Preface This book is written in accordance with the syllabus framed by the AICTE New Delhi, H.S.C. Board, Maharashtra, University Grants Commission (UGC) New Delhi and for the course of Engineering Geology and Geology in general. All undergraduate and postgraduate students of science and engineering faculties will be benefited by this book. It is meant for all undergraduate and postgraduate students of civil engineering, science faculty and geology irrespective of their specializations. This book is based mainly on a course of lectures prepared to cover the syllabus of engineering geology course in Universities all over the country. The book will be useful for Civil Engineering students of other universities also. The engineering geology portion of the book also covers the engineering geology included in the B.Sc., M.Sc. and M.Tech. courses in geology and the book will meet the requirements of students of geology as far as engineering geology is concerned, like practicing engineers, who need a simple introduction to the principles of geology which are important from the point of view of engineering will get them in this book. Books listed in the bibliography have been freely drawn upon while writing this book, particularly Tyrrell for Petrology, Holmes for Physical Geology and Wadia for Indian Geology. In addition, data collected during the extensive field studies carried out by me and my former professors in the Geology field of the Solapur University, Solapur; Shivaji University, Kolhapur; Karnataka University, Dharwad and Pune University, Pune for the research and engineering geology consultation work carried out in the Geology departments have been included wherever relevant. Prof. K.B. Powar and Prof. R.K. Sukhtankar read the book critically and gave many helpful suggestions. Correction in the language has been made by Prof. M.P. Joshi, Mr. Vinayak Chavan of Om Computer Centre, Solapur typed the manuscript. Dr. N.J. Sathe (S.I.T., Pune), Mr. S.B. Joshi, Mr. M.S. Bhaise, Mr. V.C. Hulsure (J.S.P.M., ICOR, Pune) helped in the selection of the figures. The author wants to express his thanks for all the illustrations taken from various publications. The sources are acknowledged in the captions.

1. GEOLOGY Geology : Earth Science  Geo = Earth + Logos = Science  Def : The science which investigates the history of the earth is known as geology.  Following are the important branches of geology. 1.Coal Geology : it is related with natural gas, coal deposits and their formation. 2.Crystallography : includes the crystal and atomic structure of the mineral. 3. Drilling Technology : it is related with the cores, core logging and coorelation of the lithology. 4.Engineering Geology and Surveying : it is related with engineering aspects of the earth.

9. WEATHERING The general process of production of rock waste partly by mechanical breaking and partly by chemical decomposition is known as weathering. The resulting products of weathering accumulate in the same place from which they are derived and there is no transport involved in the process. Agents and types of weathering : The agencies which are involved in the process of weathering are atmosphere, water and organisms. The whole process of weathering may be conveniently divided into two types : mechanical or physical weathering and chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering involves those processes which bring about disintegration of rocks and minerals without any chemical activity. Chemical weathering involves various chemical processes which slowly decompose the rocks and minerals. In nature two processes are intimately associated and only under extreme conditions, they do occur as a separate entities. Mechanical weathering breaks down the rock creating more surface area and facilitates chemical weathering. Chemical weathering weakens the rock and makes it more susceptible to mechanical break down. Thus the two processes are always complementary to each other.

19. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS Def : The minerals are naturally occurring solid bodies having definite chemical composition and certain atomic arrangement, and are formed by inorganic processes in the nature. All the minerals possess certain physical properties which are considered as follows. 1.Characters depending upon light such as colour streak, luster, transparency, translucency, phosphorescence and fluorescence. 2.Characters depending upon certain senses such as taste, odour and feel. 3.Characters depending upon the atomic structure and state of aggregation such as form, hardness, tenacity, fracture, cleavage and surface tension effects. On the basis of these three characteristics, the minerals are identified and distinguished.

24. IGNEOUS ROCKS Introduction : Petros = rocks and logos = science Petrology means the science of rocks. It deals with the mode of occurrence composition, classification and origin of rocks and their relation to geological processes and history of the earth. Rocks can be studies in two ways : The study of rocks as specimens in the laboratory is called Petrography which places emphasis on the purely descriptive part from textural mineralogical and chemical point of view. Petrogenesis deals with the origin and processes of formation of rocks. Petrology is a broader term which includes both petrography and petrogenesis. Igneous rocks are formed by cooling and solidification of magma, either underneath the earth’s surface or above the earth’s surface.

27. STRIKE AND DIP Outcrop : A part of the rock formation which crops out or exposed on the surface of the earth is called an outcrop. The total area over which a particular rock unit occurs at the surface whether visibly exposed or not. The term outcrop is especially used for delination of such an area on a geological map. Attitude : To study these outcrops their attitude help in better understanding the position of the bed on the ground surface or in field is attitude of a bed can be described with the help of two basic structural elements i.e. strike and dip.

33. GEOTECTONICS Introduction Geotectonics is the branch of geology which deals with the structure and movements of the earth’s crust. It includes the study of large-scale features like mountain chains, mid-oceanic ridge and oceanic trenches. Investigation regarding the form, pattern and genesis of these, and other tectonic units have enabled geo-scientists to ascertain the important characteristics of earth’s crust and reconstructs its evolution and geological history.

33. GEOTECTONICS Introduction Geotectonics is the branch of geology which deals with the structure and movements of the earth’s crust. It includes the study of large-scale features like mountain chains, mid-oceanic ridge and oceanic trenches. Investigation regarding the form, pattern and genesis of these, and other tectonic units have enabled geo-scientists to ascertain the important characteristics of earth’s crust and reconstructs its evolution and geological history.

34. GEOPHYSICAL METHODS This chapter gives important and useful methods for measurement of seismic signals. Firstly a brief introduction of seismic signals is given. The P waves, S waves and L-waves are discussed in short. The old methods of measuring seismic signals like mechanical geophones are replaced by electronic geophones. The discussion includes Electromagnetic type, Reluctance type, Capacitive type and pressure type of basic geophones. New methods of damping are included. New Recently developed amplifiers and filters are also included. Development in oscillographic elements and cameras are discussed. Other information includes, the recently reported Array Technology and Space Technology for measurement of seismic signals.

QUESTION PAPER / QUESTION BANK Section-I Introduction to General Geology 1.Introduction : Meaning, scope, interdisciplinary nature and significance of geology. Brief outline of – (1) Universe – origion : Galaxies and. Nebulae (2) Solar system – characteristics, members, constitution and mechanism of the system. Planetary laws. 2.Origin of the Earth : Brief account on Nebular and Planetesimal hypothesis, Modern theories of origin of the earth. Physical data of the Earth– shape, size, mass, density, rotation, revolution, Galactic movements; Solstices, Equinox, Precession of Earth’s Axis. 3.Divisions and Geomorphic features of the Earth : Brief introduction to principal divisions of the earth : Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere and Biosphere. Distribution and description of 1st, 2nd and 3rd order relief features and Hypsographic curve. 4.Earthquakes : Definition and effects of Earthquake, Causes of Earthquake, natural and man made Seismology Focus, Epicenter, Seismic waves, Isoseismal lines. Measurement of Earthquake- Seismographs and Seismograms. Magnitude of earthquake : Richter scale. Locating the epicenter and depth of the Focus, Classification of Earthquakes, Distribution of earthquake centers (i.e. Earthquake Belts; predictions and precautions of earthquakes, Major Seismic centers and zones of India.