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QUALITY CONTROL AND WASTE UTILIZATION FOR AGRICULTURE AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

Naveen Kumar, Ravinder Kaushik, Prince Chawla
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789390083749

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    264

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 2,700.00 INR 2,430.00 INR + Tax

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This book will be a potential addition to the scientific literature on recent advancements in agriculture, meat science technology, food safety, dairy technology, cereal science, nanotechnology, waste utilization and quality assurance of food and functional foods. Also, the content of book is designed systematically to include significant and scientific research and advancement for new product development and advanced knowledge on nutritional attributes of the dairy and cereal based products. This book will be an important reference material for students, researchers and academicians dealing with different aspects of foods.

0 Start Pages

Preface Agriculture and Food Technology are directly associated with each other. Agriculture produces raw food commodities and other valuable products which are harvested and processed to food products. The agricultural practices could affects the quality of raw as well as processed food products, hence good agriculture practices produce high quality food products with enhanced shelf- life with admirable sensory properties. The present book consists of inter- relationship between agriculture and food. The hot topics of present and future are compiled in form of different chapters. Agriculture waste is mainly burned which creates smog, therefore its transformation into biochar or fodder is a new eco-friendly and economical method. India is suffering from hunger and hidden hunger and at the same time lots of agriculture produce are waste due to postharvest losses. How post-harvest losses can be minimized is also described. The key weapon/deterrent to overcome hidden hunger is micronutrient fortification. The important micronutrients are iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin D and vitamin A, respectively. Adulteration of ghee is a common practice in India, therefore different analytical methods to asses’ purity are discussed. Essential oil gives flavor, nutrients and protection against microorganisms and enhance shelf-life and sensory attributes. Meat processing industries produces hides, skin, organs, and bones as waste product, how they utilized as value added products is also discussed. The processing equipment’s are source of contamination. It can be minimized by exact design of food processing equipment. Novel processing techniques such as gamma irradiation are highly useful and it is used for modification of starch, whereas, pulse electric field is used to inactivate microorganism and food processing. Probiotics are heath beneficial microorganisms. New probiotic microorganism are invented and there use for human health is also documented. Nutrigenomics is emerging field which is highly useful in food industry. Chitosan is used in food industry for long time, however its use in dairy sector is limited. Its application in dairy industry is also important for improving dairy products. Adulteration is wound to food industry. Different types of adulterants and their control is discussed. Agriculture crops are infested by pests and for pest management organophosphorus pesticides are used. They are highly toxic to humans. There detection in food samples are discussed in last. The whole book discussed about new approaches in agriculture and food sector. This book could be a new dimensions to agriculture and food sector.

 
1 Recent Developments in Reducing Postharvest Losses of Food in India

Abstract Food lost during the production chain is referred to as postharvest loss. Reducing postharvest loss can effectively feed starving mouths while conserving resources and decreasing the pressure to produce more. There are five main areas where postharvest loss can be reduced – harvest, storage, transportation, processing, and retail. New approaches and technologies in each of these areas will increase the amount of food available for human consumption. The total loss due to poor post- harvest processing of agricultural products in India when valued in terms of monetary reflects a tremendous loss in the economy. Annual value of harvest and post-harvest losses of major agricultural produces at national level to be of the order of Rs. 92,651 Crore calculated using production data of 2012-13 at 2014 wholesale prices. Deficits in food items or financial loss should not have occurred if postharvest losses were reduced through proper processing and preservation from harvest to consumption. Both the government and private sector need to invest in research so as to improve and modernize post-harvest facilities for attaining more efficient market infrastructure and distribution channels. Research and extension activities have to be closely coordinated particularly in the public sector for the benefit of farmers, traders and consumers.

