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INNOVATIVE HORTICULTURE

R. Arunkumar, K. R.Vijayalatha, K. Kannan, V. Thirumalmurugan, K. Latha, S. Nantha Kumar
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789389992861

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    404

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 2,995.00 INR 2,695.50 INR + Tax

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We are in the middle of the first decade of new millennium and facing lot of change in Indian agriculture particularly in the field of horticulture. In the last millennium the horticultural crops had the limited phase of development because of unawareness of the research potentiality. We will enter the second decade of new millennium and by the end of 2020; the golden revolution starts with new visions in application of modern and innovative techniques in breeding and farming. Qualitative production is just sufficient to meet the domestic market except for few crops like spices, condiments, plantation crops, flower crops and medicinal plants which has high demand in the international market. The horticultural crops contribute to the supplementary diet providing food security to the nation. All this needs application of innovative approaches of scientific culture. This book encompasses recent and pertinent field of horticulture viz., crop breeding, precision farming, biotechnology, therapeutic horticulture and post harvest practices covering fruits, vegetables, flowers and spices and plantations crops. The knowledge on recent research technologies viz., bioinformatics, biotechnology, transplastomics etc., will be helpful in production and consumption of horticultural crops. The practical application of breeding techniques like polyoidy and the selection technique will pave the way to increase the productivity. The exploitation of horticultural crops for the occurrence of antioxidants will serve for the human health and prevent the disease like cancer, cardio vascular disease, diabetics etc. The organic farming for vegetable and plantation crops is more informative. All this information is brought out in detailed in different s of this book."

0 Start Pages

Preface The subject horticulture is a multi-disciplinary, lingual and professional subject in the field of Plant Science which carters the basic needs of a wide range of people in India and Abroad. Horticulture is a popular instructional program and part time activity which indulge people with these aesthetic plants. The horticultural industry, as explained in the text, is making it increasingly more attractive for the students, scientific community and also for the non professional plant growers to participate in the culture of plants at diverse levels and for various needs. The purpose of this text is to provide a resource for the use as a reference for the professionals and the libraries. A review text, “Innovative Horticulture” is designed for the post graduates, scholar’s, researchers and libraries of the public and the universities. Emphasis is placed on the principles and concepts of Horticulture and there by minimizing national and International biases. Scientific advances are the keys to biological processes could lead to commercial applications involving genetic or environmental manipulations of horticultural corps. Advances in the science and technology are continually creating exiting opportunities for novel and improved systems for production and products. Foremost among these in the recent years have been advances in our understanding of genes controlling plants to biotech production systems. Much attention has been paid to how these advances might be used in agriculture, but relatively little attention has been paid to their possible exploitation in horticulture. This is much surprising, since horticulture not only operates on a smaller physical scale than agriculture but it also uses a much lesser number of different species and it has more plant centered tradition that involves the handling and manipulation of plants. Most of these features have the potential greatly to enhance what genetic manipulation alone can achieve and add value to commercial crops. The protected cultivation of horticultural crops, especially in glasshouse also requires considerable measures of environmental control as well as a detailed knowledge of the responses of the crops to their environment. For the above reasons, it might seem that horticultural crop production was particularly suited to make use of scientific and technical discoveries involving the genetic and environmental manipulations of crop plants. This book encompasses review chapters invited from researchers and scholars. It addresses the multilevel issues of improving horticultural crops through crop breeding, biotechnology, production and value addition and also the therapeutic value. This book also highlights further opportunities where scientific advances in our understanding of key biological process could lead to commercial applications. Each contributor is an expert in his/her field of operation. The chapters of this volume have been designed to help the readers in appreciating the natural supremacy of horticulture as device to sustain life on earth. The arrangement of the topics is aimed to anchor the interest of the students, scholars, off-professionals, MNC’s and corporates to obtain an extensive knowledge about the recent developments. On a personal note, with warm regards it is my honour to portray and acknowledge my perspective parents, Dr. P. Rangasamy (Former Dean, AC&RI, Madurai) and Mrs. KamalamRangasamy, who have laid out the foundation for my successful educational career and my wife, for her great source of encouragement, sacrifice and the inexhaustible love without whom I would not have completed this book successfully.

