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ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS RESOURCE OF ORISSA: VOL.01

A.K. Sahoo
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389992205

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    238

  • Language:

    English

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Traditional medicine and ethnobotanical research, particularly when the literature and field work data have been properly evaluated. India is one of the twelve mega biodiversity countries of the world having rich in vegetables with a wide variety of plants with medicinal value. In many countries, scientific investigations of medicinal plants have been initiated because of their contribution to healthcare. Herbal medicines have good values in treating many diseases including infectious diseases, hypertension, etc. That they can save lives of many particularly in the developing countries is undisputable. Even today many local and indigenous communities in the Asian countries meet their basic needs from the products they manufacture and sell based on their traditional knowledge. Herbal drugs obtained from plants are believed to be much safer, this has been proved in the treatment of various ailments. Rural communities, in particular scheduled caste tribes, depend on plant resources mainly herbal medicines, food, forage, construction of dwellings, making household implements, sleeping mats, and for fire and shade. Rural people not only depend on wild plants as sources of food, medicine, fodder and fuel, but have also developed methods of resource management, which may be fundamental to the conservation of some of the world's important habitats. The objective of this book is to popularize the ethno medicinal plants species used by the tribals in Kalahandi district of Orissa and the traditional medical practices of the local tribes. Such attempt will protect the traditional knowledge practices of indigenous peoples from disappearing of knowledge and helps in conservation of biological resources for sustainable use. (jacket)

0 Start Pages

Preface Mankind has been continuously using the plants in one or the other way in the treatment of various ailments. In India, the sacred Vedas dating back between 3500 B.C and 800B.C give many references of medicinal plants. One of the remotest works in traditional herbal medicine is “Virikshayurveda”, compiled even before the beginning of Christian era and formed the basis of medicinal studies in ancient India. The Rig Veda, dating between 3500 B.C. to 1800 B.C., seems to be the earliest record available on medicinal plants. Herbs seem to be important component of medicine in other cultures too; Greek, African and Chinese medicines, to mention a few. Nearly 80% of the world population depends upon traditional system of health care. Allopathic drugs have brought a revolution throughout the world but the plant base medicines have its own status. Surveys had revealed that 50% of the top prescription drugs in the USA are based on natural products and the raw materials are locked up in the tropical world-interiors of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The local uses of plants as a cure are common particularly in those areas, which have little or no access to modern health service such as the innumerable villages and hamlets in India. Globally, about 85% of the traditional medicines used for primary healthcare are derived from plants. Traditional medicine and ethnobotanical information play an important role in scientific research, particularly when the literature and field work data have been properly evaluated. India is one of the twelve mega biodiversity countries of the World having rich in vegetables with a wide variety of plants with medicinal value. In many countries, scientific investigations of medicinal plants have been initiated because of their contribution to healthcare. Herbal medicines have good values in treating many diseases including infectious diseases, hypertension, etc. That they can save lives of many particularly in the developing countries is undisputable. India possesses a total of 427 tribal communities. And over 275 papers have published on specific ethnic groups. Interest in traditional medicine in India has continuously been increasing; recently, various ethnobotanical studies have been reported to explore the knowledge from the various tribal of Odisha. Even today many local and indigenous communities in the Asian countries meet their basic needs from the products they manufacture and sell based on their traditional knowledge. Herbal drugs obtained from plants are believed to be much safer; this has been proved in the treatment of various ailments. Rural communities, in particular Scheduled caste tribes, depend on plant resources mainly herbal medicines, food, forage, construction of dwellings, making household implements, sleeping mats, and for fire and shade. Rural people not only depend on wild plants as sources of food, medicine, fodder and fuel, but have also developed methods of resource management, which may be fundamental to the conservation of some of the world’s important habitats. The objective of this book was to popularize the ethno medicinal plants species used by the tribals in Kalahandi district of Orissa and the traditional medical practices of the local tribes. Such attempt will protect the traditional knowledge practices of indigenous peoples from disappearing of knowledge and helps in conservation of biological resources for sustainable use. The contribution and scientific help of Dr.A.K.Sahoo, Assistant Professor, College of Forestry, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar is gratefully acknowledged. Further, I expressed my indebtness to the publisher, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi for extending full support for publication of the book and for its wide circulation.