1 - 24 (24 Pages)
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2 Agricultural Waste to Biochar A New Eco-friendly Approach in Indian Scenario
Ankit Singla, Varsha Singla, Harish Kumar, Gagnesh Sharma, Kazuyuki Inubushi

Abstract India ranks in the world’s five largest producers of over 80% of agricultural produce items. Processing of agricultural produce generates substantial amount of crop residues which can have tremendous value to farmers. However, a large portion of the residues is burned on farm primarily to clear the field from straw and stubble; which affects the environment, soil health and crop yield.The conversion of crop residues to eco-friendly and valuable product like biochar is need of the hour. Biochar is an organic amendment which slowly releases C in the soil, and is stable over the years. Various applications of biochar like reduction in greenhouse gases emission, sequestering C in the soil, increasing crop yield, used as combusting fuel and livestock feedmakes it a promising candidate for sustainable agriculture and environment.

25 - 36 (12 Pages)
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3 Meat, Fish and Poultry Waste A Challenge or An Opportunity
Sanju B. Dhull, Anil Panghal, Navnidhi Chhikara, Prince Chawla, Lovepreet Gill, Surbhi Sharma

Abstract The interest in the utilization of industrial by-products is increasing day by day and is major reason for exploring different meat, poultry and fish industry waste and optimization of extracting conditions of different valuable compounds. Utilization of these by-products in effective manner can be positive for meat industry economy as well as environmental pollution of the country. Besides the potential revenue losses, non-utilized or underutilized by-products accounts for the extra cost for their disposal. Meat producers are converting these by-products into value added edible and inedible form. Among the most prominent current uses of meat, poultry and fish waste are food ingredients, water treatment, cosmetic and personal care products, biogas/biodiesel, biomedical and pharmaceutical application. Several studies have dealt with the production of several value-added products such as gelatin, collagen, enzymes, specific proteins, bioactive peptides, chitin, chitosan, and pigments fro m the meat industries waste. Recently, in the food and pharmaceutical industry, an increasing number of new applications have been found for products generated from meat, poultry and fish industry waste; in different products as foaming agents, emulsifiers, biodegradable film-forming materials, colloid stabilizers, and microencapsulating agents, in line with the growing trend to replace synthetic agents with more natural ones.

37 - 66 (30 Pages)
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4 Status of Agro-industrial Byproducts and Wastes: Special Emphasis on Deoiled Rice Bran, Paddy Husk, Potato Peel and Banana Peel
Kulsum Jan, Khalid Bashir, Shumaila Jan, D.C. Saxena

Abstract Agro-food industries generate a large amount of by-products and wastes. These byproducts and wastes have a negative impact in terms of the environmental concern due to the increase of pollutant disposal, and industrial sustainability because of high costs related to their management. These byproducts and wastes are rich in minerals, sugars and proteins. The composition and characteristics of wastes from different food processing industries vary and rely upon the production technique and the nature of the product. India is the second largest producer of rice/paddy in the world and the utilization of rice bran is gaining importance. However, a small fraction of these have been utilized. In case of fruits and vegetables, industrial processing of potato generates between 70 and 140 thousand tons of peels worldwide annually. Moreover, 37% of world’s total annual production of banana is shared by India. Hence, to minimize the disposal fees and trash collection new policies and methods have been developed for handling and treatment of wastes and byproducts. This chapter envisages the status of different agro-food industrial byproducts and wastes for the development of different food and non-food products.

67 - 76 (10 Pages)
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5 Role of Essential Oils in Meat and Meat Products
Heena Sharma, Sudheer Kumar, Tarun Pal Singh, Arvind, Anupama Sharma

Abstract Meat is considered to be a highly perishable food commodity because of its biological composition. Thus, to extend its shelf life and maintain its nutritive value, there is an urgent need to find out alternatives for synthetic anti-microbial and anti-oxidants. This will not only serve the purpose of meat product manufacturer’s but will also satisfy the consumers’ demand for minimally processed meat products devoid of synthetic preservatives. This review discusses the natural antimicrobial and anti- oxidants sources viz., various essential oils, their composition and application in different meat and meat products. Essential oils from basil, rosemary, thyme, oregano, ginger, basilica, balm, coriander, rosemary and clove have exhibited a better potential to be used as an antimicrobial agent in meat and meat products. They owe their anti-microbial properties to the phenolic compounds present in them. They dislocate cell membrane and disrupt functionality of bacterial cell membrane and eventually leading to the release of intracellular components. However, essential oils are not widely used due to the pungent and intense aroma imparted to the food, thus there is still need to work out on the novel technologies which can not only increase food shelf life but at the same time, are sensorially acceptable to the consumers.