 
1 Applications of Bioinformatics in Vegetable Breeding
R. Arunkumar, K. Kannan, V. Thirumalmurugan, K. Latha

1. Introduction 2. Human Genome Project 3. Development of Bioinformatics 3.1. Indian scenario 4. Plant Genome Model 5. Components of Plant Genome Database 5.1. Stock centre databases 5.2. Genome mapping database 5.3. DNA sequences 6. Agricultural Research Service and National Research Initiative 6.1. Objectives of plant genome programme 6.2. GIBN Trans – pacific digital library experiment plant genome databases 7. Plant Genome Databases 7.1. Vegetable genome databases 7.1.1 Mendel-Plant Gene Nomenclature Database 7.2. Others 7.2.1. Bean Genes – Phaseolus / Vigna sp. Database 7.2.2. Solgenes Database 7.2.3. Soybase 7.3. Other data bases 7.3.1. PGDB (Pathway genome data base) 7.3.2. Demeter’s genome 8. Tools of Bioinformatics 9. New Directions in Genome Database at Stanford 10. Navigating the World Wide Web 11. Virtual Genome Centre (VGC) 11.1. Programmes at the VGC 12. Impact of Gene Chips and Micro Arrays 13. Applications and Impacts 14. Bottlenecks 15. Future Thrust

1 - 20 (20 Pages)
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2 HI-Tech Farming in Vegetable Crops
M.Anand, R.Arunkumar, A.Mayavel, T.Muregsaboopathi

1. INTRODUCTION Today’s technological advancement have reached a level where a farmer can have access to information and tools to manage his mechanized field operations. They can now measure, evaluate and deal variability with infield (e.g. soil fertility, water availability and yield) that was known to exist previously but was not manageable, to his advantage. The ability to handle variations in productivity within a field and maximize financial return, reduce waste and minimize impact on the environment has always been the objective of an enterprising farmer, especially those with limited land resources and those who advocate sound agriculture practice. This concept is not new. What is new is the ability to automate data collection and documentation and the utilisation of this information for strategic farm management decision in the field operations through mechanisation, sensing and communication technology. Such an approach in agriculture production management gives rise to what is now termed as Precision Farming (PF), Precision Agriculture (PA), Prescription Farming (Precision farming), Site Specific Agriculture (SSA), Soil Specific Crop Management (SSCM), Spatially Variable Crop Production (SVCP) etc.

21 - 49 (29 Pages)
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3 Ploidy Breeding in Tropical Fruits
R. Kamalkumar, K.Soorianathasundram

1. INTRODUCTION The basic principle of plant breeding is the utilization of existing variation and creation of new variations. Ploidy breeding is one of the tools used for improving the crop plants. The year 1937 can be considered as a landmark in the history of plant breeding. The discovery of the specific action of colchicine in inducing polyploidy has provided the breeder with a means for increasing the scope of crop improvement apart from the removal of the barrier of sterility in the sterile interspecific hybrids by the production of amphidiploids and their utilization later for the transfer of useful genes from the wild parents to cultivated plants. It was hoped that the production of autoploids in various crop plants would directly lead to the cultivation of better plants, as generally the autopolyploids are known for their gigas characters including the seed.

51 - 74 (24 Pages)
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4 Application of Fertigation in Horticultural Crops
M. Anand, V. Ponnusamy, V. Vijayaraghavan, T.Sumathi

1. INTRODUCTION ‘Fertigation’ is the technique of supplying dissolved fertilizer to crops through an irrigation system (Haynes, 1985). When efficient irrigation system combined with both nutrients and water, it can lead to obtain higher yield and preferable quality desired marketable produce. Often, side-dressings of straight solid fertilizers are found to be the management constraints. Most of the growers have the experience of how much the applied fertilizer is either washed from the soil in run-off or leached below the root zone. Continuous small applications of soluble nutrients have the benefits like labour, due to fertilizer being placed uniformly around the plant roots and allow savings/economy rapid uptake of nutrients by the plant.

