Preface Agricultural Extension, as the organized exchange of information and the purposive transfer of skills, which is dynamic and is undergoing rapid changes. Obviously, transfer of information and skills has existed since the emergence of permanent agriculture but, today’s practice is different in that the process is dominated by organizations, and its scope has extended from disconnected local events to a complicated, large-scale, and even worldwide activity. Extension as a discipline has a history that dates back over a century and it has a broad application such that it is almost inevitable to make sense of development efforts without applying its principles. It is essential that you as a prospective professional agriculturist not only clearly understand what the term extension means, but also need to practically experience the concepts and be able to come to term with the implications and applications of basic principles in extension. The extension education also helps the students to face life and its challenges and creates an ambience for learning society. In order to further sharpen the knowledge and skill of the students, this particular practical manual has been designed to guide extension students to gain practical knowledge on various extension methods and methodologies involved in agriculture extension. After completing the exercises of this manual student will not only gain knowledge on various extension programmes, activities of various extension institutes like Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) and Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC) but also they will be practically experience actual situation in the village and will be in a position to prepare an extension work plan for implementing the extension. This manual provides significant hands on experience in acquiring skill, which are mainly aimed at creating agricultural information materials, script writing for farm broadcast and telecast, technical writing and also handling AV aids in extension. We have great pleasure in presenting the first edition of this practical manual for extension students. We sincerely wish to thank with gratitude all of the contributors for showing their practical experiences in enriching this manual. We do also express our thanks to the publisher for publishing this volume.

THEORETICAL ORIENTATION The word “democracy” is derived from the Greek roots - ‘cracy’ meaning ‘rule of and ‘demos’ meaning ‘the people’. It is governance of the people, by the people, for the people. Rule by majority is, no doubt, an important feature of this system of governance; but the more important ingredient is rule by consultation - consultation between the people’s representatives on one hand and consultation with the officers on the other. ‘Decentralization’ means devolution of central authority among local units close to the areas served. Where authority is devolved by this process on people’s institution, it is ‘democratic decentralization’. At the instance of the Prime Minister it was decided to give the process of the three-tier administration the strictly Indian name, “Panchayati Raj” which means a system of government. Panchayati Raj was conceived system of democratic local self-Government. Earlier, Mahatma Gandhi also advocated panchayati raj as the foundation of India’s political system, as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs. The term for such a vision was Gram Swaraj (“village self-governance”). The institution of Panchayat represented not only the collective will, but also the collective wisdom of the entire rural community. The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, headed by M P Balwant Rai Mehta, was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953) and to suggest measures for their better work. The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ‘democratic decentralisation’ which finally came to be known as 'Panchayati Raj' which would be a 3-tier system - 'Gram Panchayat' at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zilla Parishad at the district level.

This practical assignment is designed in a way that students will acquire knowledge on various development departments in the district, especially on organizational structure, functioning and activities of any agency like District Rural Development Agency (DRDA). PURPOSE To get the students acquainted with the organization and functioning of DRDA. To give the students a brief idea about the organizational structure and functions of other development departments at district level.

This practical assignment is conceptualized and designed to acquire practical learning experience through various activities implemented by NGOs in improving the livelihood of the targeted group. The assignment also projects a clear picture about the objectives, structure, functioning and activities of NGOs. PURPOSE To make the students acquainted with the NGOs and their learning experience in rural development. THEORETICAL ORIENTATION A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a not-for-profit organization that is independent from states and international governmental organizations. They are usually funded by donations but some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers. NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and take different forms in different parts of the world.

This practical assignment is conceptualized and operationalized to understand various tools and techniques in conducting a PRA at the village level and help students in understanding their application in village development planning. PURPOSE To get students acquainted with the PRA tools and techniques and their application in village development programme

This visit gives students an exposure to mass media like radio, television studio and helps them in understanding elements, equipment and overall process of programme production used for disseminating information on agriculture and rural technologies. PURPOSE To get acquainted the students about the mass media by visiting the community radio and television studio To know the operating system how a programme is delivered in the radio and television

This practical assignment is conceptualized and operationalized to study the settlement pattern, social stratification system, family resource base, ongoing development programmes and SHG of SGSY. PURPOSE To acquaint students with the first-hand knowledge about the village pattern and the on-going developmental programmes.  To study about the extension programmes like SHG of SGSY and their structure and function.

