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FRESHWATER FISH PARASITES

Gadadhar Dash
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389992397

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    172

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 1,250.00 INR 1,125.00 INR + Tax

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The entitled book “Freshwater Fish Parasites” spread over 10 s, with complete pictorial guide of different fresh water fish parasites all over the country. The detail etiology, clinical signs , prophylaxis and treatment of parasitic diseases have been discussed in a simplified manner for easy understanding of students,researchers,teachers,scientists and farmers in the field .The book covers most interesting s and will guide to identify and manage parasitic diseases including some aspects of latest developments in fish parasitological research. A comprehensive approach has been made to cover all the progressive areas of parasitic disease management starting from identification of the parasites, basic status of diseases towards various approaches to diagnose, prevent and control disease conditions. The parasitic problems of different fishes, like indigenous fishes, exotic fishes of commercial importance, sport fishes and ornamental fishes have been addressed to give a complete parasitic disease profile on total fishery. The behavior of the hosts, interrelationship of soil and water with parasitized hosts, and mechanism of parasitic attachment are important aspects of the concerned book.

0 Start Pages

Preface Diseases are the major constraints to sustainable development of Aquaculture industry. Many diseases affecting present day aquaculture is the resultant intensification of aquaculture practices without basic perception of intricate balance between host, pathogen and the environment. Many times disease out break in fish are linked to environmental detoriation and stress associated with intensification of culture practices. Stress factors such as inadequate physicochemical and microbial quality of culture water , poor nutritional status, high stocking density can cause infection by opportunistic pathogens. Among the commonly occurring pathogens, parasites causes more than 50% problems in the field and some times cause havoc among the fisherman community. Parasites when present in less numbers are not problematic, but when exceeds the limits cause severe problems, some times may lead to mass mortality. The entitled book “Freshwater Fish Parasites” spread over 10 chapters, with complete pictorial guide of different fresh water fish parasites all over the country. The detail etiology, clinical signs , prophylaxis and treatment of parasitic diseases have been discussed in a simplified manner for easy understanding of students,researchers,teachers,scientists and farmers in the field .The book covers most interesting chapters and will guide to identify and manage parasitic diseases including some aspects of latest developments in fish parasitological research. A comprehensive approach has been made to cover all the progressive areas of parasitic disease management starting from identification of the parasites, basic status of diseases towards various approaches to diagnose, prevent and control disease conditions. The parasitic problems of different fishes, like indigenous fishes, exotic fishes of commercial importance, sport fishes and ornamental fishes have been addressed to give a complete parasitic disease profile on total fishery. The behavior of the hosts, interrelationship of soil and water with parasitized hosts, and mechanism of parasitic attachment are important aspects of the concerned book.

 
1 Parasites - An Overview

WHY, WHEN AND HOW FISH GET PARASITES Parasites pose a real risk to fishes All fish are potential hosts to many different species of parasites. Small numbers of parasites are common and probably do little harm. However, all parasites have tremendous reproductive potential and can, under ideal conditions, quickly overwhelm fish in the confines of a tank or pond. Types of parasites We can broadly class parasites into two groups. Ectoparasites are found on the external surfaces such as skin, fins and gills, while endoparasites are found in the internal tissues and organs. Endoparasites are uncommon in ornamental fish. However, there is a wide diversity of blood parasites, worms that colonize the intestines and other parasites that can invade various organs and tissues. Many require an intermediate host, such as snails, birds or the introduction of an infected fish, and so are rare in pond/ aquarium fish. There are a variety of clinical signs which might indicate the presence of endoparasites. Lethargy accompanied by emaciation is a common sign, as are worms protruding from the anus. Identification of sporozoan and protozoan endoparasites often requires microscopic examination of tissues (Chanratchakool et al. 1994).

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2 Introduction to Freshwater Fish Parasites

INTRODUCTION Fish culture as a hobby or business is well established in India. Increased interest in fish culture has also increased awareness and experience with parasites that affect fish health, growth, and survival. Information provided in this chapter is intended for the novice fish culturist as a guide to common parasites of freshwater fish. Identification of parasites and their basic treatment is included; however, any herbal treatment alone or biological cum chemical treatment may be choosen for eradication purpose (Das et al., 1995a).

