Preface Gardens have become essential to modern civilization. Home gardening is an integral part of family life and it lends itself for the family to relax and enjoy the nature and beauty of garden. It also helps to develop some useful hobby and the ‘skill’ in fresh and dry flower arrangements. In the recent years, landscape architecture has come to play a vital role in the development of home, public institutions, public places like bus stand, railway stations, highways in towns and cities. Landscaping the roadsides in cities and towns is gaining importance in tropical countries like India as they provide shade and beauty to that area. In foreign countries landscaping of homes and public buildings is an important art and there are professional and qualified landscape architects who do the job. This field of gardening and landscaping is slowly gaining momentum in our country especially in big cities. The Government has also established many parks and a few Botanic gardens in the country. Competitive examinations nowadays have become a procedure for the recruitment, admission for higher studies in the respective field. Questions asked in these examinations are of objective type, many in numbers and varied in nature, which require quick answering within a limited period of time. ICAR, New Delhi has been conducting several competitive examinations in the field of JRF, SRF, NET, ARS etc. Moreover, several state agricultural and horticultural universities in India are also conducting entrance examinations for admission leading to higher studies. We have made an attempt to compile all the basic and latest information in “Ornamental Gardening and Landscaping : A Guide” in the form of a question bank. This will be highly useful for the students who are preparing for JRF, SRF, NET, ARS of ICAR and other examinations leading to admission for higher studies and for recruitment. At this juncture, we would like to thank all the staff and students of Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Horticultural College and Research Institute

Principles to create effects Balance It is a visual equilibrium of different garden elements. Formal Garden : Balance is achieved by positioning plants, other landscape objects at equal distance from a real (or) imaginary plane (or) axis. Informal Garden : Balancing is mainly a neutralizing effect. (eg.) Opposite colours in the colour wheel, contrasting texture, different numbers, shapes, forms, line and pattern are cleverly employed to neutralize one another. Proportion It refers to the share of the different parts (or) components to the whole. It refers to all ingredients being mixed in right measure, not essentially in equal measure.

I. General information Lalbagh garden is located at Bangalore Founder of Lalbagh garden is Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan Total area of Lalbagh garden is 50 hectares and developed during 1760 Brindavan garden is located at Mysore Government botanic garden, Ooty was established during 1848 Total area of Ooty botanic garden is 20 hectares

I. General information Formal type of garden is laid out in a symmetrical or a geometrical pattern Features of a formal garden are trimmed formal hedges, cypress, ashoka trees Informal type of garden in which all plants and features are arranged in a natural way Wild garden was laid out by William Robinson Examples for formal type of gardens are Mughal, Persian, Indian and French style Examples for informal type of gardens are English and Japanese garden Main features of English garden are lawn, herbaceous border and rockery Main features of Italian garden are massive flight of marble stairs, decorative urns, fountains Mughal type of garden is a replica of ancient Persian garden

I. General information 1. Common names of trees Acacia nilotica – Black babool, Indian gum-Arabic tree Acacia auriculiformis – Golden shower Adansonia digitata – Baobab, Monkey bread Adenanthera pavonina – Red sandal wood, bead tree, red wood Ailanthus excelsa – tree of heaven, paradise tree Albizia julibrissin – Pink siris, silk tree

I. General information Shrub is a woody or semi-woody perennial plant with little or no trunk and grows up to a height from 50 cm to less than four meters. Shrubbery border is an area of the garden devoted exclusively for growing shrubs planted in a row of rectangular fashion. Plants suitable for shrubbery border.

I. General information Climbers which climbs up with the help of tendrils are Antigonon leptopus, Bignonia gracilis, Pyrostegia venusta, Clematis paniculata Climbers which climbs up with the help of thorns or prickles are Bougainvillea spp., climbing rose Climbers which climbs up with the help of root and rootlets are Campsis grandiflora, Ficus repens A climber which climbs up with the help of sticky substances from growing points is Ficus repens A Climber which climbs up with the help of hookers is Combretum comosum Climbers which climbs up with the help of clingers are Passiflora caerulea, Passiflora quadrangularis and Hydrangea petiolaris Climbers which grow well under sunny situation are Pyrostegia venusta, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Adenocalymma alliaceum, Bougainvillea spp., Campsis grandiflora and Wisteria sinensis

I. General information A group of ornamental plants which complete their life cycle in one season or in a year is called annuals Time of sowing of summer annual seeds is February- March Time of sowing of rainy season annual seeds is June- July Time of sowing of winter annual seeds is September- October Based on growing season, annuals are classified into summer, rainy & winter Based on hardiness, annuals are classified into hardy, half hardy & tender Based on photoperiodic requirement annuals are classified into short day, long day, day neutral, long short day, short long day & intermediate

I. General information The nature of roots The roots of palms are usually tough and thick, although slender and wiry types are existing. Some roots creep over the soil’s surface, while a few palms even develop aerial roots that may eventually make them appear to be growing on stilts. A few palms develop aerial roots at or near the base of the trunk or stems. These include Crysophila warscewiczii (Rootspine palm) and Clinostigma exorrhizum. Other palms with aerial roots include Pinanga aristata, Verschaffeltia splendida (Seychelles stilt palm) and Socratea exorrhiza. Some of these develop into stilt or prop roots, which often form a cone and give the palm extra support, they usually occurs on plams native to wet soils and humid conditions, whereas the base of the palms is at risk from decay. Indeed, in a few instances, the lower part of the trunk withers and the palm is entirely supported by these roots.

