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EXTENSION TECHNIQUES FOR LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT

Sanjeev Kumar Singh, S.D. Singh
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389992243

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    544

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 2,850.00 INR 2,565.00 INR + Tax

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Livestock sector plays a significant role in the Indian economy particularly in reducing poverty among the weaker sections of the society. Livestock not only provides a continuous stream of income but also acts as natural capital assets for the poor in adverse conditions. India is having huge population of livestock but their production potential is below the global average. Besides this, a continuous rise in the demand of livestock products opens door for dissemination of latest innovative methods among livestock owners, farmers, farm women, etc in order to enhance livestock production potential. This requires a strong extension support with trained extension professionals, who may help farmers in identifying their problems, help them to find out solutions to these problems and provide them the required technical know-how with plenty of information. The primary objective of this book is to increase the proficiency of extension workers as well as improve their proficiency competence by acquainting them with the latest developments in livestock sector and enabling them in better understanding of the existing problems in the villages. This book is also helpful for graduate, postgraduate and doctorate students pursuing studies in veterinary dairy, agriculture, fisheries, and other related sciences and provides them a first hand information on important aspects related to contribution of livestock to national income, community development, panchayati raj, livestock development programmes, audio-visual aids, extension teaching methods, programme planning, adoption and diffusion process, livestock marketing as well as animal husbandry management and administration. We are sure that this book will be beneficial for professors, teachers, trainers, researchers and extension professionals engaged in veterinary and animal husbandry extension and other professional courses.

0 Start Pages

Preface The purpose of this book is to introduce the students pursuing studies in graduate, post-graduate and doctorate courses in veterinary and animal husbandry extension, dairy extension, agriculture extension, fisheries extension, etc about various extension techniques used for livestock development. It is also useful for field veterinarians, para-veterinarians and extension / rural workers engaged in the field of livestock and rural development and various practices of veterinary and animal husbandry extension systems. At an early stage of the graduate curriculum the book begins with the study of contribution of livestock to national income and gradually develops the understanding of the various rural and animal husbandry development programmes initiated for development of veterinary and animal husbandry sector by Government of India. Since the book is intended for selective description of various extension techniques for livestock development programmes which may be helpful for improvement and development of livestock of that area. Besides this, the knowledge of various audio-visual aids and extension teaching methods as well as diffusion and adoption process of livestock innovations and livestock programme planning will no doubt prove suitable in proper understanding of latest livestock scientific techniques as well as in framing livestock and rural development programmes. Besides this, the management of animal husbandry sector and its administration is also precisely and briefly explained in the book.

 
1 Contributions of Livestock to National Income

Introduction Livestock sector plays a significant role in the Indian economy, particularly for the welfare of rural population of India. The importance of livestock in India's economy can be gauged from the fact that 90 million farming families rear over 90 million milch animals. Of the total household in the rural areas, about 73 percent own some form of livestock, three-quarter of which are reared by small and marginal farmers. Today, the overall growth rate in livestock sector is steady and is around 4-5%, despite the fact that investment in this sector is not substantial. This is possible due to the egalitarian distribution of the livestock as compared to land among landless labourers, small and marginal farmers thus resulting in balanced development of the rural economy particularly in reducing the poverty especially among the weaker sections of the society. Livestock also plays an important source of employment in rural India, especially for women. The rural woman plays a significant role in most of the animal husbandry operations related to feeding, breeding, management and healthcare of the livestock. Livestock plays an important and vital role in providing nutritive food to families both in rural and urban areas. Since the dawn of civilization, mankind has been utilizing different animal species for a variety of purposes, viz., production of milk, meat, wool, egg and leather, draught power, companionship, entertainment, research experimentation, sports, security, etc. Livestock wealth is deemed to be as the oldest wealth resource for mankind and was once a symbol of economic status in the society. This is one sector where poor contributes to the growth directly instead of getting benefit from growth generated elsewhere. The effect of livestock sector growth on poverty is anecdotal, yet scattered evidence on livestock's contribution to income indicates that growth in livestock production is pro-poor.