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3 Diseases, Parasites and other Maladies

PREVENTION This section will discuss ailments that affect the fish kept in our aquariums. We will simply not call them diseases because most are not true diseases but a response to some sort of stimuli such as poor tank water management or the presence of actual parasites. A list of the most common ailments, the reasons behind them and the appropriate action needed to “fix” the problem is given in this Chapter. If you maintain good water quality, keep the right kind of fish together, feed good quality food and monitor all your water properties you will rarely have any problems. A few common sense precautions when you purchase new fish can save you a lot of trouble.

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4 Parasitism Versus Water Quality Parameters

INTRODUCTION It can be added that physiological stress as well as the physical offences contribute as primary factor for disease occurrence and fish mortality. Many parasitic diseases due to fluctuation in water quality leads to deplition of stock, and some times total stock will go eg. yellow grub disease. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PARASITES Heterophyid Trematode Cyprinodon variegatus, an estuarine fish, is heavily parasitized in the bulbus arteriosus by the heterophyid trematode Ascocotyle pachycystis. Parasitized fish ventricles were hypertrophied due to mechanical blockage of normal blood flow by metacercariae in the bulbus Swimming performance generally was reduced by the presence of parasites, which had their most significant negative effect at cold temperatures and low dissolved oxygen level ( Felicia C. Coleman , 1993)

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5 Machanism of Parasitic Attachment in Fish

INTRODUCTION: An association of two organisms, one living at the expense of other for food and shelter is called parasitism. Parasite factors associated with recognition and selection of the host and the mechanisms in the host responsible for acceptance or rejection of the invading organism were evaluated. Sensory structures in parasites are able to detect differences between different fish species and this ability to discern between fishes may be based on both chemical and mechanical stimuli on the host surface. Complex glycoproteins, proteins, carbohydrates and simple molecules attract parasites or modify their behaviour. (Kurt Buchmann and T. Lindenstrom, 2002)

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6 Zoonotic Potentiality of Parasites in Cultivable Food Fishes

INTRODUCTION Zoonoses are diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. The pathogens that cause zoonotic diseases are bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites or protozoa. Disease transfer occurs via direct or indirect exposure to the pathogen. A pathogen is contracted directly through skin to skin contact of an infected animal or through ingestion of diseased animal products (infected faeces, urine, saliva, blood, milk or other bodily fluids). A bite or sting from a diseased animal or through an infected invertebrate host directly transfers the pathogen to humans as well. Indirect exposure occurs through air, water or soil in which the pathogen can survive for a limited period of time without a host ( Acha, et al., 2003). CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSES The World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Zoonoses came up with the following classification system of zoonoses based on the type of life cycle of the pathogen.

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7 Effect of Parasites on Fish Behaviour

For most people in their right mind, parasites are disgusting little creatures. The mention of them evokes images of tiny crawlers entering the body of innocent victims by devious means, encrusting themselves within various organs (often with very unpleasant effects), living off their host’s tissues, and then exiting the body, sometimes through scatological avenues, leaving behind hosts that are incapacitated, if not mere shells of their former selves (as is literally the case for some insects). The true facts are not always that gruesome (after all, parasites that have to spend a long time inside a host do not benefit if this host kicks the bucket, because then they die as well) but often enough parasitic reality is not pretty. Ask biology students about their parasitology course, and they will tell you that attending class is like visiting a little shop of horrors. I, for one, came out of my parasitology course with newly developed phobias (mercifully temporary) of such innocuous activities as eating meat and bathing in streams – they represent ways of transmission for some parasites. But students will also tell you that parasites are fascinating because of the complexity of their life cycles and the intricate ways in which they complete these cycles. So fascinating, in fact, that many students eventually become parasitologists and devote their entire lives to studying the little critters. Most of these people work with parasites of livestock or humans, but a few with an equal taste for ethology and ichthyology pursue the more esoteric questions that occupy this page: how fishes avoid getting parasitized, and how fishes alter their behaviour once they get parasitized (Barber et al., 2000)

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8 Diseases and Parasites of Sports Fishes

Occasionally anglers catch fish that show signs of infection or parasitism. Is the fish safe to eat? The usual and safest response to this question is, “When in doubt - don’t.” However, very few fish diseases can be transferred to humans. Almost all fish are safe to eat when thoroughly cooked, smoked or frozen. Fishes are a valuable resources for hill streams and temperate region people. Not only do they provide important recreation, but they are also a valuable supplement to the family food budget. The anticipation of any fisherman, whether he be a young boy with a cane pole and a can of worms or an “old pro,” is a quality fish for the table. It is the unwritten law of any true sportsman to utilize the fish he catches. The purpose of this publication is to help you, the angler, determine if the fish you’ve caught is worthy of your skillet. Remember, a sick fish will not take the hook (Taraschewski, 2000).