I. General information Plants propagated through modified underground stems are grouped into tubers, bulbs, rhizomes An example of a bulbous plant propagated through tuber is dahlia Bulbous plants which are propagated through corms are Gladiolus, Freesia, Tetonia and Tigrida Bulbous plants propagated through bulbs are Amaryllis, Tuberose, Zephyranthes and Crinum Bulbous plants propagated through rhizome are Alstroemeria, Bamboo, Canna, Convallaris, Hydechium, Iris and Zantedeschia Bulbous plant propagated through tubercle is Bowiea volubilis Bulbous plants propagated through tuberous roots are Dahlia, Eranthis, Ipomoea, Mirabilis, Ranunculus and Tapioca Bulbous plants propagated through tuberous stem are Begonia and Cyclamen Bulbous plant propagated through offsets are daffodil, tulip and iris

I. General information All cacti are succulents All succulents are not cacti All the genus belonging to the family Cactaceae are native of America A genus in Cactaceae family which is not native of America is Rhipsalis Sedum and Sempervivum are native to temperate Europe Aporocactus, Rhipsalis and Schlumbergera are native of Mexico Dischidia and Hoya are native of South-East Asia

I. General information Japanese flower arrangement is called as Ikebana Meaning for Ikebana is flowers kept alive Western style of flower arrangement involves symmetrical arrangement of flowering plants in a vase Ikebana style possess asymmetric flower arrangement Tatebana is a type of flower arrangement in which flowers are placed in standing arrangement and are of tall nature Basic lines of Japanese flower arrangement are heaven, man and earth ‘Shin’ in Japanese flower arrangement represents Heaven ‘Soe’ in Japanese flower arrangement represents Man

I. General information Bonsai is defined as Japanese art of growing trees & shrubs by extreme dwarfing in a shallow container Bonsai, the name is derived from two words, Bon & Sai The meaning for the word ‘Bon’ is tray or shallow container The meaning for the ‘Sai’ is to grow Origin of Bonsai is china In Mamie bonsai, plant height is 2-6 inches In small bonsai, plant height is 6-12 inches In medium bonsai, plant height is 12-24 inches

I. General information Cool season turf grasses are Perennial rye grass, Creeping bent grass, Colonial bent grass, Kentucky blue grass, Canada blue grass, Poa spp, Festuca spp, Agrostis spp, Lolium spp Warm season turf grasses (25-35oC) are Cynodon sp, Zoysia sp, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Paspalum notatum, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Axonopus sp, Pennisetum clandestinum, Buchloe dactyloides Broad leafed turf grasses are Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens Based on mowing height, turf grasses are classified into tall, medium & dwarf Turf grasses which needs high mowing height of>3.5 cm are Tall fescue, sheep fescue, Canada blue grass, fine fescue, wheat grass, orchard grass Turf grasses which requires medium mowing height of d” 3.5 to 1.0 cm are perennial rye grass, Kentucky blue grass, Buffalo grass, etc., Turf grasses which requires low mowing height of d” 1.0 cm are colonial bent grass, creeping bent grass, Annual blue grass Turf grasses are classified based on their recuperative capacity into fast, medium & slow

1. Ornamental ferns Adiantum capillus – Maiden hair fern Asplenium nidus – Bird’s nest fern Cheilanthes argentea – Silver fern Davallia bullata – Squirrels foot fern Nephrolepsis aureum - Boston fern Polypodium aureum – Hare’s foot fern Pteris cretica – Brake/ Ribbon fern Drynaria quercifolia -Oak-leaf fern / basket fern

I. General information Cacti plants suitable for rock garden are Opuntia, Cereus and Mamillaria Succulents suitable for rock garden are Agave, Aloe, Euphorbia splendens, Sedum, Sempervivum, Stapelia, Yucca, Furcraea Ferns suitable for rock garden are Drynaria, Nephrodium, Nephrolepis, Polypodium Famous rock garden of India is located at Chandigarh The founder of Rock garden in Chandigarh is Nek Chand Annuals suitable for rock garden are

I. General information Lotus stem is referred as naval cord of Lord Vishnu Lotus flower is described as the throne of Brahma Vishnu, Brahma and Laxshmi are associated with lotus Poet Asvaghosa reported that Lord Buddha saw lotuses and flowering trees in Nandavana Surface flowering plants of water garden are

I. General information

I. General Information Use of computers into the design process has benefited landscaping industry in several ways. There are several advantages in using computers for design. The most important factor is that the computer can store and handle large amount of engineering data, which can be used in various stages of design, development and manufacturer, like conceptual design, analysis, component design, documentation, process planning and manufacturing. The product development approach using the computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) results in better and consistently good quality products invariably at a lower cost, with the attendant benefits of faster development of different variants of the product or model. The following table highlights the relative advantage of human designers and computers.