Preface Water is an important element for life in the earth. It is an essential recurrent natural resource for environmental sustenance, agricultural productivity, industrial growth, power production and enrichment and renewal of land and air. For easy assess to the water, the first human settlements occurred along the banks of rivers and ensuing civilizations flourished in river valleys. For example, the Indian civilization of Mohanjodaro and Harappa developed in the Indus valley, the Egyptian civilization in the Nile valley, the Chinese civilization in the Yangtze valley, the Babylonian civilization between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, Aztec Maya and Incas civilizations in the basin of an Amazon river. The supply of water at any given location is limited and the limits vary considerably. The unprecedented economic development, social transformation, industrial flourishment and technological improvement that have occurred in the world have been in part due to human ingenuity in providing water to various designated uses, often through well scientific and engineered strategies for usage, storing of water and transporting it. There is a direct correlation between the development of these strategies and national development, as exemplified by the grouping of nations of the world into developed countries for example USA, Britain, Japan etc., developing countries like India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan etc., and under developed countries such as Kenya, Lozetho etc. From the middle of the nineteenth century to the beginning of twenty first century, hundreds of thousands of water resources projects, water harvesting projects, water conservation projects, water recycling projects, river linking projects, desalination projects for fresh water from sea and treatment of industrial effluents projects were developed and built throughout the world including India, primarily for the purposes of supplying water for drinking water, agricultural irrigation, hydropower generation as well as for energy production, drought amelioration, recreation, flood control, erosion, industrial uses and navigation for water resources and treatment of industrial effluents projects to control water pollution of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, coastal as well as oceans in the world. In India, combined effluent treatment plants were built in the last century. These projects were entirely funded or heavily subsidized by national governments in recognition of the crucial role that water plays in an important role in the human life. The book contains twenty one chapters reflecting objectives on various aspects of water and forest resources, water pollutions, forest degradation, industrial pollution from them, recycling technology, bio statistics, case studies, treatment technology for industrial effluent, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment with bio reactors, trickling filters, aerators. Chapter 2 deals with environment, sustainable environment, and carrying capacity. Chapter 3 deals with environment verses development in India. Chapter 4 deals with water resources in India like major river basins, fresh water resources, ground water resources, and water resource development. Chapter 5 provides for water pollution such as surface water pollution, coastal and ocean pollution in India. Chapter 6 elaborates forest resources like Himalayan forests, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. Chapter 7 deals with forest degradation by physical, chemical, biological, Himalayan, Western and Eastern Ghats forest degradations. Chapter 8 describes about the various industries, regions of industries and industrial effluents discharged from them with toxic materials. Chapter 9 deals with effects of industrial pollution. Chapter 10 includes analysis of industrial effluents with physical-chemical and biological parameters. Chapter 11 deals with treatment of industrial effluents by primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. Chapter 12 describes about volatile organic compounds and their treatment. Chapter 13 deals about World Bank and Indian standards for industrial effluents. Chapter 14 provides observation of phytosociology of biometric traits. 15th Chapter elaborates biostatistics and its application in the field of above ground height, basal diameter and biomass of the tree species. Chapter 16 deals with definition of recycling technology such as conservative, alternate and recent trends in the recycling technology and comparison of these technologies for the best application in respect of industrial effluents. Chapter 17 and 18 include methods of recycling technology and its applications. 19th Chapter deals with evopotranspiration of effluents by forest tree species. Chapter 20 describes applications of recycling technology in the industrial process. Chapter 21 elaborates about specific case studies for different tree species.