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2 Community Development and Panchayati Raj

India has been a welfare country since Independence and the primary objective of all governmental and non-governmental endeavors has been the welfare of its millions people. The policies and programmes should be designed with the aim of alleviation of rural poverty which has been one of the primary objectives of planned development in India. It was realized from pre-independent rural development efforts, that a sustainable strategy of poverty alleviation must be based on increasing the productive employment opportunities in the process of growth itself. Elimination of poverty, ignorance, diseases and inequality of opportunities and providing a better and higher quality of life were the basic premises upon which all the plans and blue-prints of development should built. Rural development implies both the economic betterment of people as well as greater social transformation. In order to provide the rural people with better prospects for economic development, increased participation of people in the rural development programmes, decentralization of planning, better enforcement of land reforms, greater access to credit, etc proper planning is envisaged. Initially, main thrust for development was laid on agriculture industry, communication, education, health and allied sectors but later on it was realized that accelerated development can be achieved only if governmental efforts are adequately supplemented with direct and indirect involvement of people at the grass root level.

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3 Animal Husbandry and Rural Development Programmes

The livestock sector in India is experiencing fast growth in the present era and plays an important role in the Indian economy. Livestock contributes nearly 25% to the agricultural sector output and growing at an annual rate of 4.3% higher than the growth in agricultural sector as a whole (2.8%). Milk production that had been hovering around 20 million tones in 1960’s increased to 102 million tonnes in 2007-08. The egg production also increased from 0.1 billion to 1.0 billion in the last 25 years. Besides production of milk, meat, etc livestock make important contributions to crop production by supplying draught power and dung manure. Animal husbandry in India is largely a rural activity. Rapid growth in livestock production is desirable not only to sustain agricultural growth, but also to reduce rural poverty especially when a majority of the land holdings are small. Fifty-eight percent of rural households have land holding of less than 2 ha and another thirty two percent have no access to land. Number of these households is likely to increase due to further fragmentation of land holdings. Livestock are thus an important source of income for small farmers, marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers in the rural areas of the country. Products like milk and eggs are steady source of cash income, and live animals are important natural assets for the poor, which can be easily liquidated for cash during emergency. Smallholders and landless together control 75% of the country’s livestock resources, and are capable of producing at a lower cost because of availability of sufficient labour with them. These smallholders earn nearly half of their income from livestock sector.

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4 Animal Husbandry Cooperatives and Operation Flood

Cooperative A cooperative is a duly registered association of persons, with a common bond of interest that have voluntarily joined together to achieve a lawful common social or economic end, and making equitable contributions to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risks and benefits of the undertaking in accordance with universally accepted cooperative principles. Cooperative may be defined as an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. It is a business organization owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit. A cooperative may also be defined as a business owned & controlled equally by the people who use its services or who work at it. The basic objective of every cooperative is to provide goods and services to its members and thus enable them to attain increased income and savings, investments, productivity and purchasing power and promote among them equitable distribution of net surplus through maximum utilization of economies of scale, cost-sharing and risk-sharing without however, conducting the affairs of the cooperative for missionary or charitable purposes.

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5 Audio-Visual Aids

Audio-visual aids may be defined as any device used to aid in the communication of an idea. An audiovisual product is any audiovisual item such as still photography, motion picture, audio or video tape, slide or film strip, that is prepared singly or in combination to communicate information or to elicit a desired audience response. Even though early aids such as maps and drawings are still in use, advances in the audiovisual field have opened up new methods of presenting these aids, such as videotapes and other equipments which allow more professional and entertaining presentations to be presented. Such aids assist the teacher in communicating information among the learners leading to change in skills, attitudes, knowledge, understanding and appreciation. These aids stimulates the sensory organs like ears, eyes, etc and facilitates quick understanding of the message by the audience. The effective use of these aids depends upon the skillful and imaginative approach of the teacher. Hence, it is necessary that extension worker should know what type of aids will be more suitable for a particular teaching objective. These aids may be used for both literate as well as illiterate people. The instructional devices through which the messages can only be heard are known as Audio Aids. The instructional devices through which the message can only be seen are known as Visual Aids. The instructional devices through which the message can both be heard and seen simultaneously are known as audio-visual aids.

