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ENHANCING LIVELIHOOD SECURITY OF TRIBAL COMMUNITIES

Shridhar Patil, Ravindra Kumar Sohane, Dharmendra Kumar, Hemant Kumar Singh
  • Country of Origin:

  • Imprint:

    NIPA

  • eISBN:

    9789390591190

  • Binding:

    EBook

  • Number Of Pages:

    84

  • Language:

    English

Individual Price: 995.00 INR 895.50 INR + Tax

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This  book  depicts  planning,  execution  and  outcome  of  one  such project  executed  under  Tribal  Sub  Plan  Scheme  by  Bihar  Agricultural University,  Sabour  with  the  purpose  of  creation  and  diversification  of  the income  generating  sources;  capacity  building  of  tribal  men  and  women  to undertake  economically  productive  activities  and  creation  in-house sustainable  food  systems  that  support  the  household  food  &  nutritional security  utilizing  the  locally  available  resources  and  homestead  land  and surrounding. 

We  are  hopeful  that  the  experiences  and  outcomes  gained  during execution  of  this  project  which  are  illustrated  in  this  book  will  be  helpful  in planning,  monitoring  and  evaluation  of  tribal  development  projects  to  the agencies working towards tribal development.

0 Start Pages

Preface The Ministry of Tribal Affairs was set up in 1999 with the purpose of carrying out the integrated socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes in a coordinated and planned manner across India. Bhuria Commission Report (2004) states that land and forests are the two basic resources of the tribal life- support system and there have been assaults on both. Agriculture and allied sectors are the integral part of the land based livelihood sources of tribal communities. Bihar is the one of the states with lowest farm household income in the country and the state of affairs of tribal livelihood security is far poorer in the remotely located agriculture dependent rural tribal communities. The data on performance of tribal communities on the health and nutrition indicators shows that prevalence of child mortality, stunting, wasting of children and manifestations of nutritional deficiencies etc. are relatively high among the tribal communities. Further studies have shown that economic productivity of resources is also poor among these communities which is evident from lack of adoption of new technologies, low farm production and productivity, disguised unemployment, lack of diversity in farm activities and poor use of household resources. This situation calls for improving socioeconomic status of these communities through technological interventions, community mobilization and creation of community-based services and resources. This book depicts planning, execution and outcome of one such project executed under Tribal Sub Plan Scheme by Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour with the purpose of creation and diversification of the income generating sources; capacity building of tribal men and women to undertake economically productive activities and creation in-house sustainable food systems that support the household food and nutritional security utilizing the locally available resources and homestead land and surrounding. We are hopeful that the experiences and outcomes gained during execution of this project which are illustrated in this book will be helpful in planning, monitoring and evaluation of tribal development projects to the agencies working towards tribal development. We are greatful to Dr. A.K. Singh Former Vice Chancellor, BAU, Sabour for his kind cooperation and inspiration in bringing out this publication. We are also thankful to the KVK Banka; KVK, Kishanganj and KVK, Kaithar for valuable contributions.

 
1 Tribal Sub Plan: Origin and Concept

Since the beginning of the Planning process, efforts have been made to ensure that the tribal people were included in the growth process. However, the strategy changed with each Five-Year Plan as new lessons were learnt from various developmental efforts. The First Five Year Plan emphasized the provision of additional financial resources through a community development approach to address the problems of tribal people rather than evolving a clear-cut tribal development strategy. Towards the end of the Plan (1954), 43 Special Multipurpose Tribal Development Projects (MTDPs) were created. These MTDPs could not fully serve the interest of the tribal people since the schemes were numerous and of a general nature. This approach continued during the second Five Year Plan. In the Third Plan, a different strategy for tribal development was evolved by converting the Community Development Blocks, where the concentration of tribal population was 66% and above, into Tribal Development Blocks (TDBs). By the end of the fourth Five Year Plan, the number of Tribal Development Blocks in the country rose to 504. The strategy of development through Tribal Development Blocks had its limitations as well, as it failed to address the cause of the tribal population of the country living outside the Tribal Development Blocks, which comprised more than 60% of the total tribal population. During the th on 5 Five Year Plan period, the exercise of identification of tribal majority blocks was undertaken. These were later constituted into 194 ITDAs/ITDPs in the country. The present Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) strategy was initially developed by an Expert Committee set up by the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare in 1972 under the Chairmanship of Prof. S.C. Dube for the rapid socio-economic development of tribal people and was adopted for the first time in the Fifth Five Year Plan. The TSP strategy, with some modifications, continues till this day and the salient features concerning TSP for States, are given below:

1 - 6 (6 Pages)
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2 Status of Scheduled Tribes in Bihar