 
1 Introduction

India is a varitable emporium of herbs. The medicinal use of plants was known to the inhabitants of India from time immemorial. As per Indian Materia Medica, a large number of vegetables, different parts and products of flora and fauna came into use for the treatment of diseases by ancient Hindus. Generally the practitioners, of various Indian system of medicines used to utilise the flora and fauna found in their environment and accept those which were found useful after trial.Ayurved comes from Atharvaveda. There are hundred fourteen hymns which describe some diseases and medicinal practices. This was the era around 2000 B.C. The books written on Ayurved were rewritten by ‘Charak’. It is known s ‘Charak Sanhinta’. They were written in eight volumes having hundred twenty chapters in Sanskrit Sushrut wrote in similar way under the name of ‘Sushrut Sanhita’ having ten thousand verses in six-volumes under one hundred eighty six chapters. He described ‘Surgery’. Kashyap wrote on ‘Paediatrics’ and Vatsayana wrote on ‘Sexology’. Hence, very rich and old heritage of Ayurved is prescribed and documented in Hindu Vedas. This was the age when art of ‘Pharmacy’ was introduced. There after came the ‘Creative age’, when the active principles of medicinal drugs were adopted. According to Charak, in the Chapter ‘Kalpasophan’, the drugs differ with respect to land, season, source, flavour, taste, potency, post digestive effects and specification and also with respect to their body, morbid tendency, constitution, age, vitality, gastric fire, proclivities, homologation and stage of diseases.Accepting those ideas in 1864 with the help of the then king of ‘Jamnagar’ the famous Baidya, Jandu started a small factory (Rasasala) in Jamnagar. Then in 1910 Jandu Pharmaceutical works was established in Bombay to manufacture Ayurvedic medicines in large scale. Thereafter many small factories were started in different parts of India. The vedic period around 1800 B.C. The classic period of the Indian medicine begins about 600 B.C., where the treatments of various types of ailments have been indicated. Due to Industrial evolution and general economic growth in Eastern countries, there was growth of a systematic Eastern Medicine. Gradually people started to develop confidence in allopathic and ayurvedic medicines were neglected.Many allopathic medicines which were established as life saving drugs, were later found to be harmful to humans. Such medicines have been proved to have side effects which cause damage to health. The modern man of scientific C1ptitude again tries to rotate the wheel of history in search of an alternative source/truth from natural resources. With this view many attempts have been made in India and abroad to unravel the truth, described in Vedas with regards to medicinal effects of flora and fauna. Although the Allopathic medicines are found to dominate over the Ayurvedic medicines, many remote areas of tribals are still continuing the traditional practice of using medicine from their natural surroundings.

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2 Ethnobotany in Orissa

Orissa is a land of tribes and one of India’s most important forests state providing home to a very large forest dependant tribal population. Represented by 22.5% of the total population of the states of tribes of orissa, which are scheduled as 62 different ethnic groups (Biswal et al., 1997). The orissan ethnographic scenario includes as many as 62 scheduled Tribes are enlisted in the presidential orders numbering 5,915,067 persons in 1981 census constituting 22.43% of the total population of the state (26,370 and 21). Distribution of tribal population in the district during 1981 census was uneven. Their number was more in inland districts like koraput, Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Phulbani and Kalahandi than in the coastal plain consisting of Balasore, Cuttack, Puri and Ganjam (Mohanty and Chowdhury, 1990). Different tribes exists in orissa are namely divided into three groups on ethnolinguistic basic (i) Austro-Asiatic (ii) Dravidian and (iii) Indo-Aryan (Behura, 1993). The important communities are Saora, Bathudi, Bhumija, Bhuiyan, Saunti, Gond, Kharia, Kandha, Kisan, Kolha, Munda, Oraon, Paraja, Santal, Saora and Shabar (Behura, 1993). From different district of Orissa different ethno botanist worked on geographical basis or on a particular tribe, on a particular plant, food habit, and religious occasion, social customs etc. district wise enumeration is given below. Jain, (1971) studied magico-religious beliefs pertained to plants prevalent among different tribals of the state. Rai chaudhuri et al., (1975) reported ethno botanical uses of 38 species from the state 81 plant species used by the rural folk for antifertility, as medicine, fibre and food were reported by (Saxsena and Dutta, 1975). Saxsena et al., (1981) gave an account of ethnobotany of 83 plant species.

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3 Ethnobotanical Importance of Kalahandi District

Cloud with dense forest and valleys the present Kalahandi district, Orissa comprises of ex–state of kalahandi and exzamindari of khariar minus Kasipur. The present district of Kalahandi district of Orissa state was a part of south Kasipur Kingdom. It continued as a princely state up to Nov. 1949 and then merged with orissa state the district Kalahandi was created out of exprinciply state of Kalahandi with addition of ex-zamindari areas of Khariar which formerly a part of Sambalpur district. Again Nuapada and Nawarangapur area separated from it and the present form of the district exist. The modern Kalahandi district occupies the south western part of Orissa and is situated between 19 degree 10’ North Latitude and between 82 degree 30’ and 83 degree 50’ longitude. To the northern side of Kalahandi district Balangir, to south eastern side Rayagada district is situated. To south westen side Nawarangpur district, to the Southern side Koraput district and to north Nuapara district and western side Chhatisgarh are situated. The Kalahandi district extends over an area of 7920 sq. kms, which is 5.09% of total geographical area of Orissa and occupies 7th position in area of the state of Orissa. According to 2001 census, total population of the district is 13, 34,772 which has 3.64% of the whole state and density of population is 168 per sq. k.m. In the district, 2 subdivisions, 4 revenue Tahasils, 13 blocks, and 195 Gram Panchayats and 2205 villages are existing.