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6 Extension Teaching Methods

The basic aim of extension system is to bring about a change in the behaviour of the people with whom the work is done. Change in behaviour pertains to change in knowledge, skills, attitude, understanding, etc about a particular technology which we want to diffuse. For this purpose, the extension workers essentially function as teachers to bring about adoption of new technologies by making regular contact with livestock owners through various means. He visualizes the problems of rural community in proper perspective and organizes the meaningful learning situation for effective learning. It calls for appropriate use of different extension teaching techniques. The desirable changes in the behaviour of learners depend upon the skill of the extension worker as teacher in choosing the various extension teaching techniques which are found to be most effective in the relevant situations. The main job of the extension worker is to bring about behavioural changes in the rural people. A number of extension methods are required to perform such behavioural changes among the rural people which form the tools of the extension workers. These tools are called extension teaching methods. Extension teaching methods may be defined as the devices used to create situations in which communication can take place between the extension worker and learner. The effectiveness of various teaching methods depends on the combination of the same. Similarly, the adoption of innovation is positively related to the combination of different extension teaching methods, at different stages of the learning process.

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7 Diffusion & Adoption of Livestock Innovations

One of the major constraints in the efforts to modernize and efficient restructuring of the animal husbandry practices is the delay in taking the results of research to the farming community and in persuading them to adopt new, profitable and locally relevant technologies. The very need of the extension work is to bridge the gap between what is known to the scientists in the laboratories and what is actually being practiced by the farmers in the field. In other words, the major goal of extension machinery is to accelerate the processes of communication and to motivate rural people or livestock owners for adoption of new and profitable technologies. Hence, it is very important to understand these processes of how the farmers get such technologies and how they adopt them. Communication The term communication is originated from the Latin word ‘Communis’, meaning common or establishing commoness. When we communicate, we attempt to establish ‘commonality’ with someone through the message. Communication is the process by which two or more people exchange ideas, facts, feelings or impressions in ways that each gains a common understanding of the meaning, intent and use of the message (Paul Leagens, 1961).

287 - 316 (30 Pages)
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8 Animal Husbandry Programme Planning

Rural development programmes are created and maintained for influencing people to make changes in their way of living and of making a living. The existence of such programmes implies that the present situation of the rural people is not what it should and could be, that something different should prevail, and that it is possible through appropriate action to attain a more desirable status for them. Changes that are important to people are those that help them to meet their needs for biological, economic, social, aesthetic and moral well being. Basically, all programmes for rural development exist to help people to meet their needs. If programmes do this people have their free choices in societies and will not participate for long periods in them. The element of people’s needs, therefore, becomes a central concern of planner for rural development. Hence, the entire process of planning for rural development implies a need for change. But now the question arises that change from what, to what, by whom, where and by what methods? The society has to find ways to adjust itself so that people meet their needs for an improved economic status, for being more useful citizens and for enjoying a higher degree of social stratification, it must identify these conditions and plan realistically to achieve them. It is the prime concern to identify that what needs do people have ? How can needs be identified? What plan of priority should be set up for meeting people’s needs? What resources are necessary to meet people’s needs? How should resources be organized and directed to help people’s meet their needs? These questions give the key orientation and justification for rural programme planning.