75 - 103 (29 Pages)
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5 Organic Farming of Plantation Crops
K.Padmadevi, T.Vijaya, M.Vijayakumar

1. INTRODUCTION India is traditionally rich on agricultural knowledge. Presently modern farming is not sustainable in consonance with economics, ecology, equity, energy and socio–cultural dimensions. Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides to boost the yields have resulted in various environmental and health hazards along with socio–economic problems. The agricultural production has continued to increase, but the trend in productivity has started declining. The agricultural scientist’s and farming community whole heartedly aim at an alternative sustainable farming system which will be ecologically sound, economically viable and socially acceptable. The answer to the problem lies in refining our own traditional practices based on natural and organic farming methods offering several safe, feasible and cost effective solutions. The term ‘Organic farming’, a system of farming is one which avoids synthetic fertilizers but rely upon crop rotation also using crop residues, animal manures, legumes, green manures, biofertilizers, organic wastes etc., to maintain the soil fertility and increase productivity. This system enables the nutrients leaching from perennial wood and vegetation and help to maintain organic matter and protect the soil from surface erosion. The world wide awareness for adopting organic farming has paved way for streamlining the production technology and certification by adopting the specified crop production practices. Organic farming practices in agriculture and animal husbandry are native to East Asian countries, like India and China. In China a strong national movement for animal waste recycling is in vogue, minimizing the use of inorganic fertilizers (Xu, 2000), while in our country specific crop production practices are developed in isolation and adopted locally. The trend of use of chemicals and industrial inputs in intensive farming is increasing which resulted in soil health deterioration and increased environmental pollution which causes a great concern all over the world. Therefore an emphasis on the need to use the organics and other byproducts of agriculture and industry is emerging. Fortunately, the country is already rich with left over crop residues (185 million tonnes) but its use presently is limited. Apart from crop residues, there is an enormous quantity of cattle wastes out of which sixty per cent of the used for fuel purpose in rural areas.

105 - 120 (16 Pages)
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6 Issues, Strategies and Scope in Organic Production of Vegetables
M.Anand, L. Pugalendhi, A. Mayavel

1. INTRODUCTION Organic farming systems can deliver agronomic and environmental benefits both through the structural changes and the tactical daily management of the farming system. The benefits of organic farming systems are relevant both to developing and developed nations which helps for environmental protection, biodiversity enhancement, reduced energy use and CO2 emissions (Thiyagarajan, et al., 2003). The post Green Revolution era has led to environmental pollution due to excessive use of agrochemicals and fertilizers and thus threatened the fragile ecosystem (Selvaraj et al., 2001). Organic farming conserves soil fertility and curtails soil erosion through implementation of appropriate conservation principles (Thampan, 1995). Organic farming leads to live in harmony with nature. United Nation experts indicate that organic foods have the good opportunities for developing countries to open a space in the global market. This entails the creation of greater awareness of trade opportunities for organic products as well as of the environmental, economic and social benefits to the public.

121 - 172 (52 Pages)
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7 Psychoactive Plants
C. Thangamani, C. Kavitha, P. Jansirani

1. INTRODUCTION The numbers of plant products that influence the nervous system are many and particular group that act on central nervous system by influencing neurotransmitters or endorphins are treated as psychoactive plants. Psychoactive drugs that act on the central nervous system are very much involved in psychiatry. The range of effect is wide for these plants and they can be divided into three categories viz., Stimulants, which excite and enhance psycho motor activity. Depressants which reduce mental and physical performance and Hallucinogens which are capable of inducing dream like state. A wide range of plant derivatives are involved in these mind altering drugs.

173 - 184 (12 Pages)
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8 Microencapsulation — A Media for Functional Pharma Products
T.Vijaya, K.R.Vijayalatha, K.Padmadevi, L.Pugalendhi

1. INTRODUCTION Many food components are encapsulated and stabilized by nature inside plant cells, but, with the growth in use of functional ingredients and product fortification with vitamins, antioxidants and nature-identical synthetic compounds, there is a need to stabilize and protect these ingredients from the rigours of processing and degradation during storage. Many food products whose development was thought to be technically unfeasible are possible today because of the wide availability of encapsulated ingredients. Such ingredients are products of a process that totally envelops the ingredient in a coating or ‘capsule’ thereby conferring many useful and otherwise unusual properties to the original ingredients. Encapsulation is a technique that is applied to preserve and/or protect numerous ingredients. In the flavour industry, the encapsulation process is used chiefly to convert liquid flavour materials to free-flowing, dried powdered products. In a broad sense, encapsulation technology includes the coating of minute particles of ingredients (e.g., acidulants, fats, and flavours) as well as whole ingredients (raisins, nuts, and confectionery products) that may be accomplished by microencapsulation and macro-coating techniques, respectively.

