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PROTECTED CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS

Sachin Tyagi, Sanjay Sahay
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789390083695

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    132

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 1,995.00 INR 1,795.50 INR + Tax

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Off late floriculture has been gaining a lot of attraction both in terms production and sales from the scientists and farmers point of views. This has forced the grower to move and adopt more of technological option to increase the production. Adopting protected cultivation techniques is one such means and the book caters to this, with information contributed by known scientists and faculty members across the country. Specific crops have also been covered and explained with ease. Easy language will help students to understand the information given.

0 Start Pages

Preface Off late floriculture has been gaining a lot of attraction btoh in terms production and sales from the scientists and farmers point of views. This has forced the grower to move and adopt more of technological option to increase the production. Adopting protected cultivation techniques is one such means and the book caters to this, with information contributed by known scientists and faculty members across the country. Specific crops have also been covered and explained with ease. Easy language will help students to understand the information given. I would like to thank the Vice Chancellor of BAU for his constant encouragement.

 
1 History and Overview of Protected Cultivation  
N. Basavaraja , Suhasini Chikkalaki , Viresh Hiremath , Mallikarjun Awati , Miss Suhasini

Introduction ‘Protected cultivation’ is a method of cultivation of plants or crops in artificial environment (Polyhouse/ Greenhouse/Glasshouse) to protect the plants or crops from the natural calamities viz. wind, hailstorm, excessive radiation, temperature extremes, insect-pests and diseases. For matching ever growing needs of human population in the country, it has become imperative to provide the not just cereals but also fruits, vegetables, flowers and other horticultural products to fulfill their requirements. In the present scenario of perpetual demand of horticultural produce in order to increase their production round the year and shrinking landholdings drastically, protected cultivation is the best alternative and drugery- less approach for using land and other resources more effeciently.Protected cultivation comprised of selection of crop and media, climate control,marketing, post harvest technology, plant protection and irrigation/ fertigation. In India, states like Karnataka, Andra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are the best suited for protected cultivation of horticultural crops due to their pleasent climatic conditions. Apart from these states, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal, Delhi and Jharkhand are also fore runners in adopting protected cultivation. Protected cultivation is a key for sustainable production in the country due to its various ecological regions viz., Western Himalayan region, North eastern Himalayas, Eastern Plateau hill regions, Central Plateau hill regions, Western Plateau hill regions, Southern Plateau hill zone, East coast hill zone, West coast hill regions and Gujarat hill regions (Gupta et al., 2003). Control of light through polycover has become a significant part of horticulture technology because quality, intensity and duration of light is involved in many physiological processes of the plants. A plastic film or fibre glass covering over a green house acts like selective radiation filter which allows solar radiation to pass through but traps radiation emitted by the plants inside the greenhouse which is known as ‘Greenhouse effect’. Carbon dioxide released by the plants at night also trapped, this raises the level of CO2 there by enhances the photosynthetic activity (Ahmed, 1996).

1 - 6 (6 Pages)
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2 Protected Cultivation
G. Koteswara Rao, T. Thomson, M. M. Nagaraju, M. Surendra Babu

Introduction India is a land of diverse agro climatic zones and each of these zones offer a great potential for cultivation of wide range of crops across all seasons. Vegetables form major and important part of our dietary requirements, which are widely grown in the rural and peri-urban areas. Hi-tech horticulture including protected cultivation of high value and exotic vegetables has been on the increase, targeting high end domestic and export market. Of late, due to the population pressure, fragmentation of land holdings and urbanization has led to decline in cultivable area, more so in urban and peri-urban areas. Production of vegetables under protected cultivation system results in effective use of the land resources, besides being able to increase the production of quality vegetables both for the export and domestic markets by offsetting biotic and abiotic stresses to a great extent that otherwise is prevalent in open cultivation. Under protected cultivation, vegetables are widely grown due to higher productivity and economic feasibility.