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4 Ethnomedicinal Plants of Kalahandi

Medicinal plants constitute a group of industrially important crops which are of great value for domestic use and for export. Plant-best drugs are being increasingly preferred in medical science. The use of various parts of several drug plants to cure specific ailments has been in vogue from ancient times on our indigenous medicine. We are fortunate to have rich heritage in the form of information available from tribal areas gathered by the tribals through experience of generation in the form of folklore medicine. It is however unfortunate that full potential of these crops has not been scientifically explored. As compared to agricultural crops on which researches have been done for getting better varieties for high yields diseases resistance and better quality comparatively, little work has been done on the medicinal plants. The Ethnomedicinal plants are enumerated in subsequent pages and in Table 1 with their local name and families.

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5 Traditional Knowledge Practice on Health Cure by Tribals of Kalahandi

In Comparison to Literature : A Comparative Account

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6 Conclusion

In India many medicinal plants traditionally used by tribal and other sources have been recorded by different authors, workers and researchers. Many plants that can cause symptomatic relief for various ailments have also been established. Attempts have been made by different scientists to ascertain the active principles behind the herbal cure of certain diseases. Ayurvedic preparations from plant sources have been developed in our country to certain extent. Many Homeopathic medicines have also been procured from plants and herbs. Scientific conferences in State, National and International levels are being held on Traditional Asian Medicines to ascertain the scientific truth behind them. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar and many other Institutes of our country are doing creditable work to isolate the composition of medicinal plants. Many useful compounds have been isolated from different medicinal flora and their efficiency has been established scientifically. Good numbers of Allopathic medicines prepared on the basis of herbal cures are flooding in the market in different trade marks. Still the country is to find preventive and curative medicines for Cancer, AIDS, Thalsamia and other such deadly diseases. Recent International Conference on Cancer held at New Delhi came out with a suggestion that certain flora could be explored for the possibility of treating cancer without side effects. When we are starting to realize the importance of flora for a healthy living and scientists are in search of drugs from the vegetation to irradicate diseases deforestation is reampant in our country. Our environment has been contaminated due to various types of pollutants from industries and other anthropogenic sources. At this juncture man has to maintain a balance to achieve harmony of both the factors for our better living. The tribal dweller who is considered as the ‘Maa in the forest’ has to be recognized first so far his knowledge in medicinal plants is concerned. After ascertaining the utility of medicinal plants they are to be protected, propagated both by Government and Public. Scientific experiments are to be carried out to establish the active principles behind the herbal drugs. Herbal gardens are to be instituted at different places by adopting modern biotechnological methods. There is a need to make joint efforts by the workers from the fields of Allopathic, Ayurved and Homeopathic, as a step towards “the irradication of diseases”. Such an inter-disciplinary work on medicinal plants may throw a new light for achieving success, in finding out medicines without side effect. In this context, Pharmacologists have to play a vital role while preparing the doses of drugs from plant sources.

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7 End Pages

References Abraham, Z., 1981. Ethnobotany of the Todas of Kotas & Irulas of Nilgiri, Tamilnadu. In: Jain S.K. (Ed) Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany, pp.308-320. Agarwal, S.R., 1981. Trees, Flowers and Fruits in Indian Folk Songs, Folk Proverbs folk tales, In Jin, S.K. (Ed). Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany, pp.3-12. Ainsile, W., 1913. Maetria Medica of Hindoostan. Neeraj Publicing House, Delhi. Alagesaboopathi, C., Dwarakan. P & Balu. S., 1999. Plants used as Medicines by Tribals of Shevaroy Hills, Tamilnadu. J.Econ. Tax. Bot.23 (2): 391-393. Alcorn, J. B., 1981. Factors Influencing Botanical Resource Perception Among the Huastec: Suggestions for Future Ethnobotanical Inquiry. J. Ethnobiol. 1:221-230. Ambasta, S.P., 1986. The useful Plants of India. Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi, p. 133. Aminuddin & Girach, R.D., 1993. Observation on Ethno-botany of the Bhunjia. A tribe of Sonabeda Plateau. Ethnobotany, 5 (1&2): 83-86. Aminuddin & Girach, R.D., 1996. Native. Phytotherapy Among the Paudi Bhuinya of Bonali Hills. Ethnobotany, 8 (1&2):15-20 Aminudin & Girach, R.D., 1991. Ethnobotanical Studies in Bondo tribe of District, Koraput Orissa, India. Ethnobotany, 3 (1&2) : 15-20. Ammal, E.K. Janaki & Nagendra Prasad. P., 1984. Ethnobotanical Findings on Constus Speciosus (Koen) S.M. Among the Kanikhars of Tamilnadu. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. Addl. Ser. 5(1): 129-133. Amonymous, 1969. Vernacular and Botanical Names of Trees and Shrubs of Keonjhar Forest Division, Orissa. Working Plan for reserve forests 1969-70 to 1988-89. Anonymoous, 1948-1976. The wealth of India (Raw materials), Council of Scientific and Industrial Reasearch, New Delhi.

 
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