECTAL EXAMINATION It provides practically all the information required. It is the simplest, accurate and reliable method with no cost involved. Things Required A full arm rubber sleeve with attached glove or disposable plastic glove. A rubber or plastic apron. Non-irritant soap or lubricant.

Accurate early diagnosis of pregnancy is essential for successful breeding programme. Ability is required for successful practice. Skill is to be developed to indicate the duration within weeks in early and months in late pregnancy.

TRUE ANESTRUS IN A HEIFER OR POST PARTUM COW / BUFFALO The animal has both ovaries small and inactive No palpable structures in the ovaries Animal does not exhibiting estrus signs

CONTRACEPTION DUE TO MISALLIANCE AND TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY IN BITCHES It is obvious that breeders maintain varieties of breeds but mismating do occur within their own premises and sometimes by unwarranted stray animal. Misalliance complicates too many other problems. Incidence of mismating is 15 to 20 percent in canine breeding.