187 - 212 (26 Pages)
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9 Potentialities of Antioxidants in Horticultural Crops
R. Kamalkumar, R. Arunkumar, A.Mayavel

1. INTRODUCTION The terms antioxidants and free radicals are being very effective used nutritionists and other health professionals. Antioxidants are compounds are good for health and free radicals are harmful. In general, antioxidants neutralize free radicals that are generated in the body and prevent damage to cell proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Antioxidants can be water-soluble or lipid-soluble, thus they exist within the lipid or within the water portion of cells. Antioxidants are substances when present in food or in body at low concentration retards or prevents undesirable oxidation of substrates by free radicals. Within the human body, millions of processes are occurring at all times. All cells require oxygen to generate energy; higher eukaryotic organisms cannot exist without oxygen. Unfortunately, that same life giving oxygen can create harmful side effects which cause cell damage and lead to chronic disease. Damage caused by free radicals is called oxidation. Oxidative stress is the disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favour of the former, leading to the potential damage.

215 - 236 (22 Pages)
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10 Photoautotrophic Micropropagation
V. Vijayaraghavan, M.Anand, D.Veeraragavathatham, K. Indhumathi

1. INTRODUCTION Micropropagation is a specific aspect of plant tissue culture dealing with the aseptic vegetative multiplication of plants in-vitro and is divided into several major stages: Stage 0: Stock plant selection and preparation Stage 1: Initiation and establishment of an aseptic culture Stage 2: Multiplication Stage 3: In-vitro rooting and conditioning Stage 4: Acclimatization to ex-vitro environment. (Hartmann et al., 1990)

237 - 259 (23 Pages)
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11 Defense Proteins and Plant Diesease Resistance
K.R.Vijayalatha, R.Venkatachalam

1. INTRODUCTION Plant diseases are major constraints to plant growth and development (from seed to maturity) resulting in crop losses. Plants are exposed to attack, by a wide variety of microbes like bacteria, virus, fungi, phytoplasma and as an abnormality they cause disease. To counter these threats, plants have evolved a series of defense systems in response to the pathogen challenge inhibiting natural resistance. Thus disease is an exception rather than rule. However on failure of the inbuilt resistance mechanism, outbreak of disease has led to the widespread use of chemicals that have deleterious environmental and human health consequences. To enable the development of more effective and durable resistance against pathogens, a detailed analysis is necessary to identify the genes and mechanisms involved in plant defense/resistance. Recombinant DNA and gene transformation technologies have potential to augment traditional breeding efforts (limited by genetic variability) by circumventing taxonomic limitations to gene pool for pathogen resistance. Further manipulation of defense genes in transgenic plants provide novel approaches for engineering pathogen resistance. It becomes important to understand the different components of plant defense to exploit host plants for resistance Thus the review is focused on plant genes and proteins that are known to play a major role in plant resistant against pathogens.

261 - 276 (16 Pages)
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12 Genetic Transformation for Secondary Metabolites Production
C. Kavitha, C. Thangamani, E. Vadivel