7 - 22 (16 Pages)
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3  Protected Cultivation Techniques of Horticulture Crops
K. Shoba Thingalmaniyan, N.A. Tamil Selvi

India is blessed with wide range of diverse agro climatic conditions, making it an appropriate place for vegetable cultivation, resulting in increasing vegetable production from has increased from 63.8 MT in 1993 to 168.5 million tonnes in 2015-16 and productivity from 12.6 MT/ha to 17.8 MT/ha (www.indiastat.com). Although the production has increased but still the technology used and practices followed is predominantly traditional resulting in low productivity and inconsistent quality and quantity of produce supplies to various markets in the country. The per capita consumption of vegetables in India is very low against WHO standards and FAO recommendation (135 g/day <180 g/day (WHO standards) < 300 g/ day capita (FAO recommendation).

23 - 38 (16 Pages)
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4 Artificial Lighting with LEDs in Horticulture  
S. Vijaya Kumar , P. Pandiyaraj

Abstract Natural sunlight is the cheapest source available, but for horticulture it is not always attainable in sufficient quantities. Therefore, the use of artificial light has become very common in order to increase production and quality. Under artificial lighting technologies, LED lighting is one of the technology that can help in producing crops and flowers in a more effective and sustainable way around the world. The benefits of LEDs are that the spectrum and intensity can be selected and adjusted, the energy efficiency is higher than most conventional light sources and their small size, durability, long lifetime, cool emitting temperature, and the option to select specific wavelengths for a targeted plant response make LEDs more suitable for plant-based uses than many other light sources. These advantages, coupled with new developments in wavelength availability, light output, and energy conversion efficiency, can bring about a revolution in horticultural lighting. Light quality plays a major role in the appearance and productivity of ornamental and food specialty crop species. Far-red light, for example, is important for stimulating flowering of long-day plants (Deitzer et al., 1979; Downs, 1956) as well as for promoting internode elongation (Morgan and Smith, 1979). Blue light is important for phototropism (Blaauw and Blaauw-Jansen, 1970), for stomatal opening (Schwartz and Zeiger, 1984), and for inhibiting seedling growth on emergence of seedlings from a growth medium (Downs, 1956). The interactions are complex and continue to be unraveled at the molecular level (Devlin et al., 2007), but much of our understanding of these responses comes from studies with narrow-waveband lighting sources, in which LEDs provide obvious advantages. Thus, one potential role of LEDs in horticulture could be to enhance desired characteristics for specific crops. The artificial LED lightings increase the possibility of year-round production of ornamental plants, which will subsequently increase the income of growers related to ornamental industry. Light-emitting diodes pave the way for a better understanding of the interaction between light and pests, diseases, natural enemies and plants, as they make possible the use of very narrow wavelengths. LEDs as an option for reducing the use of growth retardants and obtaining better product quality in ornamental pot plants. Production of secondary metabolites increase with higher blue light ratio. Secondary metabolites production are increased and act against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and pathogens, precondition the plant for environmental changes so they can cope with stress more efficiently.

39 - 58 (20 Pages)
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5 Technology for Gerbera Flower (Gerbera Jamesonii) Cultivation UnderNatural Ventilated Polyhouse  
T. K. Chowdhuri, R. Sadhukhan, S. Das

Introduction Gerbera is one of the most important commercial flowering crops growing in the world as a cut flower as well as garden decoration, which belongs to family compositae and native in South Africa and Asiatic region. Presently, its demand and utility are rising up continuously in India both in urban as well as rural areas throughout the year. Peoples prefer this flower, because of its unparallel diversity in colour and long vase life; whereas farmers took this crop in relation to high margin of profit and long post harvest life over some others flower. Now, people are showing their keen interest towards use of this flower in their daily life and for celebrating a colorful festival. As per report of NHB (2014), total crop area is 820 hactors, where flower marketed of 3.96 and 17.84 MT of loose and cut flowers respectively. The prime producing states in India for gerbera flower production are Karnataka, Maharastra, Assam, Uttrakhand, Telangana, Tamilnadu and West Bengal. There are some constrains identified in gerbera cultivation under protected situation, like initial investment is too much, protocol of the technology is very much restricted, regular supervision is an essential and all local festivals regulates quantity of consumption etc. However, before adopting this technology for implementation as taking part of business, users should upgrade their knowledge by seeing and believing at different production centers. Details about latest technology are summarized under mentioned, which may be helpful to the students and farmers to some extent for ready references.

