Designed as a guide book “A Handbook of Horticultural Sciences Vol. 2” for undergraduate and postgraduate scholars of horticulture to bring out the demand for basic and current extensive information as per the syllabus framed by ICAR on the conceptual and applied aspects of Horticulture. Depicted with diagrams, schematic representations, and pictures. The extent of the book is split into 2 units namely Production Technology of Vegetables and Production Technology of Flower Crops and Landscape Gardening. In addition, this book has a distinct feature that each unit has a separate section for facts and figures which will be a ready reckoner for all competitive exams. In Unit VI and VII, a compilation on the common name, scientific name, family, chromosome number, origin, inflorescence and fruit types and an abstract of production technology are given. And also details on gardens in India in Unit VII are furnished. This handbook is particularly helpful in preparation for all competitive exams like Central and State Public Service Commissions, SSC, Forestry, ICAR - AIEEA for JRF and SRF for PG admissions, ICAR - NET and ARS, IBPS-AFO, Post graduate admissions for IARI, SAU's, CAU's, BHU, Deemed Universities, Private Agricultural Colleges etc. This will help to develop students understanding on basic and applied knowledge of Horticulture in depth and more interesting manner.
Horticulture sector has become one of the major drivers of growth as it is more remunerative than the agricultural sector (Food grains mainly). This sector provides employment possibilities across primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. India is expected to have the highest ever horticulture production of 329.86 million tonnes in 2020-21, up by 2.93% over previous year. Horticulture production in India has more than doubled approximately in 2020-21 from 146 million tonnes in 2001-02 whereas the production of foodgrain increased from 213 million tonnes to 305.44 million tonnes during the same period. India is now self-sufficient in food grain production and largest global producer of farm products like pulses, jute, buffalo meat, milk, and poultry. Also the second-largest producer of several horticulture produces, especially fruits and vegetables. Horticulture crops are characterized by high-value crops, higher productivity per unit of area and lower requirement of irrigation and input cost. Another important point is that share of value of export earnings from horticultural crops has been higher than the export value of total food grains. The total export value of horticultural crops includes spices, cashew, cashew nut shell liquid, fruits-vegetable seeds, fresh fruits
1.1. Origin and distribution Originated in Peru, Ecuador, Bolvia of South America and name came from Aztec word Tomato. First report from Italy in 1544. Leading producers in India - UP, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. 1.2. Economic importance Rich source of minerals like calcium, sodium, trace elements like copper, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B complex (thiamine), essential amino acids and healthy organic acids like malic, citric, formic, oxalic and acetic acids. Attractive red colour due to lycopene and yellow colour due to carotenes. Peculiar flavour due to presence of ethanol, acetaldehyde and volatile flavour in fruit.
1.1. Origin and distribution Also known as balsam pear or bitter cucumber. Old world origin and native of tropical Asia, particularly in Indo Burma region Widely grown in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, China and tropical Africa In India, it is cultivated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. 1.2. Economic importance Bitter gourd contains bitter principle (Glucoside) momordicin. Important vegetable in South Indian states, particularly in Kerala and grown for immature tuberculate fruits a unique bitter taste Fruits are Rich source of vitamins and minerals
1.1. Origin and distribution Originated from wild non heading type, Cliff cabbage or Cole wort (Brassica oleracea var. sylvestris). Native to Mediterranean region. Three cultivated forms Brassica oleracea var capitata f. alba- White cabbage Brassica oleracea var capitata f. rubra- Red cabbage Brassica oleracea var capitata f. sabauda- Savoy cabbage Major cabbage producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Karnataka. 1.2. Economic importance Contains all essential amino acids, particularly sulphur containing amino acids. Red cabbage is rich source of anthocyanin.
1.1. Origin and distribution Originated in Asia namely North West India, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Western Tien Shan According to Vavilov (1951), it was originated in Pakistan. Jones and Mann (1963) stated that areas comprising Pakistan, Iran and mountain areas to the North India are primary centres of origin India is the second largest producer in the world, next to China and ranks third in export of onions, next to Netherlands and Spain. Maharashtra is the leading onion producing state in India, followed by Karnataka and Gujarat. Grown in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Bihar 1.2. Onion types in India Common onion (Allium cepa var. cepa) - Large bulbs born singly and propagated through seeds. Used as salad or in curries. Multiplier onion or potato onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) -Producing small bulbs, borne in clusters and generally propagated through small bulbs. Used for seasoning curries.
1.1. Origin and distribution Centre of origin is Peru, Bolivia, and South America in the Central Andean region. Introduced into India in early 17th Century In India, cultivation of potato began first in Nilgiris in 1822. Mainly grown in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Punjab, Karnataka, Assam and Madhya Pradesh. Commercial potato species - Solanum andigenum - not very common. Plants are thin and long stem, small and narrow leaflets. Flowers more profuse, long stolons and mostly coloured deep eyed tubers. Solanum tuberosum: More common, plants shorter and thicker stem,
1.1. Origin and distribution Centre of origin is Central Asia, the Near East, Ethiopia and the Mediterranean There are two sub-species Pisum sativum sub. sp hortense, the garden pea Pisum sativum sub. sp arvense, the field pea
1.1. Origin and distribution Centres of diversity - Central and South America, India, South East Asia with secondary centres of diversity in West and East Africa. Leaf amaranth - native of India A. tricolor L. (Syn A. gangeticus L), A. mangostanus, A. polygonoides, A. dubius, A. blitum (Syn: A. lividus) A. tristis L., A. viridis L. - Wild leaf types A. spinosus L., A. cruentus L., A. caudatus L. - Cultivated grain types
1.1. Origin and distribution Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers are native to Europe, North America and North Western Africa. China roses are the ancestor of the present day popular roses. Native of Himalayan regions, Asia, China, Japan, Europe and North America. 1.2. Economic importance King of flowers Symbol of beauty, fragrance and used to convey of love.
1.1. Terms and definitions 1.1.1. Landscape gardening Branch of floriculture deals with the study of ornamental gardening or garden features. Bringing an area or piece of land into a garden using naturally existing features like undulations, terraces and plain surface to have more naturalistic effect than artificial. 1.1.2. Ornamental gardening Place for growing plants which are consciously directed for ornamental or practical use.
