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Nutritional Disorders In Fruit Crops: Diagnosis And Management

A Poshadari, T.V.N.Padmavathi, Aparna Kuna, P .Ramesh, M. Prakash
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789390083299

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    180

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 1,495.00 INR 1,345.50 INR + Tax

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Diagnosis involves careful observation of crop with a thorough knowledge of crop behaviour as well as a complete understanding of functions of nutrients and their deficiency symptoms. Diagnostic techniques vary from crop to crop depending upon the field condition in which the deficiency occurs. Indian agriculture has entered into an era of multiple nutrient deficiencies. Realizing the gravity of emerging problem of nutrient deficiencies and to fulfill an immediate need to tackle them more efficiently, a guide on diagnosis of nutritional disorders and their corrections in crop plants has been prepared. All the new diagnostic techniques have been discussed in a simple language. The book has been designed in such a way as to improve the knowledge on diagnosis of deficiencies of mineral elements essential for normal plant growth, and of the methods by which such deficiencies may most effectively be remedied. The main feature of this book is the detailed description of the various visual deficiency symptoms exhibited by the fruit crops. The book has been written primarily for the use of the students of Horticulture and Agriculture to help update their knowledge on nutritional and physiological disorders of fruit crops. It is also felt that the book will provide a suitable basis for those engaged in the profession of agriculture like extension workers and progressive farmers. We hope that this book will go a long way to help in increased fruit production by proper diagnosis and suitable correction of nutritional disorders in fruit crops.

0 Start Pages

Preface In recent years, the concept of nutrient management has undergone many changes. With the tremendous advances made in the understanding of the role of various nutrients, greater emphasis has now been given to secondary (Ca, Mg, S) and micro nutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, B, Cl) besides N, P and K in nutrient management of crop plants. Long and continuous exploitation of soil fertility due to advent of high yielding varieties has resulted in the occurrence of nutrient deficiencies in general and micro nutrient deficiencies in particular. Diagnosing the nutrient deficiency is the main prerequisite for taking corrective measures so as to realize the maximum yield potential in fruit crops. Diagnosis involves careful observation of crop with a thorough knowledge of crop behaviour as well as a complete understanding of functions of nutrients and their deficiency symptoms. Diagnostic techniques vary from crop to crop depending upon the field condition in which the deficiency occurs. Indian agriculture has entered into an era of multiple nutrient deficiencies. Hence, knowledge on these aspects should be imparted to the students of agriculture to face the forth-coming challenges in nutrient management. Realizing the gravity of emerging problem of nutrient deficiencies and to fulfill an immediate need to tackle them more efficiently, a guide on diagnosis of nutritional disorders and their corrections in crop plants has been prepared. All the new diagnostic techniques have been discussed in a simple language. The book has been designed in such a way as to improve the knowledge on diagnosis of deficiencies of mineral elements essential for normal plant growth, and of the methods by which such deficiencies may most effectively be remedied. The main feature of this book is the detailed description of the various visual deficiency symptoms exhibited by the fruit crops. The book has been written primarily for the use of the students of Horticulture and Agriculture to help update their knowledge on nutritional and physiological disorders of fruit crops. It is also felt that the book will provide a suitable basis for those engaged in the profession of agriculture like extension workers and progressive farmers. We hope that this book will go a long way to help in increased fruit production by proper diagnosis and suitable correction of nutritional disorders in fruit crops.

 
1 Concept of Plant Nutrition

1.1. Introduction The green revolution has led our nation from the state of deficiency to the state of self-sufficiency in food production. The grain production has increased substantially from around 50 million tonnes to about 220 million tonnes per annum. As per the latest estimates, annual fruit production is 44 million tonnes from an area of 3.72million hectares. Depletion of nutrients, from the soil is steadily increasing due to the adoption of modem agricultural technology through intensive and extensive cultivation of high yielding varieties with chemically pure, micronutrients free high analysis fertilizers. So in recent years, the potentiality of many crops could not be exploited owing to the widespread nutrient deficiency observed in many parts of our country. With nutrient removals by crops exceeding the additions, there exists a perpetual negative balance. Consequently, nutrient deficiencies have multiplied in Indian soils and crops.

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2 Principles of Diagnosis

Diagnosis is the art of recognizing diseases or deficiency symptoms manifested from their symptoms, a scientific determination of a disorder based on critical scrutiny. 2.1 Diagnosis and prognosis Diagnosis is the estimation of nutritional status of a plant during sampling, while prognosis is the prediction of possibility of deficiency impairing plant growth at stages in the growth cycle after the sample is taken. Diagnosis is based on comparison of nutrient concentration in plant parts (mainly leaves) with standard values related to physiological requirements of the plants. In diagnosis, mainly plant analysis is used. Prognosis is also based on critical concentration of same plant parts. This sometimes has led to confusion between these two concepts, which have been used with the same meaning. In contrast, to diagnosis, prognosis may be based on their leaf or soil analysis. The main difference between prognosis and diagnosis lies in the time between sampling and appearance of the influence on plant growth.

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3 Diagnostic Techniques

Several diagnostic techniques are employed to asses the nutrient status of the crop. These are helpful in determining specific or multinutrient stresses and quantity of nutrients needed to eliminate the stress. Some of the techniques commonly used are: Visual deficiency symptoms Plant analysis Rapid tissue testing

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4 Deficiency Symptoms

4.1. Deficiency symptoms in different plant parts Nutrients are important for growth and productivity of crops. Apart from the N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, micronutrients such as Zn, Fe, Cu, B, Mo, Mn, Cl, etc. are also necessary for maintaining normal health and metabolism of plants. However, nutrient deficiency can lead to poor and stunted growth of plants resulting in poor yield performances. The depletion of nutrients from the soil is increasing due to adoption of modern agricultural technology through intensive and extensive cultivation of high yielding varieties. Nutrient deficiencies are very common in horticultural crops rather than in field crops. Identification of nutrient deficiencies in crop plants through visual symptom is the cheapest diagnostic technique. When a nutrient element insufficiency occurs, below the critical level, visual symptoms may or may not appear, although normal plant development will be slowed. When visual symptoms occur, such symptoms can frequently be used to identify the source of the insufficiency.

23 - 126 (104 Pages)
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5 Management of Nutritional Disorders

5.1 Foliar nutrition of fruit crops Foliar application of nutrients is gaining importance in horticultural crops in general and fruit crops in particular. The important criterion of the effectiveness of nutrient spray is the rate at which the foliar applied nutrients are absorbed by the leaves and translocated within the plant. For getting optimum yield, foliar fertilization should be carried out when the plant’s requirements are particularly high and the nutrient uptake through the plant roots is restricted. The restriction may be due to either plant or soil limitations.

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6 Appendices

APPENDIX – 1: Basic Information Table 1: Spacing and plant population

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7 End Pages

Colour Plates Plate 1: Phosphorous Deficiency in Banana Plate 2: Boron Deficiency in Banana Plate 3: Potassium Deficiency in Guava Plate 4: Potassium Deficiency in Mango Plate 5: Magnesium Deficiency in Grapes Plate 6: Hen and Chick Disorder in Grapes Plate 7: Iron Deficiency in Sapota Plate 8: Iron Deficiency in Acid Lime Plate 9: Manganese Deficiency in Acid Lime

 
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