Water is an important element for life on the earth. It is an essential recurrent natural resource for environmental sustenance, agricultural productivity, industrial growth, power production, enrichment and renewal of land and air. For easy assess to the water, the first human settlements occurred along the banks of rivers and ensuing civilizations flourished in river valleys. For example, the Indian civilization of Mohanjodaro and Harappa developed in the Indus valley, the Egyptian civilization in the Nile valley, the Chinese civilization in the Yangtze valley, the Babylonian civilization between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, Aztec, Maya and Incas civilization in the basin of Amazon river. The industrial revolution, which, began in the early 18th century in some European and Asian countries, set in the motion for new forces in the society and greatly changed the pattern of social life on the earth. Rapid industrialization and urbanization subsequently brought many changes in the environment and ecosystems in the world. India also witnessed a phenomenon of industrial development in the post independent era. The last four to five decades have witnessed population explosion and increase in the per capita consumption of food, consumer goods and utilization of natural resources. These have lead to the proportionate increase in the domestic and industrial effluent generation in India. The water pollution is continuously increasing at an alarming rate in Europe and Asia. By the end of this century. India's Population is projected to double itself from its present level. Similarly the per capita consumption of food has been estimated to increase by 40% resulting in 50 % production of industrial and domestic effluents in near future. Apart from the quantity, there will be qualitative changes in the effluent generation which are likely to contain greater amount of oil, toxic chemicals, detergents and dyes. A large number of these compounds are non-biodegradable and are cumulative, thus rendering toxic product. Certain group of animals and plants are selective in their functions and can executive certain toxic chemicals and heavy metals. These biomes are helping more effectively on recycling of industrial effluent as well as domestic effluent management system. In nature, there exists a balance between abiotic and biotic communities like animals and plants population, raw materials and total biomass present at any time. This balance ensures natural recycling and optimum production in naturally balanced ecosystems. The plant growth is slow, but it ensures optimum utilization of waste products and a healthy environment. The increased population and its human desire to possess all comforts and pleasures had lead to over exploitation of natural resources. The high demand of natural resources lead to the beginning of waste accumulation due to the creation of man made imbalances in the environment. The environment is to provide up to date information about important concepts in surrounding. Information is presented from an analytical, observational and multidisciplinary perspective from which we must view environmental issues in order to the study successfully.

The science is a process of refining our understanding of nature by continual questioning and active investigation on questions. Students can approach science in this manner, rather than as a collection of facts to be memorized. The Environment is to provide up-to-date information to the important concepts in the study of environment. Information is presented from an analytical, observation and multidisciplinary perspective from which we must view environmental issues in order to deal successfully with them. The environment may be defined as response of a human being influenced by various factors such as abiotic and biotic, which are present in the ecosystems. 2.1 Multidisciplinary Approach The approach of environment science is multidisciplinary in nature like botany, zoology, physics, hydrology, hydraulics, chemistry, biophysics, biochemistry and biology. It integrates various subjects and includes few of the most important topics of modern civilization as well as oldest philosophical concerns. Applied and basic aspects of environment requires a solid function in the nature of our relationship with nature, in addition to fields like economics, anthropology, history, sociology and philosophy of the environment.

3.1 Introduction India, when gained independence in 1947, was predominantly an agrarian economy, with a stagnant national income. The country inherited a weak industrial base, restricted to only a few industries. Agricultural growth was virtually negligible, the country had a stagnant cropped area where by only a very small proportion of agricultural land was irrigated. On the eve of the country’s independence, on 15th August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s Prime Minister, reminded the country that the task ahead included ending poverty, ignorance, and disease and inequality of opportunity. India began the process of planning with the launching of the 1st five-year plan in April 1951. The central purpose of planning was to ‘initiate a process of development which would raise living standards and open out to the people new opportunities for a richer and more varied life’. Afterwards, the five-year plans were formulated seeking development in a sustainable manner. The country, over the past has travelled a long way indeed in its drive towards economic growth, modernization of the economy, feudal economy at the time of independence has been transformed into one based on a fairly developed and diversified industrial structure and a sound agricultural base with a large potential for further industrialization and development. The income and consumption levels of people, on an average, have increased and the consumption basket has diversified. A noteworthy achievement indeed has been the elimination of famines with which the country continued to be afflicted right until independence. That achievement is far from negligible since many other countries in Asia and Africa are yet to free themselves of this malady. There is also other achievement, varying from the successful functioning of a democratic system to the emergence of a strong and large scientific community (Dreze Sen, 1995). The figure 3.1 shows the per capita income during 1997-1998. It shows that the maximum income from Northern India compared to Southern India. However, having adapted the pattern of economic development that brought prosperity to the Western, India has also seen widespread environmental damage and degradation in the pursuit of economic growth. The concern for preserving the environment against the onslaught of industrial expansion, intensification of agricultural, and adoption of a resource-intensive lifestyle has not been given the attention it deserved, and the costs of environmental degradation have not been internalized in the development process. While the Indian economy study made by two World Bank staffers shows that the country is paying an enormous price for this onward march, which has brought in its wake ecological devastation and numerous health problems.