59 - 68 (10 Pages)
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6 Protected Cultivation Technology of Alstroemeria as Commercial Flower Crop  
M.K. Singh

Introduction Alstroemeria also known as the lily of the Incas, Peruvian lily or Inca lily, has been grown mainly as a cut flower crop. Recently, it has become popular as a garden flower and also as a potted flowering plant. The plants produce beautiful large inflorescence in many different colours viz. lavender, orange, yellow to dark yellow, white, pink, red, purple and bi-colors. Flowers are characterized by black dots at the base of the petals and throats. The cut flowers have a long post harvest life, up-to two weeks. These valuable characteristics have made Alstroemeria one of the top cut flowers at the Dutch Flower Auction Centers. The plants produce high yield and possess an ever blooming habit after flower initiation has occurred but in general most cultivars flower best during spring and early summer. The straight, un-branched shoots emerge from underground rhizomes which also produce enlarged storage roots. It is gaining popularity in Indian flower market due to long stem flowers and prolonged vase life. Recently flower growers have shown great interest about its production as a cut flower crop.

69 - 86 (18 Pages)
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7 Hi-tech Cultivation of Lilium Under Protected Cultivation  
M. Kannan, S. Vinodh, P. Ranchana

Introduction Flowers speak millions of unspoken words. Presenting a bouquet and making arrangements with flowers in most of the drawing rooms, offices, hotels and hospitals have become the style of the day in the fast – moving modern world where there is hardly any time for exchange of sweet memories. Since time immemorial, the importance of such a delicate creation of nature has always been appreciated. Tamil Nadu ranks first among the flower producing states of India, contributing 25% of the country’s flower production with an area of 31, 970 ha under flowers. Of this, around 700 ha are under protected cut flower cultivation. In Nilgiri district alone, it has an area of around 70 ha under protected cut flower production which is inclusive of around 11.2 ha of lilium. The genus Lilium (Lilium spp.) is a herbaceous flowering plant normally grown from bulbs, about 110 species world over belongs to lily family Liliaceae. It is native of the northern temperate regions. The species in this genus are the true lilies while the other plants with lily in the common name are related to the other groups of plants. Lilies are usually erect leafy stemmed herbs. The majority of species form tunicless scaly underground bulbs from which they produce flowers. The large flowers have three petals along with three sepals, look like petals.

87 - 100 (14 Pages)
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8 Hi-tech Production Practices in Cut Rose Under Protected Cultivation  
M. Kannan, P. Ranchana, S. Vinodh

Introduction Rose, acclaimed as the “Queen of Flowers”, is one of the most popular cut flowers in the global floriculture trade. Popularly referred to as ‘Dutch rose’ in the international market, cut rose occupies a prominent place among the cut flowers owing to its exquisite form, size and attractive colours. Apart from cut flower it is used for making various value added products such as rose oil, rose water, garland, gulkhand, rose attar etc and also in landscaping as pot plant and garden plant. The present day rose (Rosa hybrida) combines all desirable qualities such as, productivity, attractiveness of buds, a variety of colours and forms of the typical species of Rosa. The major cut rose producing countries of the world are the Netherlands, Colombia, Kenya, Israel, Italy, United States, and Japan. In India, roses are mostly grown under cover (poly house) in Nasik, Pune, Hosur, Kalimpong, Darjeeling, Bangalore, Solan, Palampur, Shimla, Srinagar, Delhi, Ludhiana and Calcutta. The roses grown for export should be popular varieties of that region and maintain high quality standards with respect to bud size and stem length and should have lush green leaves and be free of pests and diseases. These high quality standards can be achieved and maintained only when grown inside poly house or greenhouse, which gives protection against inclement weather conditions and pests and diseases.

101 - 124 (24 Pages)
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