77 - 92 (16 Pages)
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6 Chitosan and its Application in Dairy Industry
Priyanka Singh Rao, Heena Sharma, Richa Singh, Karuna Meghawal, Diwas Pradhan

Abstract Chitin has been ranked at second position after cellulose as the most abundant natural biopolymer. Chitin has similar chemical structure to that of cellulose with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-d-glucose (NAG) monomers attached via ß (1–>4) linkages. Chitosan is the deacetylated (to varying degrees) form of chitin, which, unlike chitin, is soluble in acidic solutions. Therefore, Chitosan, a copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine, is amongst the most copious biopolymers on earth and finds wide range of biomedical and industrial applications. It has been approved in 1983 by USDA as a feed additive. Chitin basically is obtained from prawn/crab shells and chemical treatment of chitin produces chitosan. Since supplies of seafood waste are seasonable and variable, so fungi can be used as alternative source for chitosan. The unique physicochemical properties of chitosan provide great potential of its utilization in food industry especially dairy industry such as production of dairy products, dairy waste water treatment, extension of shelf life of dairy products etc. In recent years, exotic synthetic compounds are losing their appeal, thus application of chitinous products in dairy as well as processing aids has received considerable attention. The modified chitosan with greater functional properties has increased application in different dairy foods. This chapter focuses on the fundamental uses of chitosan and their derivatives in a variety of dairy industry applications.

93 - 106 (14 Pages)
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7 Non-Conventional Probiotics for Human Use
Sudheendra CH. V.K., Gopikrishna G., Madhavi T.V., Tanmay Hazra

Abstract Probiosis has emerged in the early 20th century after Ellie Metchnikoff proposed his hypothesis that organisms were reponsible for longivity of ethnic people of Balkan region of Russia and ever since it has grow into a major scientific field which has its applications extending into farming, aquaculture and prophylactics in humans. Vast research was carried out on this topic and Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp, are the two important genus that are highly studied and widely recognized universally as conventional probiotics. Apart from these two genus there exists many other bacterial species which have shown promising probiotic potential. Such non conventional probiotics are widely used in some parts of world as commercial food products with health beneficial effects, pharmaceutical products or being tested for their safe utilization in human beings. The present chapter tries to covers some genera and their potential and application in prophylactics.

107 - 126 (20 Pages)
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8 Nutrigenomics in Food Technology
Kamal Gandhi, Tanmay Hazra, Seema Rana, Ravinder Kaushik

Abstract Nutrition and genetics both have very crucial role in human health and in development of chronic diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Difference between individuals in response to dietary intervention is a well-known phenomenon in nutrition research (Ordovas, 2008).The effect of dietary changes on phenotypes such as blood cholesterol, body weight and blood pressure can differ significantly between individuals (Ordovas et al., 2007). Various bioprocess i.e. ingestion, absorption, digestion, transport, metabolism and excretion of nutrients and food bioactive components in human body is carried out through proteins such as enzymes, receptors, transporters, ion channels and hormones. Genetic variation leads to altered production and affect functional properties of these proteins. Furthermore nutritional efficacy is also different among different individuals which might be affected by nutritional status. Thus diet and gene expression are interrelated and have a mutual effect on physiology of human body.

