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Preface
The title “A Handbook of Minerals, Crystals, Rocks and Ores” took shape in my mind towards the last stages of my teaching and research career, spanning over thirty eight years. I am still at it voluntarily. The book writing project of the Department of Science & Technology for retired scientists made the platform to work on within a time frame, which otherwise might have taken much longer.
Inspiration and motivation, however came from a large number of my former students who seem have benefited through my teaching (so they say). There are very few themes which are ‘new’. Most of the matter has been said or written earlier by celebrated authors. In the present text, the only difference may be some new concepts and data (that has emerged in recent years) and the way it is presented. The book has been written in a style and language which will be easily understood even by those who don’t feel at ease in going through some of the excellent books by foreign authors. I have tried to concentrate on the most essentials and be concise, precise and as far as possible up-to date with facts and figures. The emphasis has been to create interest and desire to study further. Indeed, I have tried to present a volume which I would have appreciated as a student during my times.
The book covers the prescribed syllabus for the undergraduate courses in mineralogy-crystallography, igneous petrology and economic geology by the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi. The section on ores, is fairly exhaustive and will equally serve the post-graduate students for their economic geology papers. The book has the relative advantage of incorporating recent concepts in earth sciences, in particular in the field of global tectonics as also for presenting up to date facts and figures for Indian Mineral Industry scenario. It will also serve as a ready reckoner to students appearing in various competitive examinations and facing interview boards. Besides, for professional geologists it will serve as a ready reference point. Civil Engineering students and entrepreneurs in mineral industry will also find this book useful. Lastly, the book will definitely be of help to young college and university teachers-especially to those who are teaching under-graduate classes.
The book is divided into four sections, minerals, crystals, rocks and ores. Section A incorporates nine chapters, begins with presenting salient features of the earth- its structure and composition. The Second chapter Minerals and Mineralogy briefly tells about their diversity and their categorisation and introduces the interesting way they are named. Crystal Chemistry the third chapter is the heart and soul of mineralogy and deals in somewhat details about the building blocks of minerals- atoms and ions and the way they form diverse types of minerals are. It tries to tell why every combination of chemical compounds cannot result into a naturally occurring mineral. The fourth and fifth chapters deal with Properties of Minerals, physical and optical. The chapters describe various physical properties that are helpful in the identification both in hand specimens and as thin section under the microscope. These two chapters are adequately aided with a number of illustrations, photographs and photomicrographs to bring home the point. Chapter five deals with classification of minerals and their occurrence and forms a prelude to the next two chapters on descriptive mineralogy. Important silicate and non silicate minerals are described in chapters eight and nine. A brief description of mineral uses is dealt with in both descriptive mineralogy as well Section D on mineral deposits, however, the last chapter, Mineral uses presents an overall picture and will be interesting as well as educating to students and even general readers.
Section B is devoted to crystals and crystallography. Chapter one introduces the subject while chapter two presents basic crystallographic elements. Chapter three deals with the main six crystals systems while also giving a preliminary idea about stereographic projection and x-ray crystallography.
Section C covers petrology, beginning with introduction to science of petrology, rock nomenclature. Chapter two is devoted to the study of igneous rocks, including their forms, composition, textures, structures, classification and description. Sedimentary rocks is the theme of chapter three while different aspects of metamorphic rocks including kinds and agents of metamorphism and classification and description of metamorphism. The last portion of this chapter also considers metamorphism in the background of global tectonics. Chapter five, the rock cycle presents a concise summary of geological events that have shaped the planet earth.
The last section D is what geology is all about for a man on the street and its significance in nation building – the Ore Minerals. It begins with what ore is and its place in human affairs as a well as presenting the important terminology in economic geology. Chapter two deals with ore genesis and presents various hypogene and supergene process that carve out ore deposits from non economic materials. Chapter three, mineral deposits and global tectonics is becoming a very popular theme among the earth scientists. A brief introduction of the same will be certainly appreciated by the student community and prompt them for further study in this direction. A general survey of India’s Mineral resources is the theme of chapter four. It covers almost all of the commonly used ores, metallic, non metallic or fuels. The last chapter of Section D and the book, ‘Indian Mineral Industry: some facts and figures’ will present where our country stands in the realm of mineral resources. Latest available data of resources, production, export, import, organisations that matter and other useful facts and figures are presented which I am sure will be helpful to not only a student of geology but to any one interested in India and its mineral resources.
The book is presented to the student community with the hope that it will be useful to them. Comments and suggestions from them will be appreciated and help to improve it, should a revised edition comes in future. During the course of writing this book I have relearned the fact that there is no end to learning and there is a limit to human perfection. The purpose of writing this text will be more than fulfilled if its helps the reader to create interest not only in the mineral kingdom but develops a lifelong passion for learning.
