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India's biopesticide industry has experienced remarkable growth in recent times, including increased demand and consumption. By 2040 to 2050, the biopesticide industry is expected to either match or surpass that of chemical pesticides. This growth is attributed to the anticipated increase in global population to 9 billion by 2050 and the subsequent need to increase food production by 70% of current levels to feed this population.
However, there is a pressing need to adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices that involve the judicious use of inorganic inputs in combination with environmentally friendly methods such as microbial biopesticides. This approach can help enhance food production to meet the anticipated demand while minimizing the negative impact on the environment.
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In Indian agriculture, the widespread application of chemical pesticides to protect crops from biotic stresses has become a regular practice, with several unintended negative impacts on crops, people, animals, soil, water bodies, non-target creatures, and their surrounding environments. By 2050, the world's population is expected to increase to 9 billion people, necessitating a review and revision of current programmes for a 70% increase in food production.
In Indian agriculture, the widespread application of chemical pesticides to protect crops from biotic stresses has become a regular practice, with several unintended negative impacts on crops, people, animals, soil, water bodies, non-target creatures, and their surrounding environments. By 2050, the world's population is expected to increase to 9 billion people, necessitating a review and revision of current programmes for a 70% increase in food production.
1 Why We Need Biopesticides: Some Case Studies of Chemical Pesticides
The world population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050. This population growth of 2 to 3 billion people over the next 30 years, combined with the changing diets, would result in a predicted increase in food demand of around 70% by 2050 (UNDESA 2009).
The world population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050. This population growth of 2 to 3 billion people over the next 30 years, combined with the changing diets, would result in a predicted increase in food demand of around 70% by 2050 (UNDESA 2009).
2 Insecticide Resistance and Case Histories
Insecticides are one of the key control measures to combat the insect pests for sustainable agricultural production in the world. Synthetic insecticides have been only strategy to control the resurgent and resistant insect population in of high value crops not only in India but also in the world. The advent of synthetic insecticides in the mid-20th century made the control of insect and other arthropod pests easy and much more effective, and such chemicals remain essential in modern agriculture despite their environmental issues.
Insecticides are one of the key control measures to combat the insect pests for sustainable agricultural production in the world. Synthetic insecticides have been only strategy to control the resurgent and resistant insect population in of high value crops not only in India but also in the world. The advent of synthetic insecticides in the mid-20th century made the control of insect and other arthropod pests easy and much more effective, and such chemicals remain essential in modern agriculture despite their environmental issues.
3 History and Development of Biological Control
The biocontrol use had almost completely disappeared due to the growth and success of the synthetic pesticide industry in the mid-1940s. The publication of Rachael Carson's 'Silent Spring' (Carson 1962) which condemned the use of agricultural pesticides and emphasized their harmful environmental effects on wildlife. Due to public outrage over this controversial book, there was a need for pesticide alternatives, which presents an opportunity for wider use of biological control (Barratt et al. 2010; Gay 2012).
The biocontrol use had almost completely disappeared due to the growth and success of the synthetic pesticide industry in the mid-1940s. The publication of Rachael Carson's 'Silent Spring' (Carson 1962) which condemned the use of agricultural pesticides and emphasized their harmful environmental effects on wildlife. Due to public outrage over this controversial book, there was a need for pesticide alternatives, which presents an opportunity for wider use of biological control (Barratt et al. 2010; Gay 2012).
4 Biopesticides Classification and Their Formulations in India
Three kinds of biocontrol products are being used in India which include 1) Microbial biopesticides, 2) Plant-derived botanical pesticides, and 3) Pheromones or other natural insect growth regulators. Microbial biopesticides consist majorly of fungi, bacteria, viruses or entomopathogenic nematodes as bioactive principles.
Three kinds of biocontrol products are being used in India which include 1) Microbial biopesticides, 2) Plant-derived botanical pesticides, and 3) Pheromones or other natural insect growth regulators. Microbial biopesticides consist majorly of fungi, bacteria, viruses or entomopathogenic nematodes as bioactive principles.