1. INTRODUCTION Plants produce an array of natural products, the secondary metabolites, which play a variety of roles such as pollinator attractants e.g. pigments and scents and defense molecules against attacks by animals and microorganisms. These substances are very much important as a source of pharmaceuticals, fragrances, agrochemicals and food additives. Great efforts have been made by the chemical industry to mimic and synthesise these compounds. However little success has been achieved and plants still remain the major source of these vital compounds (Wink, 1990). In the late 1970s plant cell culture was thought to be an alternative or additional way of producing these compounds (Alfermann and Peterson, 1995). The low yields obtained with cultured cells and inferior to the amounts present in intact plants, provided a major drawback to their commercial exploitation. The plant derived pharmaceuticals represent a large market value; about 25% of today’s pharmaceuticals contain at least one active ingredient of plant origin. So only a minute fraction of the enormous biosynthetic potential of plant cells is being exploited. The most popular analgesic drug aspirin and the most valuable anti-cancer drugs paclitaxel and vinblastine are derived solely from plant sources (Pezzuto, 1996). Over the last 10-15 years, the successful genetic transformation of plants has been reported in about 200 species including agricultural crops, trees, ornamentals, fruits and vegetables. Such genetic modification has improved specific crop traits, such as resistance to pathogens, to herbicides and to various environmental factors including drought and floods (Bajaj and Ishimaru, 1999). Following on from this success genetic transformation of medicinal plants has been attempted, primarily to enhance the production of various pharmaceuticals, flavours and pigments. During the early 90’s it was suggested that metabolic engineering of biosynthetic networks might be achieved by application of recombinant DNA methods.

277 - 291 (15 Pages)
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13 Nator’s and Traitor Technologies
S. Sudagar, R. Kamal kumar

1. INTRODUCTION The Technology Protection System (TPS) or “Terminator Technology” as it has been called, allows plant breeders to genetically modify and protect their crop rights so they produce seed for one generation only. TPS was co-developed by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Delta and Pine Land Company in 1998. They received U.S. Patent 5723765 entitled “Control of Plant Gene Expression”. The patent was based on research conducted under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between Delta and Pine Land Co. and the ARS USDA. The CRADA was signed in 1993.

293 - 311 (19 Pages)
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14 Transplastomics
Padma Priya, N.Chezhiyan

1. INTRODUCTION The past hundred and fifty years of this millennium have witnessed an unbelievable pace of scientific and technological development. Modern science has attempted to a great extent and succeeded in realizing the dreams and fantasies of philosophers and scientists of the previous centuries. Plant genetic engineering via., nucleus is a mature technology that has been used productively for research and commercial applications. However, plants have an unassuming second genome inside the tiny organelles called as plastids. Although this small circular DNA carries a fewer genes than its nuclear counterpart, researchers say its potential for genetic engineering far outstrips its size. The ability to introduce foreign genes at specific locations on a chloroplast has been acquired very recently. It is expected that certain limitations of nuclear genome transformation methods in terms of protein expression and environmental safety can be overcome by site-specific introduction of genes into plastids. Thus the plastid engineering forms a viable alternative serving as another milestone in the field of plant biotechnology.

313 - 347 (35 Pages)
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15 Post Harvest Biotechnology of Tomoto and Cassava
T. Sumathi, V .Vijayaraghavan, A.Mayavel

1. INTRODUCTION Vegetables play a significant role in human nutrition, especially as sources of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and antioxidants. Consumption of vegetables on a daily basis is highly recommended because of its associated health benefits, which include reduced risk of chronic diseases. Due to perishable nature of vegetables, the post harvest losses of these commodities are four to five times higher than those of food grains. The post harvest losses from vegetables accounts to a tune of Rs. 23,000 crores per year. Both quantitative and qualitative losses occur in horticultural commodities between harvest and consumption. Qualitative losses, such as palatability, nutritional quality, caloric value and consumer acceptability of fresh produce, are much more difficult to assess than the quantitative losses. Postharvest losses vary greatly across commodity types, with area and the season of production. In contrast, the range of produce losses in developing countries varies widely. Losses at the retail, food service and consumer levels are estimated at approximately 20 per cent in developed countries and about 10 per cent in developing countries. Overall, about one third of horticultural crops produced are never consumed by humans. Reduction of post-harvest losses can increase food availability to the growing world population, decrease the area needed for production and conserve the natural resources.

349 - 371 (23 Pages)
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16 End Pages

Index A Abscised 61, 252 Absorption 87, 176, 233 Acc oxidase 351, 354, 355, 357, 359 Acc synthase 354, 355, 357, 359, 360, 362 Acclimatization 239, 240, 244, 245, 247, 248, 256, 259 Accredit 116 Accreditation 115, 116, 117, 133, 136, 143, 144 Acedb software 9, 14 Acetosyringone 281 Acetylcholine 173, 175, 176 Ach 175 Aciar 149 Actuator 32 Additive 124, 198, 199, 212, 229

 
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