4.1 Introduction India is a land of many rivers, lakes, ponds, coastal, marines and mountains. Its geographical area of about 329 million hectare is crises crossed by a large number of small and medium, large rivers, some of them figuring amongst the mighty rivers of the world. The rivers and mountains have a greater significance in the history of Indian civilizations, development, religious and spiritual life. It may not be an exaggeration to say that the rivers are the heart and soul of the Indian civilizations India is a union of States with a federal set up. Politically, the country is divided into 26 States and 7 Union Territories. A major part of India’s population of 869 millions (1991 census) is rural and agriculturally oriented for whom the rivers are the source of their life. India is a land of many religions, diversity of cultures and languages. The different regions of the country have different cultural, linguistic and other ethnic groups. The land and people present a vast panorama of diversity in unity. Physiographically, India may be divided into seven well-defined regions.

5.1 Introduction The source of pollution are many and varied. The most critical are domestic sewage and industrial effluent discharging into rivers, lakes, ponds etc. Treatment facilities for domestic sewage in class 1 cities having population of more than 1,00,0000 and class 2 cities having population between 50,000 and 99,999 can process hardly 10% of the wastewater generated. Wastewater treatment facilities are difficult to quantify due to lack of continuous data. On an average, the treatment capacity in class 1 cities can handle only 60% of the wastewater collected and less than 15% of the total volume of wastewater generated. The Indian industry has grown annually at an average rate of 5.5% during the last 50 years. Among different industrial sectors, water pollution is concentrated with in a few industrial sub-sectors mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic pollutants. Out of the total pollution contributed by the industrial sub-sectors, 40% to 45% of the total pollutants can be traced to the processing of industrial chemicals and nearly 40% of the total organic pollution to the food products industry alone. Food products and agro-based industries together contribute 65% to 70% of the total industrial wastewater in terms of organic load. Blair T Bower, consultant, the Urban Institute, USA, remarks: "… If substantial further growth of Asia’s cities cannot be avoided and if the environmental disasters that could be associated with that growth are to be prevented, there is only one alternative: urban environmental quality management must be substantially improved throughout the region". The total quantity of water used by the domestic and industrial sectors is much less than that consumed for irrigation. However, the wastewater released from the above sectors has a great concentration of pollutants, and is discharged at specific disposal points. Thus, the wastewater generated from domestic and industrial projects causes much more water pollution as compared to any other source.

6.1 Introduction The state of India’s forests is important in many ways, whether it be as a source of fuel and fodder for rural citizens, of industrial inputs for a growing economy, as a habitat for thousands of plant and animal species, a sink for carbon dioxide emissions, or as a protective cover for its soils. The forest resources forms an ecological system consisting of tree dominated vegetative associations. Forests not only provide timber, fuel wood, pulpwood fodder and fiber grasses, and non wood forest produce and support industrial and commercial activities but also maintain the ecological balance and life support systems essential for food production, health, and all round human development. The innate complexity and inherent diversity of forest ecosystems make it difficult to establish clear cause-and effect relationship or to predict the outcomes of a given intervention accurately. Figure 6.1 shows that the percentage of land mass with forest covered and non forest area in India

