The meaningful purpose to write present book to formulate the multiple questions in simple manner that are asked in many competitive examinations like M.Sc., Ph.D., Asstt. Professor, SRF, JRF, NET etc. Students have to depend on various books, literature, monograms, research papers and other materials to collect information on various subjects offered in Plant Breeding and Genetics.

A. Define / Explain the following 1. Mitosis: The multiplication of a body cell into two daughter cells of equal size and containing the same number of chromosomes as in the parent cell is called mitosis or somatic division. 2. Meiosis: Meiosis occurs only in gonads (in germ mother cells) during the formation of gametes like sperm and ovum. Meiosis is a process by means of which double number or 2N or diploid chromosomes is reduced to its half number or n or haploid. It is also called reduction process.

2.1 Introduction in Plant Breeding A. Define/Explain the followings 1. Plant breeding: Plant breeding is defined as the art, science and technology of improving the genetic make-up of crop plants in relation to their economic use for mankind.

A. Define/Explain the followings 1. Mutation: Sudden heritable change in the phenotype of an individual. 2. Macro-mutations: Mutations with distinct morphological changes in the phenotype are called macro-mutations. Such mutations are found in qualitative character and, therefore, are also called oligogenic mutations.

A. Define/Explain the following 1. Heteroploidy: Any change in chromosome number from the diploid state. 2. Euploidy: Numerical change in the entire genome.

1. Agricultural biotechnology: Agricultural biotechnology is a collection of scientific techniques used to improve plants, animals and microorganisms. 2. Gel electrophoresis: Analytical technique by which usually large biomolecules (proteins, DNA) are separated through a gel by application of an electric field.

1. Ideotype : It is a biological model which is expected to perform in a predicted manner in a defined environment. 2. Shuttle breeding: Growing of segregating generation in different environments.

1. Nucleus seed: It is the handful of original seed obtained from selected individual plants of a particular variety. It has the highest genetic purity and physical purity.

Biometrical genetics: This is a branches of genetics which uses the statistical concept and procedures for the study of genetic principles.

Intellectual property : Refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs.

1. ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 2. ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 3. ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar

1. ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Trichi 2. ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune 3. ICAR-National Research Centre for Litchi, Muzaffarpur

1. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources, New Delhi 2. ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro-organisms, Mau, Uttar Pradesh

Directorates/Project Directorates 1. ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagarh, Gujarat 2. ICAR-Directorate of Soybean Research, Indore, Madhya Pradesh

All India Coordinated Research Projects 1. AICRP on Nematodes, New Delhi 2. AICRP on Maize, New Delhi 3. AICRP Rice, Hyderabad 4. AICRP on Chickpea, Kanpur

Agricultural Research Centers in World 1. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR Centers)- Montpellier, France (1971) 2. International Center For Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)-Colombia (1969)

Agricultural University 17.1 Central Agricultural Universities 1. Central Agricultural University, Imphal Manipur 2. Rani Laxmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)

Unique Achievement in Plant Breeding Rice TN-1: First dwarf variety of rice developed in world IR-8: Second dwarf and first high yielding variety of rice developed in world Jaya: First dwarf variety of rice developed in India