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9 Parasites of Exotic Fishes

INTRODUCTION A parasite is an organism which exploits another organism for the purpose of staying alive. Some parasitic relationships are harmless, while in other cases a parasite can damage or even kill its host. The word is borrowed from the Greek word ‘‘parasitos’’, meaning “one who eats at the table of someone else.” In case of exotic carps parasites causes a great loss by reducing economy. Some, cannot live once their host dies, while others can continue thriving on dead hosts until their nutrients are consumed. Parasites live inside a host are called endoparasites or internal parasites. Ectoparasites live outside the host, and are generally more capable of switching hosts. A parasite preys on other parasites, is called epiparasite (Anderson, 1974). Silver Carp The silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is a species of freshwater cyprinid fish, a variety of Asian carp native to north and northeast Asia. It is cultivated in China. Pound for pound, more silver carp are produced worldwide in aquaculture than any other species. Silver carp are usually farmed in polyculture with other Asian major carps, or sometimes Indian major carps or other species. It has been introduced to, or spread into via connected waterways, at least 88 countries around the world.Introduced in india in 1959 at the pond culture division of CIFRI. In India in 1963 breed sucessfully by hypophysation. The silver carp is a filter feeder, and possesses a remarkably specialized filtration apparatus capable of filtering particles as small as 4 µm. The gill rakers are fused into a sponge-like filter, and an epibranchial organ secretes mucus which assists in trapping small particles. A strong buccal pump forces water through this filter. Silver carp, like all Hypophthalmichthys species, have no stomachs; they are thought to feed more or less constantly. Silver carp are thought to feed largely on phytoplankton; they also consume zooplankton and detritus. It is used in controlling water quality, especially control of noxious cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), microcystis .

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10 Parasites Picture Gallery

An extraordinary variety of viruses, bacteria, and organisms stand ready to attack us and feed off our bodies’ cells. Using microscopes of varying power, photographers show us a teeming microbial world that we could barely imagine without their help.

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11 End Pages

Suggested Literatures Acha P.N. & Szyfres B. 2003. Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals, 3rd Ed., Vol. 3, Parasitoses. Pan American Health Organization, Washinton. Adamczyk, L. H. 1981. Parasite fauna of carp fry (Cyprinus carpio) bred in ponds fed by rainwater. Wiadomosci-Parazytologiczne, 27(6) : 763-722. Ahmed, A. ALI, S.M.K Samad, A. (1991) Probable cause of fish culture in Bangladesh. Nutrition news. 14(1): 3. (p 6) Ahmed, A. T. A. and Begum, R. 1978. Study on the distribution of some endoparasitic helminths in six fresh water fishes of Dhacca and Barisal. Bangladesh J. Aquac., 1(1) : 52 – 60. Ahmed, A. T. A. and Ezaz, M. T. 1997. Diversity of helminth parasites in the freshwater catfish of Bangladesh. Dis. Asian Aquacult. III. pp. 155- 160 Ahmed, A. T. A. and Ezaz, M. T. 1997. Diversity of helminth parasites in the fresh water catfish of Bangladesh. Dis. Asian Aquacult., 111. p.155 – 160. Ali, N. M.; Abul-Eis and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1988. Study on parasites of common carp Cyprinus carpio and other freshwater fishes in Habbaniyah Lake, Iraq. J. Biol. Sci. Res., 19(2) : 395-408. Alikunhi, K. H. 1957. Fish culture in India. Farm Bulletin of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, No. 20, pp-1 - 150. Al-Marzouq, A. and Al-Rifae, K. 1994. Benedenia sp., a monogenetic parasite of cultured brown spotted grouper, Epinephelus tauvina, in Kuwait. J. Aqua. Trop. 9: 255-258. Andersen, R. M. 1974. Population dynamics of the cestoda Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas, 1781) in the bream (Abramis brama L.). J. Animal Ecol., 43: 305- 321.

 
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