7.1 Introduction The rapid population and industrial growth experienced beginning in the middle part of this century has led to spiraling increases in the demand for forest wood. Historical data reveal that there was a 159.6% increase in overall wood production between 1970 and 1993. Wood is defined simply as wood in the rough, and includes trees felled for any purpose. The majority of total wood production has been for use as fuel wood and charcoal, much of which is harvested by villagers, and to some degree urban squatters. Since 1970, there has been a 160% increase in fuel wood and charcoal production. The largest portion (104%) occurred between 1970 and 1980, which may be attributed to the introduction of fuel wood species earlier, during the Second Five Year Plan period. Looking at the decades to come, the demand for fuel wood is likely to continue growing in pace with future increases in population, which is growing at the rate of 24 % per decade. It is estimated that by the year 2010, demand for fuel wood and charcoal will exceed 33 million cubic meters (FAO, 1993). Since there is expected to be little further change in the area under potential productive forests, there will be an increasing probability of a shortage of wood production in India (Planning Commission, 1992).

8.1 Introduction Contamination of drinking water supplies from industrial waste is a result of various types of industrial processes and disposal practices. Industries that use large amounts of fresh water for processing have the potential to pollute waterways through the discharge of their waste into streams and rivers, or by run-off and seepage of stored wastes into nearby water sources. Other disposal practices, which cause water contamination, include deep well injection and improper disposal of wastes in surface impoundments. Industrial wastes consists of both organic and inorganic substances. Organic wastes include pesticide residues, solvents and cleaning fluids, dissolved residues from fruits and vegetables, and lignin from pulp and paper to name a few. Effluents can also contain inorganic wastes such as brine salts and metals. This is an incentive for industry to pre-treat their water by neutralizing the chemically active components, recycling, dilution or extraction and collection for proper disposal. The waste disposal practices, which presently pose a threat to drinking water supplies, include deep well injection of wastes and wastes that are dumped and retained in surface impoundments or evaporation ponds. (Ministry of Industries, 1994). In keeping with the functions delegated to the Central Pollution Control Board under the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, they covered a number of industries, their production and location with details of receiving water besides details on the raw material they used, the process they adopted to process them, inplant control systems, pollution control system provided and the future requirement with cost implications, monitoring system etc. These documents are also aimed at developing standards for effluents and emissions as Minimal National Standards that can be adopted uniformly throughout the country. The State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) can tighten the standards, wherever the local situation demands. While implementing these standards, the status of technologies adopted by the industries and further requirements to meet the overall objective of pollution control have been assessed. The technology requirement for pollution control industry wise has been presented in the following groups of industry categories.

9.1 Introduction The sources and types of chemical pollution to which freshwater systems can be exposed are many and varied. The origins of pollutants entering these systems range from those that are predominantly point sources (i.e., industrial effluents) to those that are mainly diffuse, such as agricultural run-off and acid deposition. Some of these are effectively continuous, whereas others are intermittent or episodic. Pollutants can also be characterized by their quality: general organic loading, specific organic toxicants, inorganic toxicants, and acids. While most of the sources listed above produce mixtures of these characteristics, particular components are enhanced. Industrial effluents generally are the source of specific toxicants, but might also lead to general organic loading. Some consideration should also be given to the types of system exposed to these pollutants. Most freshwater systems flow, but some more rapidly than others; that is, lakes and ponds have a slow throughput, the so called lentic systems whereas that for rivers and streams is rapid. Because they flow rapidly, the so-called lotic systems have been used for the transport of materials, such as removing industrial pollutants from factories and organic effluents from sewage works. A view exists that lotic systems that depend substantially on organic inputs from terrestrial ecosystems as a basis for their economy should have the capacity for self-cleansing of at least organic pollutants. However, this perception has been challenged recently (Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 1992). Of course, “still” or so-called lentic waters may also be important repositories of pollutants, and are certainly exposed to diffuse inputs from agricultural land leading to eutrophication. Thus, the challenge for aquatic ecotoxicology is to develop methods that can not only assess but also estimate the ecological impact of chemicals on a variety of complex ecosystems under diverse and complicated circumstances (e.g., periodic perturbations or steady trickles, and mixtures of varying complexity). The predictive approach is important in risk assessment used in the regulation of chemical pollutants. Assessment, at times referred to as a “retrospective approach,” is used to determine whether particular contaminants have an impact on specified natural ecosystems. This chapter reviews current methods, first predictive and then retrospective approaches, to address such problems. Initially, one must define what is to be measured, for it has relevance to both approaches.