Preface
The title “A Handbook of Minerals, Crystals, Rocks and Ores” took shape in my mind towards the last stages of my teaching and research career, spanning over thirty eight years. I am still at it voluntarily. The book writing project of the Department of Science & Technology for retired scientists made the platform to work on within a time frame, which otherwise might have taken much longer.
Inspiration and motivation, however came from a large number of my former students who seem have benefited through my teaching (so they say). There are very few themes which are ‘new’. Most of the matter has been said or written earlier by celebrated authors. In the present text, the only difference may be some new concepts and data (that has emerged in recent years) and the way it is presented. The book has been written in a style and language which will be easily understood even by those who don’t feel at ease in going through some of the excellent books by foreign authors. I have tried to concentrate on the most essentials and be concise, precise and as far as possible up-to date with facts and figures. The emphasis has been to create interest and desire to study further. Indeed, I have tried to present a volume which I would have appreciated as a student during my times.
The book covers the prescribed syllabus for the undergraduate courses in mineralogy-crystallography, igneous petrology and economic geology by the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi. The section on ores, is fairly exhaustive and will equally serve the post-graduate students for their economic geology papers. The book has the relative advantage of incorporating recent concepts in earth sciences, in particular in the field of global tectonics as also for presenting up to date facts and figures for Indian Mineral Industry scenario. It will also serve as a ready reckoner to students appearing in various competitive examinations and facing interview boards. Besides, for professional geologists it will serve as a ready reference point. Civil Engineering students and entrepreneurs in mineral industry will also find this book useful. Lastly, the book will definitely be of help to young college and university teachers-especially to those who are teaching under-graduate classes.
The book is divided into four sections, minerals, crystals, rocks and ores. Section A incorporates nine chapters, begins with presenting salient features of the earth- its structure and composition. The Second chapter Minerals and Mineralogy briefly tells about their diversity and their categorisation and introduces the interesting way they are named. Crystal Chemistry the third chapter is the heart and soul of mineralogy and deals in somewhat details about the building blocks of minerals- atoms and ions and the way they form diverse types of minerals are. It tries to tell why every combination of chemical compounds cannot result into a naturally occurring mineral. The fourth and fifth chapters deal with Properties of Minerals, physical and optical. The chapters describe various physical properties that are helpful in the identification both in hand specimens and as thin section under the microscope. These two chapters are adequately aided with a number of illustrations, photographs and photomicrographs to bring home the point. Chapter five deals with classification of minerals and their occurrence and forms a prelude to the next two chapters on descriptive mineralogy. Important silicate and non silicate minerals are described in chapters eight and nine. A brief description of mineral uses is dealt with in both descriptive mineralogy as well Section D on mineral deposits, however, the last chapter, Mineral uses presents an overall picture and will be interesting as well as educating to students and even general readers.
Section B is devoted to crystals and crystallography. Chapter one introduces the subject while chapter two presents basic crystallographic elements. Chapter three deals with the main six crystals systems while also giving a preliminary idea about stereographic projection and x-ray crystallography.
Section C covers petrology, beginning with introduction to science of petrology, rock nomenclature. Chapter two is devoted to the study of igneous rocks, including their forms, composition, textures, structures, classification and description. Sedimentary rocks is the theme of chapter three while different aspects of metamorphic rocks including kinds and agents of metamorphism and classification and description of metamorphism. The last portion of this chapter also considers metamorphism in the background of global tectonics. Chapter five, the rock cycle presents a concise summary of geological events that have shaped the planet earth.
The last section D is what geology is all about for a man on the street and its significance in nation building – the Ore Minerals. It begins with what ore is and its place in human affairs as a well as presenting the important terminology in economic geology. Chapter two deals with ore genesis and presents various hypogene and supergene process that carve out ore deposits from non economic materials. Chapter three, mineral deposits and global tectonics is becoming a very popular theme among the earth scientists. A brief introduction of the same will be certainly appreciated by the student community and prompt them for further study in this direction. A general survey of India’s Mineral resources is the theme of chapter four. It covers almost all of the commonly used ores, metallic, non metallic or fuels. The last chapter of Section D and the book, ‘Indian Mineral Industry: some facts and figures’ will present where our country stands in the realm of mineral resources. Latest available data of resources, production, export, import, organisations that matter and other useful facts and figures are presented which I am sure will be helpful to not only a student of geology but to any one interested in India and its mineral resources.
The book is presented to the student community with the hope that it will be useful to them. Comments and suggestions from them will be appreciated and help to improve it, should a revised edition comes in future. During the course of writing this book I have relearned the fact that there is no end to learning and there is a limit to human perfection. The purpose of writing this text will be more than fulfilled if its helps the reader to create interest not only in the mineral kingdom but develops a lifelong passion for learning.