This practical assignment is dealt with the appropriate extension strategies and methodologies adopted by KVK and ATIC in disseminating proven agriculture information and technologies to farmers through delivery mechanisms. PURPOSE To acquaint the first-hand knowledge of the KVK- Farm Science Centre and ATIC To study the structure, function of the centre and the role of the centre in transfer of technology.

This practical assignment is associated with the evaluation of communication fidelity with in a communication process where in all the communication elements are responsible to contribute the same. PURPOSE To understand the communication gap which arises due to emergence of noise in the channel To understand the importance of communicator’s ability to organize and treat the message for making communication effective To understand the distortion (addition or deletion or alterations in the original message) in communication.

This practical assignment is dealt with the appropriate extension strategies and methodologies adopted by various extension institutes in disseminating proven agricultural technologies to various stakeholders under university extension system. PURPOSE To get acquainted with the university extension system.

This assignment focuses on various methods in identifying the rural or local leaders in the social system and helps the students in case of identifying the specialized roles of extension workers at grassroot level. PURPOSE To identify rural leaders for collecting information about the village. To assess the role of rural leaders in transferring new technology to the villagers through rural leader.

This practical assignment deals with preparation of village improvement plan by analyzing the facts such as farming system, infrastructure, communication etc., facilities available at that particular village through participatory extension tools and methods. This assignment also helps students in designing a blueprint for developing the village into a model village. PURPOSE To develop the village in every aspect like agriculture, education, infrastructure, communication. To prepare a comprehensive, realistic and practical blueprint for development of the village into a model village. To improve the socio-economic condition of the farmer

This practical assignment is dealt with the appropriate writing of script for farm broadcast and telecast. Script writing is an art for disseminating the information to the users in an effective and interesting way. In agricultural journalism, script writing plays an important and crucial role to communicate the agricultural information to the farming community with its proper content and intent. PURPOSE To acquaint the students with the first-hand knowledge about the principles and technique of writing scripts for farm broadcast and telecast. To provide the students an opportunity for developing and improving their skill in writing an effective radio/television script.

THEORETICAL ORIENTATION One of the training methods used in management training and technical training is workshop method. The word workshop is borrowed from the area of industry. As the word says, in the workshop of industries, practical work is done by the workers. Similarly, through workshop method, some works are done by the participants who are actively involved in the same. One component which is common for all the methods is the person who conducts the proceedings of the method. We may call him a trainer or more appropriately for this method the director of the workshop. In using workshop method, the trainer needs a few experts who may be called as consultants or co-trainers. The trainer cannot handle the workshop situation single-handed. A workshop schedule is very much important for planning an effective workshop method. It will help arrange all the necessary materials and the people well in advance to organise the workshop programme successfully and achieve the objectives of the workshop for which it is organised.

This practical assignment is conceptualized and designed to improve skill of the students on micro teaching for managing teaching situation. Purpose To get students acquainted with the micro teaching exercise. To allow the students for progressive training for the management of teaching situation. To improve specific micro-teaching skills involved in teaching.

This practical assignment is dealt with background and nature of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme MGNREGP works and students will gain first-hand information and will evaluate this programme in this assignment. PURPOSE To acquaint students with the first-hand knowledge about the work carried out in MGNREGP and how it progress. To know the socio-economic background of the MGNREGP workers and nature of economic activities available in the villages under MGNREGP.

This practical assignment is focused on various methodologies and techniques in organizing group discussion and method demonstration. After completion of this assignment, student will be competent enough to organize group discussions and conduct method demonstration in the village. PURPOSE To acquaint students to solve the problem through discussion. To evaluate information, ideas to solve the problem and understand the problem towards development of a programme of action relative to the problem.

This practical assignment is conceptualized in a way that students will gain a deeper understanding of the rural situation and can prioritize the rural needs which will eventually help in achieving overall development of the rural people. PURPOSE To gain a deeper understanding of the rural situation. To encourage students to analyze the needs of the rural people on priority basis and thereby helping in planning effectively for rural development. To acquaint the students with the areas that needs to be more strengthened in case of achieving overall development of the rural people.

This practical assignment is conceptualized and operationalized to plan for preparation and use of non-projected visual aids. In traditional and modern extension communication, the communication aids are helping the communicator to communicate the message in a better way. The examples of non-projected communication aids are poster, charts, flash cards, leaflets, folders etc. PURPOSE To provide precise and reliable scientific information told in simple language about a single practice or item of interest in the form of (Non-Projected Visual Aids) NPVA To serve immediate needs of the farmer. To catch the attention of the farmer and they can easily understand it.