10.1 Introduction Industrial effluents, which are deteriorate their quality, and push them to the brink of extinction in the process of unplanned discharge, giving rise to the need for suitable conservation strategies for the receiving water body. Unfortunately, over the years, less attention has been given to industrial effluents world over. The degradation of the industrial effluents has altered their functions, affecting the ecological balance. The objectives of carrying out the physico-chemical and biological analyses of water bodies are as follows: Generally, industrial effluent functions directly relate to their physical, chemical and biological integrity. Water quality evaluation for industrial effluent leads to information about their misuse by indicating the pollution status. 1st define water quality objectives as the overall direction and purpose of the industrial effluent and furthermore define goals as milestones to be met during the course of a book. Since the quality of aquatic life depends on the water quality, a thorough assessment of the water quality is an integral part of industrial effluent toxicity evaluation. The assessment of the chemical criteria of the industrial effluent helps in

11.1 Introduction Generally, except particular cases, the typical civil wastewater do not present substantial differences according to the town where they are produced, therefore the type and the sequence of water treatment are nearly the same. Conversely, the industrial wastewater characteristics are extremely varying according to the type of activity. For example, the oil industry wastewater will contain high concentrations of oily substances and hydrocarbons, the galvanic industry will produce heavy metal polluted wastewater, a food industry will produce wastewater containing biodegradable substances and so on. Consequently also the whole cycle of treatment, being aimed at the removal of particular pollutants, will be different according to kind of industry. The individual treatments of a wastewater treatment plant can be classified in different ways. According to the functioning principle it is possible to distinguish biological, physical and chemical treatments. Biological plants are more commonly used to treat domestic or combined domestic and industrial wastewater from a municipality. They use basically the same processes that would occur naturally in the receiving water, but give them a place to happen under controlled conditions, so that the cleansing reactions are completed before the water is discharged into the environment. Physico-chemical plants are more often used to treat industrial wastewaters directly, because they often contain pollutants which cannot be removed efficiently by microorganisms— although industries that deal with biodegradable materials, such as food processing, dairies, breweries, and even paper, plastics and petrochemicals, may use biological treatment. And biological plants generally use some physical and chemical processes, too.

12.1 Introduction Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are chemicals that evaporate easily at room temperature. The term “organic” indicates that the compounds contain carbon. VOC exposures are often associated with an odor while other times there is no odor. Both can be harmful. There are thousands of different VOCs produced and used in our daily lives.

13.1 Introduction The World Bank Standards for water quality parameters show important because the acute and chronic impact on aquatic ecosystem causes very dangerous to the animals and human beings. It describes about the level of toxic concentration would be allowed to the aquatic ecosystem to survive living beings. The Indian standards also describes about the limit of toxic constituent, which are harmful to the aquatic living beings.

14.1 Introduction The observation of phytosociology deals with the germination of growth on tree species in the industrial effluents. It shall be calculated germination potential based on germination capablility of the seeds. The growth parameters are measured then calculated leaf weight ratio, stem weight ratio, root weight ratio, top dry weight, sturdiness quatient, volume index and quality index. The following sub chapters dealing with formulae used to calculate the above parameters. The data so collected is then analyzed. The usual methods, which are employed in analysing the data, are averages, dispersion, skew ness, correlation, etc. The leaf weight ratio, stem weight ratio and root weight ratio are calculated by using the following formulae made by Kumaran (1991).