Bihar state is located in the Eastern part of the country and has a total geographical area of 94,763 Sq km which accounts for 2.85% of the country’s total land area. Out of the total geographical area, 57.12 lakh hectares is under cultivation, which accounts for 60.27% of the total geographical area. The Gross and net sown area in the state is 78.82 and 57.12 lakh ha, respectively and presently the cropping intensity is about 138%. Paddy, wheat, pulses, maize, potato and oilseeds are the major field crops of the state, while mango, litchi and banana are the major fruit crops. As the third-largest vegetable producer, the state accounts for eight percent of Indian vegetable basket. Among the livestock sector, cow and buffalo are the majorly dairy animals. Goatery and poultry are also practiced on a wide scale in the state. Agriculture and its allied sectors together account for about one third (33.00%) of the State’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This makes agriculture an important source of livelihood and a potential instrument for the attainment of inclusive, grassroots level and widespread developmental change. Bihar State is characterized by its high population density, largely dependent on agriculture for livelihood. Its bountiful natural resources of fertile soil, abundant water and varied climatic conditions make Bihar an agriculturally high potential region. But, factors like fragmented and small landholdings, poor crop management practices, weaker market connectivity, lack of alternative sources of income, poor professional skills, absence of farm-level processing & value addition and poor investment possibilities in agriculture and allied sectors are resulting in widespread poverty among the rural masses of the state, which is more obvious among the scheduled tribe and scheduled caste population. There are around 1.47 crore landholdings in the State of which around 91.06 percent are marginal holdings of size less than 1 hectare (Agriculture Census, 2011). In addition to the above mentioned factors, lack of accessibility to productive resources and quality inputs, shortage of vocational skill development opportunities are the major contributory factors to the wide spread poverty in the state.

7 - 10 (4 Pages)
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3 Conceptualization of Project under Tribal Sub Plan

For achieving the inclusive and sustainable development of the tribal communities in the selected areas we believe that imparting technical know-how of improved agricultural practices, development of vocational skills among rural resource-poor schedule tribes and ensuring the availability of quality technological input material will be instrumental. Considering these facts, in order to enhance the livelihood of the tribal communities in the selected district of Bihar this intervention project was designed with the following objectives.

11 - 22 (12 Pages)
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4 Research/Extension Work Organization Under Tribal Sub Plan

The extension/research work organization consisted of seven distinct steps namely, Situation analysis Identification of problems and setting up of objectives Designing of interventions Preparing plan of work & implementation of project interventions Monitoring of implementation process Impact assessment Project reconsideration

23 - 26 (4 Pages)
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5 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment

Socio-economic impact assessment is an important activity that justifies the implementation and continuation of the project efforts and to enhance the observed ability of the project outcomes. there are several approaches available for assessment of the impact of project interventions. in the present investigation, before or after research design was used for impact assessment. Socio-economic impact assessment activity, the benchmark survey boss carried out before the initiation of the project. The benchmark survey focused on the socio-economic profile of tribal households in the project area including the landholding, personal profile of the household head, household income, its sources, income source diversity. The survey also focused on the agronomical aspects like the productivity of major crops, cropping intensity and income generation from various farm activities. Further, in the benchmark survey, data was also collected on the aspects related to household food security. The findings of the benchmark survey are presented below.

27 - 66 (40 Pages)
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6 Success Stories

SUCCESS STORY 1 Tribal Sub Plan brings Prosperity to Woman Savitri Murmu (32) is a resident of the remote village Hulhulli in Thakurganj block of Kishangnaj, Bihar. With the educational qualification of less than matriculation and mere one and half acre of landholding and no skill to pursue a better job, she was striving to meet the day to day requirements of the family. The economic condition of her family was very poor and needed support. To get support for starting the economically productive activity, Savitri also tried with the formation of SHG with group of twenty women from her village. Unfortunately, the group couldn’t succeed. Later, she opted to open a small grocery shop and earn little income. However, the grocery shop business was too little to support her needs. With combined income from the grocery shop and cultivation of field crops, she was able to earn less than 50 thousand in the entire year. But in the year 2017, a team of Bihar Agricultural University Sabour visited Hulhuli village and implemented the Tribal Sub Plan Project. As the part of TSP project, Savitri Devi received training on mushroom cultivation and livestock management from the subject matter specialists of KVK, Kishanganj and was also provided with handholding support in the form of basic inputs required for starting mushroom cultivation. Small successes in mushroom cultivation motivated her to follow the lessons of TSP project. Further, with the technical assistance of experts from KVK, Kishanganj, she stated dairy farming.

 
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