317 - 380 (64 Pages)
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9 Farming

Farming system is an integrated set of activities that farmers perform in their farms with available resources and circumstances to maximize the productivity and net farm income on a sustainable basis. The farming system conceptually is a set of elements or components, i.e., soil, water, crops, livestock, labour, capital, energy and other resources that are interrelated and interact among themselves. At the centre of the interaction lies the farmer exercising control and choice regarding the types of results of interaction. The income of cropping alone from small and marginal farm is insufficient now to sustain the farmers family. A judicious mix of any one or more of these enterprises should complement the farm income and help in recycling the farm residues / wastes. The selection of enterprises must be based on the cardinal principles of minimizing the competition and maximizing the complementary between the enterprises. Of late, the researchers on multidisciplinary approach greatly realized and started developing the various farming systems models in accordance with the agro-eco systems zones. Farming System thus may be defined as a complex interrelated matrix of soil, plants, animals, implements, power, labour, capital and other inputs controlled in part by farming families and influenced to varying degrees by political, economic, institutional and social forces that operate at many levels. The farming system therefore, refers to the farm as an entity of inter-dependent farming enterprises carried out on the farm. The farm is viewed in a holistic manner and the farmers are subjected to many socio-economic, biophysical, institutional, administrative and technological constraints.

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10 Livestock Marketing

Nearly 50 percent of the world’s population lives in urban areas, it is not possible that food production be adequate for their needs. In some areas of food production surplus, it must be brought to the deficit places where peoples live and work and made available at prices they can afford, otherwise many will remain hungry. This is why marketing is a crucial part of any campaign to relieve hunger. Marketing is the means by which food is brought from the place where it is produced to the people who want to eat it. Marketing can be a very simple process and it can also be very complex. This depends on what must be done to the farmer’s product to get it from the field to the consumer in good conditions, in an acceptable form and to have it ready when the consumer wants. Marketing is relatively simple in a village community which produces most of what it needs. Here the producer can sell directly to the consumers coming to his house, or he can attract them by displaying his produce in some central open space in the village which then becomes known as ‘the market’. The total volume of the livestock products sold in this way is still very large, especially in the less commercially developed countries. Direct marketing within the villages is sometimes praised because of its low cost, and also because it does not involve any ‘middleman’ between producer and consumer. But, if farmers sell their produce only to the local consumers, and if their land could produce more than they need, there is no way by which they can take advantage of these excess production potentialities. Similarly, if the consumers are only able to eat what is produced locally, which may confine them to a diet that is monotonous, unsatisfying and very expensive too. This is true of many people’s living in isolated areas, which requires much home processing and still has little nutritional value; and of the many others for whom most meals consist of hand-pounded cereals. Hence, this undernourishment on one side and excess production on the other side leads to the development of marketing concept.

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11 Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Management and Administration

Administration Term Administration is derived from a Latin word Administaire which means to serve. The word administration is also derived from the English word administracioun, which is in turn is derived from the French word administration, which itself has its root from the Latin word administratio, which means ad (to) and ministratio (give service). The term administration is a more general and comprehensive connotation and may be defined as the universal process of organizing people and resources efficiently so as to direct activities toward common goals and objectives. Administration is a distinct skill and directed towards the guidance, leadership and control of the efforts of a group of individuals towards some common goal. Administration is the art of guiding, coordinating and integrating policies established for any organizational unit to effectively and efficiently achieve the purpose of the organization.

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12 End Pages

1. Abbott, J.C. et.al., 1964. Marketing its role in increasing productivity, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 2. Acharaya, S.S. and Agarwal, N.L., 1996. Agricultural Marketing in India, Oxford & IBM Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 3. Ackoff, R. L. and Vegara, E., 1988. Creativity in Problem Solving and Planning, in R.L. Kuhn (Eds), Handbook for Creative and Innovative Managers, MCGraw –Hill Publishers, New York. 4. Adams, M.E., 1994. Agricultural Extension in Developing Countries, Educational Low Priced Books Scheme funded by British Government. 5. Aksoy, M. A., 2004. The evolution of agricultural trade flows. In: Aksoy MA and Beghin JC (Eds), Global agricultural trade and developing countries. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 17-36.

 
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