15.1 Introduction Statistics is mostly used as a tool for assessing the capability of the system. Statistics refers to facts shown in numbers. Modern statistical methods and data are being found increasingly useful in research in different fields such as hydrology, biology, water quality and forestry etc. Statistics when used effectively becomes so intertwined in the whole fabric of the subjects to which it is applied. Statistics assists in planning the initial observations, organizing them and formulating hypothesis from them and in judging whether the new observations agree sufficiently well with the predictions from the hypothesis. In statistical methods, there is an operation of multiple causes and the investigator has only limited control over there. But statistical methods are found extremely useful in predicting the consequences of a situation. It requires skill for acquiring and handling data. There is a methodology to deal with the data and analysis of data is based on scientific and engineering strategies (Ramakrishnan, 1995). In a huge rainfall data over a period of 300 years, it is not possible to observe all the items. Statistical methods are developed to estimate the error or deflection from the true or real value when we are taking inference from a sample for a hydrological data. In the modern world where life sciences is getting more and more importance. To meet our environmental problems and energy requirements due to rapid industrialization and population growth, scop of life science has taken its new shape. Based on statistical analysis, new field like environmental sciences, hydrology, genetic engineering, biotechnology and biosociology have been evolved. Experiments about crop yields with different types of fertilizers and different types of soils or the growth of animal life and plant life under different environmental conditions and diets are very often designed and analyzed according to statistical method. Even in the field of medicine and public health, statistical methods are used for testing the efficacy of new medicine and method of treatments. As a matter of fact, for a research worker in any field, which is concern with numerical results, a study of statistical method is not only useful but also necessary. Hence it can be rightly by remarked “Science without statistics bears no fruit, statistics without science have no root”.

16.1 Conservative Technology Recycling technology being practiced by ancient times by the people who used for municipal industrial effluent. In India the people in rural area, they collected cow dung in a pit. They applied a layer of soil on the cow dung to composting. After three to four months period, they used as manure for the agricultural fields. In a household waste, they collected as organic waste from a kitchen, store a pit allow it for decompose for conversion of compost. People who are residing in house constructed in a plot, they used to generate industrial effluent in a pit and cultivate a kitchen garden like vegetable crops and banana trees etc. in ancient times, the amount organic waste is limited and self purification is taken in small amount of organic waste therefore no organic pollution occurs in rural India.

17.1 Introduction Bioenergy is an array of energy produced by biomass (organic matter) including liquid, solid, and gaseous fuels, electricity, heat, steam, biochemicals and materials. Biofuel is any plant derived organic matter available on a renewable basis, including dedicated energy crops and trees, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and other waste materials. An organic matter such as wood, plants, residues from agriculture or forestry, and the organic component of municipal and industrial wastes that can now be used as an energy source. Today, many bioenergy resources are replenished through the cultivation of energy crops, such as fast-growing trees and grasses, called bioenergy feedstocks.

18.1 Introduction Recycling of industrial wastewater is not only environmentally beneficial, but it is typically more cost effective than conventional treatment and discharge. Through application of stream segregation and appropriate treatment technologies, high purity water is produced for continuous reuse where by metals are recovered and solid wastes reduced. Recycling of industrial effluent by chemical treatment includes many separation methods for getting pure waters. It is very essential to discuss about reverse osmosis, filtration, adsorption evaporation etc. This chapter includes the discussion about the methodology of chemical treatments. 18.2 Conventional Treatments The oldest and most widely applied method of wastewater treatment involves the addition of chemicals and applications of aerators etc. to alter the make-up constituents of a waste. Although generally downsized, the process continues to play an important role in newer systems used today. Automated controls and advanced instrumentation have improved this technology in recent years. (Tomer et.al., 1997)