This practical assignment is dealing with planning and preparation of agricultural information materials- leaflet, pamphlet and news stories, in this assignment required guidelines are provided for the students for preparing these agricultural extension material more effectively. PURPOSE To equip students in preparing Agricultural Information Materials like leaflets, pamphlets and news stories.

This practical assignment is associated with the planning, preparation and presentation of Microsoft PowerPoint slide. This assignment not only helps students in gaining first-hand knowledge on preparation of PowerPoint slide, but also improves their presentation skills while presenting a presentation before the audience. PURPOSE To acquaint students with first-hand knowledge about the power point slides and how to prepare it. To get an idea about the presentation of power point slide in front of the audience.

This practical assignment deals with operational principles and functions of the Overhead Project which governs the appropriate handling and application of OHP in real situation and also guides students in preparing different types of Overhead Projector slides for presentation.

This practical assignment is designed for the students to give first-hand information on components, working procedure and handling of public address system (PAS) and liquid crystal display (LCD) projector. PURPOSE  To acquaint students with how to operate and handle the public address system.  To acquaint the students handle LCD projector.

This practical assignment is related with listening, note taking, writing and oral presentation skill, after completion of these assignment students will improve their listening, notes taking, writing skills and will also acquires good presentation skills. PURPOSE  To get acquainted the students about the listening, note taking, writing skills and oral presentation skills. After completion of this assignment student will improve their listening skill.

This practical assignment is related to write the technical matters in simplest form to be digested by the common readers. It also helps in summarizing the entire matter related to new technology or innovation in a nutshell. PURPOSE  To acquaint the students how to write summary of a topic  To improve technical writing skills

This practical assignment is related with indexing, footnote and bibliographic procedures for writing research articles, this assignment provides hands on experiences for the students on working with indexing, footnote and bibliographic procedures which eventually helps them during writing research articles. PURPOSE To make the students acquainted how to write indexing, footnote and bibliographic procedures. 1. Footnotes Footnotes have a pronounced effect on style, general tone and clarity. Every footnote is a disgression from the main stream of thought. It interrupts the reader. If he reads it, his eyes must make an excursion to the bottom of the page; and when he is through, he must find the place where he departed from it. Lengthy footnotes can cause the reader to lose the thread of your message, to miss what you are trying to tell him. It is of two types.

This practical assignment is dealt with collection, collation and maintenance of field and lab related information in a single compendium or diary. PURPOSE To make the students acquainted with the field diary and lab record THEORETICAL ORIENTATION Field Diary There are two kinds of field notes

This practical assignment is conceptualized and designed to guide students in identifying and preparation of project proposals. This assignment provides an opportunity for the students to explore, thing and putting their ideas on paper. PURPOSE  To provide an idea about project in entrepreneurship development.  To identify the project and its importance.  To know about the preparation of project.

This practical assignment deals with identification of emerging enterprises in agricultural sector and helps students in identifying the emerging enterprises suitable for the study area on the basis of the situational analysis. PURPOSE  To provide a comprehensive idea about different enterprises.  To acquaint the students with different factors which are essential for identifying emerging enterprises in agricultural sector.

This assignment is associated with the identification and recognition of different characteristics and features related to entrepreneurship development within the individual. PURPOSE  To make students acquainted with the characteristics favorable for entrepreneurial activity of people.  To help the students develop their skill in identifying the entrepreneurial traits one can have within him/her.

This practical assignment deals with cost benefit analysis, and gives a clear picture of concepts of cost benefit analysis in determining the worth of an enterprise. PURPOSE  To make the students familiar with the concept of cost benefit analysis in determining the worth of an enterprise.  To impart the knowledge and skill required to compute the cost benefit analysis process effectively for assessing the economic viability of an enterprise.

This practical assignment is associated with visiting any two public/ private sector agricultural enterprises. This assignment provides a platform for the students to study structure, function and activities of the enterprise and gives an opportunity to analyses the same. PURPOSE  To help the students visit and observe directly the structure and activities of both public and private sector enterprises.  To enable the students to find out the differences between the public and private sector enterprises with respect to certain aspects.

This practical assignment is conceptualized and designed for preparation of enterprise business plan and provides students the preliminary information on developing a business plan PURPOSE  To equip students with the preliminary knowledge on how to develop a business plan for an enterprise.  To acquaint the students with the important aspects of a business plan which are essential for developing and running an enterprise successfully.

ANNEXURE-I Panchayat Survey Schedule Name of the Gram Panchayat (GP): Name of the Block: Name of the District: Name of the GP Pradhan: No. and position of GP staffs: