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PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUITS

P. K. Yadav
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789390512218

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    382

  • Language:

    English

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This book is designed to cater the needs of students of Horticulture and allied science. The main motive is to cover all important points about temperate fruit and plantation crops. These fruit crops need oriented text encompassing and the latest information about various aspects, to serve as a reliable source of information about production of temperate and plantation crops. This subject of fruit and plantation crops is highlighted in a concise manner using simple and lucid language so that it is understood well.

This book is written from our experience of the past several decades. It deals with several temperate and plantation crops. Each chapter in this book has been presented and well written in accordance with the present scenario. It provides an overview and recent detailed information of all principles and management practices.

0 Start Pages

Preface India is bestowed with a wide range of physio-geographic and climatic conditions and as such is most suitable for growing various kinds of horticultural crops. The scenario of horticulture crops in India has become very encouraging over the years. India has witnessed an increase in horticulture production over the last few years which pegged to 311.7 million tonnes from an area of 25 million hectares with a variety of fruits, vegetables, flowers, nuts, spices and plantation crops. It is matter of satisfaction that India is the second largest producer of fruit crops in the world after China and covers an area of 6.53 million hectares with a production of about 97.40 million tonnes. India ranks first in mango, banana, lime, lemon and papaya. The role of fruits as ‘Protective food’ in human diet is well known from pre historic era. Fruits form an indispensable component of human diet and is of nutritional significance. Any book on fruit crops needs subject oriented text encompassing the latest information about various aspects so and this book serve as a reliable source of information about production of fruits in tropical , subtropical, temperate and arid regions of the country. This subject of fruit production is highly highlighted in a concise manner in simple and lucid language so that it can be understood well. Plantation crops are of high value commercial crops with a great economic importance and play a vital role in Indian economy. The total area under plantation crops in India is 3.74 million hectares and production is about 18 million metric tonnes. The major plantation crops include coconut, cashew nut, coffee, tea and rubber. The exports of tea, coffee and rubber are contributing to 15 per cent of the total agricultural export earnings. It is the source of livelihood for millions of small and marginal farmers and provides employment for millions of plantation workers. The export earnings from plantation crops like coffee and tea played a significant role in financing India’s development. Being export oriented crops, these crops play an important role in the socio-economic development of the country in different regions. India has witnessed tremendous development in fruits and plantation crops industry. In recent years. This book is written from our experience of the past several years. Each chapter in this book has been presented and well written in accordance with the present scenario. It provides an overview as well as detailed information of all principles and management practices of important fruits and plantation crops. This book is designed to cater the needs of B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. students of Horticulture. The main motive is to cover all important points about major fruits and plantation crops. The author gratefully acknowledges the contribution and constant encouragement from various eminent scientists, researchers, professors, faculties and scholars from different institutes for providing the recent information in their chapters and articles which will be useful to readers of the book especially for the students. I don’t find words sufficient to express my indebtedness to my grandfather Late Shri. Choudary Dan Sahay Yadav, father Shri Sheodan Singh Yadav (Pradhan) and mother Mrs. Ramrati (former Pradhan) whose blessings and inspiration enforced me to complete this book.

 
1 Importance and Scope of Fruit and Plantation Crops
P. K. Yadav, J.S. Gora, Rajkumar, R. Kumar, C. Ram

Horticulture is the science and art of production, improvement and utilization of fruits vegetable, ornamental, aromatical medicinal, spices and plantation crops. The word horticulture derived from latin words ‘Hortus’ means garden and culture means cultivation. The horticulture science can subdivided into different following branches on the basis of product utilization and crop involved. Pomology: This word is derived from latin word pomus ‘Fruit’ and Greek term logy ‘Science’. The branch deals with the cultivation of fruits called pomology. Olericulture: It is the branch of horticulture which deals with cultivation of vegetable crops product of which is utilized for culinary purpose after cooking. Olericulture word is derived from the latin word oleris means pot herbs and the english word culture means the culture of succulent vegetables. Plantation crops: Cultivation and processing of tropical crops grown on a large scale centered around a factory constitute the plantation crops e.g., tea, coffee, black pepper. Spices crops: These crops are grown and used for providing fragrance and flavouring to various food stuffs e.g., cinnamon, clove, pepper, coriander etc. Medicinal plants: These plants are rich source of alkaloids and steroids having prophylactic and curative properties for treatment in several diseases e.g., Aloe, Isabgol. Aromatic plants: Aromatic plants are rich source of essential oil which is used for cosmetic industry e.g., Rose, lemon grass etc.

1 - 17 (17 Pages)
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2 Mango
D.K. Singh, R. K. Narolia, Daleep Kumar

Mango is most important of all fruit crops in terms of are coverage and production, besides its socioeconomics providing livelihood to million of people in India and it is acknowledged as the king of fruit of this country. The greatest tribute of this esteemed plant was paid by Emperor Akabar (1556–1605) who established the Lal Bag (a mango orchards having one lakh plants) in Darbhanga (Bihar) when large orchards of fruit trees were unknown. In Ain-I-Akbari, a master piece of Persian literature, written by the great chronicler Abul Fazal (1590 AD) during the region of Akbar. Popularity of mango among the consumers is increasing due to its delicious flavour and much higher nutritional and therapeutic values. Thus, mango is now appreciated and spreading across the globe. It is grown in more than 90 countries. Washing of mouth and hand are necessary after eating the fruit so, it is also known as bathroom fruit. Area and Production India is the single largest producer of fruit, accounting for 49.6 per cent of area and 49.1 per cent of the total world production. Mango occupies 23.13 million hectares area in India. Amongst the major mango-exporting countries India, Mexico, Brazil and Pakistan accounted for 3.5, 1.4 and 3.3 per cent of total area under mangoes in the world respectively. The productivity of mango is highest with 13.6 tonnes/ha in Brazil and 7.0 tonnes/ha in India which is much lower. India contributed about 45.7 per cent of total mango production (35.71 million tonnes) in the world, making it the most important mango producing country. Andhra Pradesh ranks first as it produces about 27 per cent of total mango production and Uttar Pradesh is ranked second in production (23.9%) with productivity of13 tonnes/ha. At present the varieties like ‘Alphonso’ grown in Maharashtra and Gujarat and ‘Dashehari’ in U.P. are exported to countries viz. Afghanistan, Bahrain, France, Kuwait, Malaysia, Nepal, Qatar, Singapore and U.K. Mango nectar and pulp has great scope to European and American market.

18 - 37 (20 Pages)
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3 Banana
M. K. Sharma, Priyanka Kumawat, S. Lal

Banana is an important fruit of India ranking second fruit next to mango. Its name “Adams fig”, “Apple of Paradise” and the botanical name M. paradisiaca are suggestive of its antiquity. The edible banana is indigenous to warm moist parts of Asia and probably originated somewhere in the mountainous hot tropical regions of South-East Asia (Assam, Burma, Thiland or Indo-China region). Bananas are a very important commodity for developing countries, with a clear dual nature which complicates the analysis. They are at the same time a major staple commodity, together with rice, wheat and maize, and a fundamental export commodity. Many issues are involved in order to make of banana a very sensitive commodity at the international level, not only on economical grounds but also on the environmental, social and political aspects. Origin and History It is believed that the earliest written reference to banana is in Sankrist and dates back to around 500 BC. Bananas are suspected to be the first fruit in the earth by some horticulturists. The origin of bananas is placed in Southeast Asia, in the jungles of Malaysia, Indonesia or Philippines, where so many varieties of wild bananas still grow at present. Bananas have later travelled with human population. The first Europeans to know about bananas were the armies of Alexander the Great, while they were campaigning in India in 327 BC. In the Middle Ages, the banana was thought to be the forbidden fruit of paradise by both Muslims and Christians. The Arabs brought them to Africa. Africans are credited to have given the present name, since the word banana would be derived from the Arab finger. The Portuguese brought them to the Canary Islands. Bananas changed during all these trips, gradually losing its seeds, filling out with flesh and diversifying. When Spaniards and Portuguese explorers went to the New World, the banana travelled with them. In 1516, when Fiar Tomas de Berlanga sailed to Santo Domingo, he brought banana roots with him. From there, bananas spread to the Caribbean and Latin American countries. Bananas started to be traded internationally by the end of XIX century.

38 - 54 (17 Pages)
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4 Citrus
P. K. Yadav, A K Shukla, K K Pramanick, Santosh Watpade, Madhu Patial

Citrus is a major fruit crop grown all over the tropical and subtropical region of the world. Maximum citrus species are native of tropical and subtropical regions of South East Asia specially India, China in the area between these two countries. It is mainly cultivated in China, Brazil, India, USA, Mexico, Spain and Egypt in the world. China is the leading producer country in the world followed by Brazil, India and USA. India is the third largest citrus producer which has 4.8 per cent of the world’s total citrus production.

55 - 77 (23 Pages)
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5 Papaya
L. Naram Naidu, P. K.Yadav, A K Shukla, K K Pramanick, Santosh Watpade, Jitender Kumar

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) has emerged from the status of a home garden plant to that of commercial orchards and is popular with the farmers because it is one of the few fruits which fruits throughout the year, give quick and high returns, requires less area per tree and adapts itself to diverse soil and climatic conditions. It is an important fruit of tropical and mild subtropical regions of the country. Though India is the leading producer of this fruit, the productivity (43.27 MT/ha) is below it’s potentially (100 t/ ha). In India, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are important centres of its production. Origin and Distribution Papaya is native to tropical America, from Southern Mexico through the Andes of South America. It was spread to the south by Indians, and throughout the Caribbean with Spanish exploration. It was spread in 16th century to other parts of the world. The Spanish also carried it to Europe and the Pacific Islands. By the mid 17th century, papaya was distributed pan tropically. Papaya was introduced to Hawaii in the 1800s, and Hawaii remains the only state in the USA to produce papaya commercially. Now it is grown in all tropical and sub-tropical countries like Australia, Hawaii, Taiwan, Puerto Rico, Peru, Florida, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India. It was introduced in India in 16th century by Portuguese. There are leading producer countries in the world which are India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, Dominican republic, Nigeria, Democratic republic of the congo, Cuba, Thailand and Venezuela (Bolivarian republic). India, is the worldwide leading producer of papaya and its principal exportation market is focused on Gulf countries. The papaya cultivation in India was 138 with production 5989 (‘000 hectare production ‘000 metric tones) in 2017–18 and it was 146 with production 6096 (‘000 hectare production ‘000 metric tones) 2018–2019. At harvested area rank, Mexico is the fifth papaya harvester, with 17,500 hectares. The maximum area in Gujarat followed by Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Chhattisgarh; and production is maximum in Andhra Pradesh followed by Gujarat and Karnataka, Anony, 2019.

78 - 95 (18 Pages)
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6 Guava
P. K. Yadav, Susheel Kumar

Guava is the fifth most important fruit crop of India in area and production after mango, banana, citrus and papaya and also fifth most important fruit crop of India in area after mango, banana, citrus and apple (Anonymous, 2018). It is also called apple of tropics because it is sold at moderate prices. It is widely grown in different part of the tropics and subtropics. It is quite hardy, prolific bearer and highly remunerative crop which requires less care. Guava is an important fruit crop of India and has gained considerable importance because of its high nutritive value, availability at moderate price, a pleasant aroma and good flavour. Guava is one of the most common fruit liked alike by both the rich and the poor. Guava is a rich source of vitamin C and pectin. It is very rich and cheap source of vitamin C. The fruit is relished when mature or ripe and freshly plucked from the tree. It is also used for many preparations like jelly, cheese and juice. Origin and Distribution The world leading producer of Guava is India. It contributes 40.4% production of guava followed by china with 10.0% production. It is cultivated in India since early the 17th century. Its origin is Tropical America. It has been spread throughout the tropics and subtropics. Guava is also cultivated in Israel but it is not common in the Mediterranean area and United States. However, Guava is growing widely in Southern Asia. It is cultivated in Ceylon at altitude of 1500 m and it also grown throughout Myanamar. In Florida, the first commercial guava planting was established around 1912 in Palma Sola. It is common throughout all warm areas of tropical America and in the West Indies (since 1526), the Bahamas, Bermuda and southern Florida where it was reportedly introduced in 1847 and was common over more than half the State by 1886. Apparently it did not arrive in Hawaii until the early 1800’s. Now it occurs throughout the Pacific islands. Generally, it is a home fruit tree or planted in small groves, except in India where it is a major commercial resource. In 1972, Hawaii processed, for domestic use and export, more than 2,500 tons (2,274 MT) of guavas, over 90% from wild trees. During the period of high demand in World War II, the wild guava crop in Cuba was said to be 10,000 tons (9,000 MT), and over 6,500 tons (6,000 MT) of guava products were exported. Brazil’s modern guava industry is based on seeds of an Australian selection grown in the botanical garden of the Sao Paulo Railway Company at Tatu.

96 - 112 (17 Pages)
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7 Grape
P. K. Pramanick, I. S. Naruka, R. S. Rathore

Grape was known to grow in India from ancient time but its commercialization is relatively recent, with the discovery of, Anab-e-Shahi’ variety by Mr. Shanker Pillay in 1930 from the bungalow of Nawab Baquer Ali Khan. This variety performed very well in the Hyderabad region of Andhra Pradesh and in fact gave initial boost to the Indian viticulture. It was initially known as ‘Malta’ and proved to be a pioneer in revolutionizing grape industry in south Indian. Grape growing in north India received impetus from its success in south Indian. The commercial grape growing in north India dates back to early sixties when the ‘Pusa Seedless’ variety was released by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Latter on, the Punjab Government imported 100,000 cuttings of early-maturing variety ‘Perlette’ from California (USA). This variety acclimatized well and proved good for commercial cultivation. In western Rajasthan the grape was introduced around 1960, which became popular among the growers. The fruit yield declined slowly thereafter and the grape cultivation was almost abandoned by 1971–72, particularly in the arid district. The problem of the drop of flower and flower-bud has been over of the major constraints in grape growing in western Rajasthan.

96 - 112 (17 Pages)
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8 Pomegranate
Sanjay Kumar Singh, R S Singh, Vishal Nath, Kishore Kumar Das, Sheetal Rawat, Priyanka Kumawat, P. K. Yadav

Pomegranate is one of the important fruits of tropical and sub tropical regions. It is also cultivated in semi arid and arid tracts of the country but requires irrigation facilities for better quality of fruits production. Pomegranate is used as fresh and making delicious juice. In India, it is cultivated for domestic consumption and export. Versatile adaptability, hardy nature, less cost in orchard management, low irrigation water requirement as compared to other commercial fruit crops, high yield potential, fine table and therapeutical values and excellent keeping quality has made this fruit more lucrative and remunerative (Sharma et al., 2014). In global market, India plays a significant role of export of fruits. Recently exports of pomegranate from India have increased and extended to several countries. India stands firmly at third position with 14% market share in pomegranate export after China and Iran. The annual export of pomegranate fruits from India is about 67, 892 metric tonnes (MT) amounting to revenue of ‘688 crore (Annon, 2019). For export purpose, Phule Arakta, Bhagawa, Super Bhagawa and Mridula varieties are suitable (Anon, 2003). The highest importer of Indian pomegranate is Gulf countries led by United Arab Emirates (19,000 MT) followed by South East Asian Countries prominently, Bangladesh (10,500 MT) and Nepal (10,000 MT). Among European countries the biggest exporter is Netherlands (4,449 MT) followed by UK (576 MT). Recently, India has also started exporting fresh pomegranate to USA to the tune of 209 MT generating a revenue of 11 crore ((Annon, 2019).

139 - 159 (21 Pages)
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9 Sapota
P. K. Yadav, Sheetal Rawat, Kumari Lata

It is tropical fruit which is commercially cultivated in humid areas of India. Fruits are very tasty, sweet and rich in sugar. Trees are ever light green, slow growing and it attains a height of about eight meters. Origin and Distribution Sapota is native to Central and South America, specifically from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico to Costa Rica, where the largest population of native trees still exists (Gilly 1943). It is now widespread throughout the tropical regions of the world, including Central and South America, the West Indies, India, and Florida in the United States. Sapota is grown on a commercial basis in India, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Mexico, Venezuela, Guatemala, and some other Central American countries. India is the largest producer of sapota fruit with current production around 24,000 ha (Chadha 1992). Sapota is widely planted in south Florida, where the fruit is marketed locally and shipped to northern and eastern U.S. markets. The fruit, however, is not commonly seen in the United States. In southern Mexico and Central America where sapodilla is native, it is considered to be one of the best of the tropical fruits.

160 - 172 (13 Pages)
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10 Aonla
I. B. Maurya, V.S. Meena, N.K Meena, Pankaj Kumar Kannaujia

Medicinal plants especially underutilized fruit are the nature’s gift to arid zone. Many of fruits are popular in this area but aonla posses an important place among all. Aonla or Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) is native to tropical south-eastern Asia mainly peninsular of central and southern India. The tree is known as Amla, Amlaki, Amli, Ambala, Amalakamu and Nelli in different parts of India. It is a very hardy tree and can be grown under diverse soil and agro-climatic conditions without much care. Aonla fruits has been reported to have potential of antioxidant, free radical scavenging capacity, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, immune modulation properties, which is used to cure various cancer, diabetes, liver and heart related diseases Aonla has been regarded as a sacred tree in India. It has religious value and it is medicinally very important since ancient time. It has hallowed position in Indian medicine system called as Ayurveda as a protective remedy for several mankind problems. The tree was worshipped as Mother Earth and is believed to nurture humankind because the fruit are very nourishing. Kartik Mahatma and Vrat Kaumudi order the worship of this tree. The leaves are offered to the Lord of Shri Satyanarayana Vrata, Samba on Shri Shanipradosha Vrata and Shiva and Gowri on Nitya Somvara Vrata. The fruit and flowers are also used in worship. Fruits of aonla are processed in various forms like Juice, Murabba, Chayvanprash, candy, powder and flakes which has significant role in mitigating several malnourished disorders. Aonla cultivation has gained special attention of researcher community due to its significant role in medicinal industry as well as processing potential.

173 - 185 (13 Pages)
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11 Ber
P. K. Yadav, Kaushalendra Porwal, K.K. Pramanick, A.K. Shukla, Santosh Watpade

The ber is an important indigenous fruit and growing in semi arid conditions in the country. Ber is grown in China for the last 4000 years and under sub tropical to tropical as well as Mediterranean regions of the world. It is cultivated widely for its resistance to grow in drought and other diversified climatic and soil conditions, so it is also known as ‘King of fruit’ of arid. Origin and Distribution The origin of ber is said to be India to South-western Asia. The ber is being cultivated in Northern India, central India and peninsular India. Hisar, Rohtak, Panipat, Gurgaon, Jind, Mahindergarh in Haryana. In Rajasthan it is cultivated in district of Bharatpur Alwer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Palib and Gnaganagar Jaipur in area 82, 73, 59, 53, 53, 53,41 hectare with production 365, 395,133, 294, 340, 597, 826 metric tones, respectively. However total cultivated area in Rajasthan is 738 hectare with production 5248 metic tones under ber during 2017–18 (Anonymous, 2018). The area Sangrur and Patiala in Punjab; Banaskantha and Sabarmati in Gujarat; Bijapur and Bellary in Karnataka; Tirunalveli, Ramanathapuram and Salem in Tamil Nadu are major ber growing areas in the country. Besides India, ber is grown in Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, Burma, Australia, USA, Russia, Italy, France, Spain and Northern Africa.

186 - 198 (13 Pages)
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12 Date Palm
R. S. Singh, Prerak Bhatnagar

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an important fruit tree of semi-arid and arid regions. It grows well under poor desertic soils due to its hardy plant characteristics and deep root system. It is also one of the most suitable fruit trees, which can be easily grown under saline conditions. In arid region, crop production is risky preposition, where date palm cultivation contributes in achieving food security, high nutritive value food, crop diversification, desertification control, income generation and foreign exchange earnings. It can be grown at such places where adequate irrigation facilities are available besides other climatic requirements. The latin name of the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera is derived from a Phoenician name “Phoenix”, which means date palm and dactylifera derived from a Greek word “daktulos” means a finger. In India, generally two species of Phoenix are found. Out of which, Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. called “desi khajoor” is found throughout the country but it produces inferior quality fruits. The fruit contains large stone with less pulp content. From its crown parts, a liquid is extracted known as neera or taddi, which is used as fresh drinks and also for preparation of jaggary. The tree of wild date/ desi khajoor (Phoenix sylvestris) is found in Bundelkhand region of the country and it is suitable tree component for agro forestry system (Tewari et al., 2001). Phoenix dactylifera is commercially grown for edible fruits and value added products.

199 - 216 (18 Pages)
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13 Litchi
Sanjay Kumar Singh, Vishal Nath, R.K. Meena, P.L. Saroj, D.K. Sarolia

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a subtropical and evergreen tree belonging to the family Sapindaceae. This fruit has highly specific climatic adaptability due to chilling requirement for floral initiation on one hand and the damage caused due to high summer temperature along with low relative humidity during fruit growth period on the other hand. Some other factors influencing expansion in different regions of the world are difficulties in establishment of plants in nursery and orchards, bearing and further into harvesting and post-harvest management. Calcium rich soil with mycorrhizae is best suited for the luxuriant growth of litchi plants which are commercially propagated by air-layering or gootee. There has been a substantial increase in the area and production of litchi in India during the past 50 years. The area has increased from 9400 ha (1949–1950) to 91,000 ha (2016–2017). The contribution of litchi to the total area under fruit cultivation has increased from 0.75% to 1.70%. Increase in area during 1991–1992 to 2016–2017 (22 years) has been more than 80%, whereas production increase during the same period is to the tune of more than 150% (NHB, 2016–17). Productivity also recorded an increase of about 50% during the same period. Evidently, production and productivity of litchi are constantly increasing in the country. On a global scale, the fresh fruit market dominates the trade, followed by dried and canned fruit. Low success rate of establishment, lesser fruiting span, low and irregular yields because of poor flowering and fruit set, fruit cracking, browning and rotting of fruits, fruit borers and mites, poor shelf life, and lack of suitable varieties with early and late maturity and good-quality fruits are some of the factors encountered

217 - 247 (31 Pages)
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14 Custard Apple
Shalini Pilania, Komal Kathuria

Custard apple (Sitaphal) is one of the most delicious fruit. The genus name, ‘Annona’ is comes from the Latin word ‘anon’, which means ‘yearly produce’ has three species namely Annona squamosa, Annona cherimola and Annona reticulate. Out of which Annona squamosa has been extensively used as fruit crop and traditional medicine for different ailments. The seeds and the leaves also are being used for preparation of medicine. It is hardy, tolerant to drought, salinity and saline irrigation water to certain extent. It grows very well in shallow soil profile. It also sheds off leaves during stress condition to evade moisture loss from plant tissue through transpiration. This crop is known by varied name like sitaphal, shariffa and sugar apple. Origin and Distribution The custard apple is believed to be a native of the West Indies but it was carried in early times through Central America to southern Mexico. It has long been cultivated and naturalized as far south as Peru and Brazil. It is commonly grown in the Bahamas and occasionally in Bermuda and southern Florida. Apparently it was introduced into tropical Africa early in the 17th century and it is grown in South Africa as a dooryard fruit tree. In India the tree is cultivated, especially around Calcutta, and runs wild in many areas.

248 - 256 (9 Pages)
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15 Bael
R. K. Yadav, P.R. Geetha Lekshmi, A.K. Archana

The bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.) is indigenous to India and it is also called as Baelpatra, Bengal quince (John and Stevenson, 1979), Indian quince, golden apple, holy fruit, bel, bilwa, bela, maredoo and other dialectal names in India. Hindus used the leaves to worship Lord Shiva (Bilwa Patra) and keep them on Shivling and they consider it is very auspicious and to get the blessings of Shiva. The fruits form a vital ingredient of holy offerings to the God and Goddess through holy pyre (haven). In history, the mention of bael tree is traced to Vedic times (C 2000 BC. to C 800 B..) within the Yajur Veda.

257 - 267 (11 Pages)
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16 Pineapple
R. Kumar, J. S. Gora, M. K. Berwal, J. Dinakara Adiga, D. Kalaivanan

Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) is an important commercial fruit crop belongs to family Bromeliaceae. It is one of the choicest fruits all over the world because of its characteristic taste and pleasant flavour. Plant is herbaceous in nature with narrow pointed leaves and 50–100 cm height. The inflorescence composed of 150–200 flowers arranged in a compact spiral cluster. The flowers are perfect with three short fleshy sepals and petals, six stamens, floral bract and ovary with three locules. The plant bears a single fruit of cylindrical shape terminally on a peduncle come out from the centre of the rosette. Pineapple fruit is a multiple or sorosis type fruit formed by the partial fusion of numerous fleshy segments from several separate flowers and edible part of fruit mainly consists of the ovaries, bases of sepals, bracts and cortex of the axis. Commercial varieties are self sterile but easily crossable with plants outside their varietal group. The apex of fruit bears a compressed, leafy and spiny shoot known as crown. The fruit weight ranged from 1.00–2.50 kg and has outer colour yellow and very golden yellow flesh inside. Pineapple fruits are mainly consumed as fresh fruit, juice purpose and also used for canning. The typically yellow fruit flesh is found suitable for fresh consumption when sweet (10 to 18% sugar) and moderately acid (0.5 to 1.6%). Fruits are processed in various value added products like pineapple chunks, crushed pineapple, diced pineapple, slices, juices, syrups, jams, etc. The pineapple possess crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathway with high water-use efficiency

268 - 280 (13 Pages)
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17 Jamun
Sanjay Singh, D.S. Mishra, A K Singh, N. Surya Prakash, J. Dinakara Adiga, Jeena Devasia, Y. Raghuramulu

The Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) is a nutritious fruit with a variety of uses; virtually every part of the tree has been utilized by both urban and rural dwellers. The fruit is good source of iron, sugars, minerals, protein and carbohydrate etc (Table 1). Fully ripe fruits are eaten fresh and can be processed into beverages like jelly, jam, squash, wine, vinegar and pickles. The Jamun fruit has sub-acid spicy flavour and squash is very refreshing drink for quenching the thrust in the summer season. A little quantity of fruit syrup is much useful for curing the diarrhoea. The vinegar prepared from juice extracted from slightly unripe fruit is stomachic, carminative and diuretic, apart from having cooling and digestive properties (Thaper, 1958). However, small jamun fruits not suitable for table use but suitable for use in the beverage industry as they contained a high amount of acidity, tannins and anthocyanins (Anon., 1986). The volatile oil from the jamun fruits can also be extracted (Vijayanandet al., 2001). Fruits are used as an effective medicine against diabetes, heart and liver trouble (Singh, 2001). The Powdered seeds have also reputation of being useful in the treatment of diabetes. Oral administration of an aqueous jamun seed extract for 6 weeks caused a significant decrease in lipids, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and an increase in catalase and superoxide dismutase in the brain of diabetic rats (Prince et al., 2003). Leaf extract of jamun also reduces the radiation induced DNA damage in the cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Jamun seed can be used as concentrate for animals, as it is rich in protein, carbohydrates and calcium. Its timber wood is used for railway sleepers, construction of buildings, agricultural implements and for well work, as it resists the action of water (Chundawat, 1990).

281 - 296 (16 Pages)
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18 Jackfruit
Chander Bhan, P.N. Sivalingam, A. Nagaraja

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Syn., Artocarpous integrifolia L.) is an evergreen tree species. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a close relative of jackfruit. It belongs to Moraceae family along with fig and mulberry. It is a tree borne fruit crop species producing biggest size fruit among fruit crops. Jackfruit is the national fruit of Bangladesh and Indonesia (Matin, 2015). In southern India, Jackfruit received a respected status symbol. The state government of Kerala declared it as the state fruit of Kerala to promote the ‘Kerala Jack fruit’ and its value-added products as a brand, highlighting its organic and nutritious qualities among people.

297 - 307 (11 Pages)
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19 Mulberry
D.K. Sarolia, R.K. Meena

This fruit plant is fast-growing when young, but soon become slow-growing tree thrive well under tropical, sub-tropical and temperate region. Mostly this crop is being cultivated for rearing of silkworm and wind break rather than fruit crop. This crop not specific with climatic requirement so can be grown in arid, marginal soil, barren land without much care. The different plant parts viz., stem, bark, twigs, leaf, fruit etc are being utilized in different ways. Stem use for making agricultural implement, house artisans’, sports items, fodder for animals and fruits use as fresh dessert and in processing for making of different value added products like jam, beverages etc. Apart from these, its different plant parts also have medicinal properties use mainly in folk, ayurvedic and unani medicines.

308 - 317 (10 Pages)
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20 Phalsa
S. P. Singh

Phalsa is an important minor fruit crop of India. It is a sub tropical fruits, which is also known as star apple. It is known by different vernacular names in different parts of country for example Dhamini in Bengali, Phalsa in Punjabi and Shurkhi in Hindi. Phalsa is a shrub or small tree of Indian origin. Phalsa has been mentioned in Vedic literature as having certain medicinal qualities. Phalsa is a bushy plant of arid and semi- arid region. It is also cultivated in subtropical region. It is very hardy, tolerant to drought and suitable to grow on wastelands. Phalsa is best suited for small area as it is manageable by pruning. Its cultivation is favoured around big cities where fruits find a ready and quick sale. It has a poor keeping quality. It is also grown as an intercrop with mango, aonla, bael and ber. It is capable of growing under neglected and water scarcity conditions where only a few other crops would survive.

318 - 327 (10 Pages)
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21 Tamarind
Santosh Choudhary, Anop Kumari

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) is a tropical evergreen tree species of Leguminosae family. It is a very versatile plant species which can grow easily up to 1500 m above sea level and found in abundance in the Indian subcontinent and African continent. The name Tamarindus indica was given by Linnaeus in the eighteenth century, inspired by the Arabic name “Tamar-ul-Hind”, meaning ‘date of India’. Tamarind is known by different vernacular names in different languages. In India, tamarind grows naturally in forest and also develops unattended on wastelands. Therefore, it is suitable to grow along the roads, in agroforestry as multipurpose tree species or as fire breaks for forest margins.

328 - 338 (11 Pages)
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22 Wood Apple
B. S. Bhati, R. S. Rathore

Wood apple is also known as kaith, kavat, curd apple and monkey fruit. It is found almost throughout the country. It is one of the very hardy tree found growing in arid and semi arid regions of the country. Hill region of northern India and Ceylon are supposed to be its native land (Reuther et al., 1967). Chundawat (1990) thought it to be a native of India and Sri Lanka. It is a popular tree of forest, Indoor yard garden and can be exploited for regular cultivation in dry areas. The cricket ball size fruits have sweet and aromatic pulp, eaten fresh or used for drinks, chutneys, jellies etc. In forests of Rajasthan, it is commonly found in Aravalli range and Hadoti Plateau.

339 - 342 (4 Pages)
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23 Karonda
S.K. Bairwa

Karonda (Carissa carandas Linn.) is also known as ‘Christ Thorn Tree’ and an important fruit plant of semi-arid and arid regions. It is an evergreen, hardy, spiny bush which is use as live fencing surrounding the orchards or filed. One or two plant was planted in backyards at rural place. It is also grown in wasteland, problematic soil, unproductive land and low moisture conditions. It can be also grown as ornamental purpose due to pink reddish fruits and evergreen nature. Plant produce sufficient amount of fruits and fruits are sour and astringent in taste. Fruits havenutritive value like rich source of iron, fair amount of vit. C and several medicinal values.

343 - 351 (9 Pages)
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24 Ker
P. R. Meghwal

Ker (Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew, (synonym Capparis aphylla, Roth) is a multipurpose, perennial, woody shrub or small tree found growing naturally in hot arid regions and semi-arid subtropics in various parts of the world. In India, it is known by different names in different parts of the country. In Rajasthan, it is generally called Kair or Ker while in Haryana it is known as Teent or Dela. Some more synonym by which ker is known are Caper, Karyal, Hanbag, Cari, Karira etc while in English, it is known as Caper berry. This species is an important constituent of arid ecosystem and plays significant roles in sustaining the ecosystem. The peoples of Indian Thar desert have known the importance of this shrub for long back. On account of its acquired xerophytic adaptive characteristics, it is capable of growing in various kinds of habitats including wastelands. It is also suitable for stabilizing sand dunes and controlling soil erosion by wind and water. Due to its xerophytic adaptive nature, the plant grows successfully under harsh climatic conditions of arid regions. Berry-shaped unripe fruits are rich in carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. It was abundant about five decades back, but, with increase in populations of humans and livestock and more demand of land for agricultural purpose, it has been over-exploited and eliminated by tractor ploughing and excessive browsing pressure from livestock. This has resulted in significant reduction in plant population of ker, but people still try to retain some plants on farm boundaries as this also prevent soil erosion which is quite high due to wind.

352 - 359 (8 Pages)
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25 Cordia
P. K. Yadav, Jagan Singh Gora, Kumari Lata

Arid regions lie under the category of wastelands which are not being used to their fullest potential therefore, it almost barren. Hot arid regions are sparsely populated with human and animal population and experiences various biotic exploitation of the already very poor resources base. The scarcity of water poses biggest hindrance in limits the crop productivity as climatic factor. Yet, nature has bestowed the arid region fruits with characteristic qualities. Some fruit crops can grow successfully in such type of regions. Among these crops, cardia most suitable crop for cultivation under such type of arid climate. Some regional names of cordia are Pidar, Ponugeri, Maruvilli, Geduri, Spistan, Bhakar, Borla, Kalo Bohori (Nepali) etc. It is growing not only all over Asia but also nearly whole of the globe especially in tropical environment. In Indian sub-continent, it is growing from east Myanmar to west Afghanistan. It is grown in arid region and having numerous utilities. It is found in a variety of the forest of Rajasthan to moist deciduous forests of the Western Ghats and Tidal forest of Myanmar. In Maharashtra, it grows in moist monsoon forests also. In Rajasthan, its commercial plantations are being done in Pali, Sirohi, Udaipur, Jodhpur and Jalore districts. Now, it is becoming popular as monoculture cultivation as well as under agroforestry system in arid region. It does not grow gregariously but is found growing singly in moist shady ravines and valleys. In areas with annual rainfall less than 500mm, it thrives along streams and depressions where moisture is available. The hot arid zone stretch 32 M ha or 0.32 million square kilometer long covering Rajasthan (62%), Gujrat (20%), Andra Pradesh (7%), Punjab (5%), Haryana (4%), Karnataka (3%) and Maharastra (0.4%). In these area fruits selection for cultivation must be cope up that their maximal growth period coincides with the period of water availability in the soil. Few of the xerophytes characteristics are: deeper root system, deciduous nature, reduced foliage, sunken of covered stomata, waxy coating or hairiness on leaf surface which minimize the evapotranspiration and makes plant adaptive to the hostile climate. These qualities are found in cordia plant which can grow in this area without any problem after management of some agro-techniques.

360 - 370 (11 Pages)
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