19.1 Introduction The combination of two separate processes whereby water is lost on the one hand from the soil surface by evaporation and on the other hand from the tree by transpiration is referred to as evapotranspiration (ET). 19.2 Evaporation Evaporation is the process whereby liquid water is converted into water vapour (vaporization) and removed from the evaporating surface (vapour removal). Water evaporates from a variety of surfaces, such as lakes, rivers, pavements, soils and wet vegetation. (Penman, 1963). Energy is required to change the state of the molecules of water from liquid to vapour. Direct solar radiation and, to a lesser extent, the ambient temperature of the air provide this energy. The driving force to remove water vapour from the evaporating surface is the difference between the water vapour pressure at the evaporating surface and that of the surrounding atmosphere. As evaporation proceeds, the surrounding air becomes gradually saturated and the process will slow down and might stop if the wet air is not transferred to the atmosphere. The replacement of the saturated air with drier air depends greatly on wind speed. Hence, solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind speed are climatological parameters to consider when assessing the evaporation process. Where the evaporating surface is the soil surface, the degree of shading of the tree canopy and the amount of water available at the evaporating surface are other factors that affect the evaporation process. Frequent rains, irrigation and water transported upwards in a soil from a shallow water table wet the soil surface. Where the soil is able to supply water fast enough to satisfy the evaporation demand, the evaporation from the soil is determined only by the meteorological conditions. However, where the interval between rains and irrigation becomes large and the ability of the soil to conduct moisture to pear the surface is small, the water content in the topsoil drops and the soil surface dries out. Under these circumstances the limited availability of water exerts a controlling influence on soil evaporation. In the absence of any supply of water to the soil surface, evaporation decreases rapidly and may cease almost completely within a few days.

20.1 Introduction High levels of energy and materials consumption in industrial countries are the driving force behind the decline in virtually all major life support systems on Planet Earth. Over the last decade an increasing number of scientists and other thoughtful people have come to conclude that modern levels of materials and energy consumption are having a destabilizing influence on the world’s ecosystems. Energy consumption contributes directly to climate change by adding carbon-based molecules to the atmosphere in excess of naturally occurring amounts. Carbon molecules, primarily carbon dioxide from burning petroleum products, trap radiant heat and keep it from escaping from the Earth’s atmosphere. The resulting warming of the air is changing our global climate. Materials consumption contributes indirectly to climate change because it requires energy to mine, extract, harvest, process, and transport raw materials, and more energy to manufacture, transport and, after use, dispose of products. All the materials used in products, only 1% is used in products ‘durable’ enough to still be in use six months later, according to industrial ecologist Robert Ayres. This wasteful consumption of materials wreaks havoc on our land, water resources and their ecosystems. What’s seldom appreciated is that it also wreaks havoc on our atmosphere and contributes to climate change. Waste prevention and recycling are critical to stopping climate change.

21.1 Introduction The industrial revolution, which began in the early 18th century in some countries of Europe, set in motion new forces in the environment and greatly changed the pattern of social life. Rapid industrialization and urbanization subsequently brought many changes in the environment and ecosystem. India also witnessed a phenomenon of industrial growth in the post independent era. Progress in the industrial development in Tamil Nadu during recent past is appreciable. New industries developed, existing industries expanded and new technologies are introduced. In India, the past decades have witnessed population explosion and increase in per capita consumption of food and consumer goods. These have led to the proportionate increase in the domestic and industrial wastes. The waste is continuously increasing at an alarming rate. By the end of this century, India’s population is likely to increase from the present level of 700 million to about billion. Similarly the per capita consumption of food has been estimated to increase by 40% resulting in double production and disposal of industrial and domestic wastes (Manivanan, 2004). Apart from the quantitative increase there will be also a qualitative change in the waste product, which are likely to contain greater amount of oil, toxic chemicals, detergents and dyes. A large number of these compounds are non-degradable and are cumulative, thus rendering the toxic products. Certain group of plants like algae and bacteria are selective in their functions and can executive certain toxic chemicals and heavy metals. The microorganism communities are helping in effective recycling of industrial effluents. The government is taking serious efforts to keep the production of toxic substances under strict control at production centers. It carefully watches the efforts that are made to discharge the toxic waste from industries within the permissible limits and usages of toxic chemicals within the prescribed limits. The majority of rural population being uneducated is prone to excessive use of water which has become pollutant. The pollutant ultimately is drained into the natural aquatic environment, the rivers and the oceans. A part of these wastes are recycled and they again enter the food chain and cause detrimental effects to human health. Thus in nature, long and short term chain reactions are continuously in progress and these are required to be understood. Even when the best available yardsticks are applied to conserve the environment. It is a stupendous task to enforce these regulations. In addition to production of more waste the coming years will see a qualitative change in the composition of waste. These wastes are likely to contain greater amount of toxic chemicals, detergents, non-degradable products based on hydrocarbons, and its derivatives. Large amount of wastes which are non degradable and cumulative in nature produce a series of new and complex problems. Therefore, alternative methods should develop for treatment and disposal of cumulative and nondegradable chemicals and pollutants.

Bibliography Aggarwal R.K., Praveen Kumar, Harsh. L.N. & Sharma B.M.: 'Effect of effluents of textile industry on the growth of tree species and soil properties in an arid environment'. Indian Forester 120(1): 40-47. Allen R.G., Smith, M., Perrier, A., and Pereira, L.S.: An update for the definition of reference evapotranspiration. JCID Bulletin, 32(2). 1-34, 1994. Anon: Sweage water utilisation through foresty brochure, Pub: Central Soil Salinity Res. Institute, ICAR, Karnal 1-15, 1990. APHA: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. 1995. Arachana S. & Naik M.L.: Effects of Steel mill effluent irrigation on physico chemical characteristics of Kanhar Soil. Jr. Ind. Poll. Cont. (7) 11-16: 1992. Bastian, R.K., and J.A. Ryan: Design and management of succcessful land application systems. 217-234 pp. In Proceedings, Utilization treatment and disposal of waste on land. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin. 1986. Behera B.K. & Misra B.N.: "Analysis of the effect of Industrial effluent on growth and development of rice seedlings" Environmental Research, 28(10): 10-19. 1981. Bond WJ, Polglase PJ, Smith CJ, Falkiner RA, Myers BJ, and Theiveyanathan S.: Effluent irrigation: Implications for groundwater. In : Groundwater and the Community, Muray Darling Workshop, 11-13 September, Wagga, Australia, NSW, Australia, Aust. Geol. Surv. Org., Record 61: 40-44, 1995. Bond WJ, Polglase PJ, Smith CJ, Falkiner RA, Myers BJ, and Theiveyanathan S: Impact of effluent irrigation on groundwater. In 1st Int. Conf. Contaminants and the Soil Environment. Extended Abstracts, Adelaide, 259-260, 1996. Bower H & Chaney R.L.: Land Treatment -II water quality and economics aspects of the flushing meadours Projects, Jr. Wat. Pollut. Control Fedn. 46(5): 844-859, 1974. Burman, R. and Pochop. L.O.: Evaporation, Evapotranspiration and Climatic Data. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 1994. Central Pollution Control Board: Documents on Ground Water Quality Critical Areas. GOI, New Delhi. 1994. Central Pollution Control Board: Implementation Status of the Pollution Control Programme in Major Polluting Industries. Ministry of Environment and Forestry, New Delhi. 1995. Central Pollution Control Board: Report on Tank Irrigation in India Ministry of Environment and Forestry, New Delhi. 2000. Central Pollution Control Board: A Report on MINARS GOI New Delhi. 1999. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy: Indian Agricultural Sector: A Compendium of Statistics 1995. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy: Basic Statistics, States. 1994. Central Water Commission: Water Demand in India. 1993. Central Water Commission: Availability of Water in India. 1997.