127 - 138 (12 Pages)
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9 Micronutrient Fortification in Milk and Milk Products
Sumit Arora, Apurva Sharma, Shilpa Shree, Chitra Gupta

Abstract Micronutrient (vitamin and mineral) deficiencies affect more than 2 billion people worldwide and are especially prevalent in developing countries including India. Conditions due to vitamin mineral deficiencies account for 7.3 percent of the global disease burden.Iron deficiency (anemia), vitamin A and iodine deficiency disorders continue to be a grim public health problem. Thus, elimination of vitamin and mineral deficiencies is essential to improve the overall health of the masses as well as to sustain economic growth and national development. Food fortification is an effective intervention to deliver vitamin and mineral rich foods to large populations. In addition to the prevention of vitamin and mineral deficiencies, food fortification is an effective measure to raise vitamin and mineral levels by moving the population towards consuming recommended dietary allowances for most micronutrients-making it a long–term and a sustainable strategy. India is the largest producer of milk in the world with 146.3 million tonnes and the consumption rate of milk and milk products by all age groups of people are high.Therefore, fortification of milk with mineral and vitamins could be a safe and effective strategy to fight these micronutrient deficiencies.

139 - 162 (24 Pages)
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10 Hygienic Design of the Food Processing Equipments
Subhash Prasad, Tanmay Hazra, Sudheendra CH. V .K

Abstracts To ensure safe food and adequate sanitation programs, the equipment used for processing of food products must be designed, fabricated, constructed, and installed according to sound hygienic design principles. This ensures the equipment can be adequately cleaned and sanitized, and that surfaces are resistant to daily exposure to corrosive food products and cleaning/sanitizing chemicals. This chapter focuses primarily on fundamental principles of hygienic design, which protect the product from microbial, chemical, and foreign-body contamination. This is followed by a discussion of general aspects of hygienic construction and design of food equipments, the selection of materials of construction and specification of surface finishes, fabrication, installation and cleaning and sanitization. Quality of raw materials or foods ingredients, proper processing, packaging and storage of finished products decides the quality of the food products. Planning for plant and equipment layout, its design, services (water, air, refrigeration, steam), waste disposal etc. are some of the critical factors, which contributes to quality. In addition, the food processing equipment must comply with strict standards and regulations, which are necessary for securing the quality and safety of the food products to the consumers.

163 - 184 (22 Pages)
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11 Modification of Starch by Gamma Irradiation: A Novel Approach
Khalid Bashir, Kulsum Jan, Shumaila Jan

Abstract Tremendous hike inworld population has increased thrust on the limited resources which has considerably affected the viability of the food. The emerging challenge for policy makers and food scientists is to put forward viable solutions. Utilization of underutilized crops/plants that act as good sources of starch could be explored in a better way for the sustenance of the limited sources like food crops/plants. The demand for starch and the foods containing starch has been increasing continually. Since, the starch in its native form has certain limitations in its functional properties to be used for different applications. Therefore, it becomes important to explore certain technologies which could be used for modification of starch. Among different technologies gamma irradiation ensures food safety while inducing physicochemical changes of the components. Although, the chemical modifications have been used widely so far but the concerns related to the chemical residues left are diminishing their demand. Hence, the physical processes particularly the gamma irradiation process has emerged as an efficient alternative with some benefits over other process like eco-friendly, economical, reliable and safe for altering the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the product. Gamma Irradiation of starch has been successfully employed for the achievement of some desired physico-chemical, biological and functional properties of the foods and other related items. In this chapter, valuable impact of gamma irradiation on the physico-chemical, biological and functional properties of starch has been summarized.

185 - 194 (10 Pages)
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12 Non Traditional and Analytical Instrument Based Approaches to Ascertain the Purity of Ghee
Tanmay Hazra, Priti Saha, Parmar Manish Kumar, Pratap Singh, Vivek Sharma

Abstract Ghee means the pure clarified fat derived solely from milk or curd or from desi (cooking) butter or from cream to which no coloring matter or preservative has been added. It is the second largest dairy product prepared from milk and it is almost 35% of total milk production. Unfortunately, the producers or the middle- men involved in the ghee trade, tend to adulterate ghee with cheaper oils and fats like vegetable oils, animal body fats, hydrogenated fats and sometimes even the non-edible mineral oils, especially during lean season to earn more money. Recently, the problem of adulteration has assumed a very serious dimension. Such a situation has tarnished the image of dairy industry. Methods presently adopted by food law enforcing agencies to ensure the quality of ghee are mainly based on the physico- chemical constants, but all these methods have some limitations. So researchers are always in search of different innovative methods to check the quality of ghee.

195 - 210 (16 Pages)
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13 Pulsed Electric Field and its Applications in Food Processing
Manvesh Kumar Sihag, Nitika Sandhu, Ankit Goyal, Nihir Shah, Beenu Tanwar, Ami Patel

Abstract Consumers increased response to new products with high sensory, organoleptic and nutritional potentials has impelled a search for new substitutes to processing methods. For several years, thermal processing was the main technology for producing safe products with long shelf lives, although in most cases losses of fresh flavors, vitamins, and some physicochemical characteristics were the price of safety and long-term stability. Pulsed electric field (PEF) processing as a non- thermal technique has been proven to inactivate microorganisms with minimal losses of flavor and food quality, possibly making it the answer to present-day consumer demands. In addition, the low processing temperatures used in this non- thermal technology allow the process to be nutrient preserving, energy efficient, which translates into lower costs and fewer environmental impacts. In this chapter, the the configuration of various PEF equipment, their electric configuration and recent application of this technique in processing of foods have been discussed in detail.

211 - 224 (14 Pages)
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14 Food Adulteration: Types, their Effects and Control
Pardeep Kumar Sadh, Suresh Kumar Rohilla, Sandeep Kumar, Joginder Singh Duhan

Abstract We are very fortunate to be born in a nation which is blessed with awesome decent variety of natural products, fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses and so forth. The population of India expanded consistentlythat cause a genuine sustenance and shelter problem. The supply of food is not adequate to fulfill the demand of the consumers. This shortage of food is the root for adulteration of foodstuffs by the traders. Food adulteration is a procedure in which the nature of sustenance is brought down either by the addition of inferior quality material or by extraction of valuable ingredient. An adulterant is a chemical substance which should not be contained within other substances (food, beverages) for legal or other reasons. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. Food is adulterated to increase the quantity and make more profit. The food is sucked of its nutrients and the place where the food is grown is often contaminated. For instance: milkis mixed with water. Vanaspati is utilized as an adulterant for ghee. Adulteration of food is unsafe as it may be toxic and causes serious health hazards to the consumer. To evade this issue government has passed an act which is known as preservation of Food Adulteration Act. It covers security from risks involved due to contamination of poisonous elements. Instead of government efforts the informed and aware consumers will have the capacity to dispense with this issue. So, here in the chapter adulterants their types, effect on human health, laws and control measurement were reviewed and discussed.

225 - 236 (12 Pages)
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15 Advancement in Chromatographic Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Food and Agricultural Samples
Prince Chawla, Ravinder Kaushik, Naveen Kumar

Abstract Agriculture is the major sector for the livelihood of the billions of people worldwide. Increasing population and decreasing arable lands are the major concern for the fulfillment of the desired food production. After green revolution more production in the crop is obtained by worldwide. Several insects and pests are responsible for the inhibition of desired production in agriculture. Therefore, pesticides play a major role in the control of destructive insects and pests. After ban of organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides has been used vigorously. Beside the effective pest management in agriculture, residual organophosphorus pesticides are more lethal for human and other living creature. Monitoring of these compounds is very much essential in the food and agricultural samples. Chromatographic techniques are well adopted techniques for the hundreds of residual pesticides. Introduction of various analyzers in chromatographic techniques improve the monitoring of the residual pesticides from different samples. Therefore, recent advancement in residual pesticides isolation and chromatographic techniques has been discussed in this book chapter.

237 - 248 (12 Pages)
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