5 Nano-Biopesticides for Management of Insect Pests of Crops.
Biopesticides are pesticides that are produced naturally by plants, animals, microbes, and other minerals. These represent less of a harm to humans and the environment than chemical insecticides. Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing scientific topic that has numerous uses in numerous industries, including agriculture. The transport of plant hormones, seed germination, water management, transfer of target genes, nano barcoding, nano sensors, and controlled release of agrichemicals are now being investigated as applications for nanotechnology in agriculture (Worrall et al. 2018).
Biopesticides are pesticides that are produced naturally by plants, animals, microbes, and other minerals. These represent less of a harm to humans and the environment than chemical insecticides. Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing scientific topic that has numerous uses in numerous industries, including agriculture. The transport of plant hormones, seed germination, water management, transfer of target genes, nano barcoding, nano sensors, and controlled release of agrichemicals are now being investigated as applications for nanotechnology in agriculture (Worrall et al. 2018).
6 Impact of Biopesticides Application on Crop Quality and Environmental Quality
Insecticide based plant protection in India as well as in the world resulted in wide variety of environmental and health issues. Insecticides although gave satisfactory control of target pests initially, have posed serious issues such as resistance, resurgence and residue and also contamination of water bodies, food chain leading serious ill effects in humans, mammals, soil beneficial microbiota etc. After thorough examination of scientific evidences and facts on ill effects of synthetic organic insecticides, much emphasis was given for biological control including parasitoids, predators, entomopathogens, biopesticides, microbial control etc. in order to overcome above ill effects.
Insecticide based plant protection in India as well as in the world resulted in wide variety of environmental and health issues. Insecticides although gave satisfactory control of target pests initially, have posed serious issues such as resistance, resurgence and residue and also contamination of water bodies, food chain leading serious ill effects in humans, mammals, soil beneficial microbiota etc. After thorough examination of scientific evidences and facts on ill effects of synthetic organic insecticides, much emphasis was given for biological control including parasitoids, predators, entomopathogens, biopesticides, microbial control etc. in order to overcome above ill effects.
7 Indian Biopesticide: Market, Consumption, Growth and Opportunities
A tremendous change in the Indian biopesticide industry and market has reflected on increased global trade in agricultural commodities, a healthy revolution in the consumers and stack-holders with adequate understanding on negative effective of chemical pesticides in plant protection. Currently biopesticides comprise approximately 3-5% of the Indian pesticide market, with at least 15 microbial species and 970 microbial formulations registered through the Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC).
A tremendous change in the Indian biopesticide industry and market has reflected on increased global trade in agricultural commodities, a healthy revolution in the consumers and stack-holders with adequate understanding on negative effective of chemical pesticides in plant protection. Currently biopesticides comprise approximately 3-5% of the Indian pesticide market, with at least 15 microbial species and 970 microbial formulations registered through the Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC).
8 Biopesticides: Research and Development Activities.
Worldwide, various biopesticides have been created and are in use, including viruses, microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.), microorganism derived products, animal derived goods (pheromones, hormones, insect-specific toxins, etc.), plant derived products, and genetically modified organisms (Nicholson 2007; Erlandson 2008; Mazhabi et al. 2011; Islam and Omar 2012).
Worldwide, various biopesticides have been created and are in use, including viruses, microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.), microorganism derived products, animal derived goods (pheromones, hormones, insect-specific toxins, etc.), plant derived products, and genetically modified organisms (Nicholson 2007; Erlandson 2008; Mazhabi et al. 2011; Islam and Omar 2012).
9 Biopesticide Commercialization: World-wide Regulation Policies for Registration and Use of Biopesticides
The single piece of legislation under the Indian Government that regulates the import, manufacturing, sale, transportation, distribution, and use of all varieties of insecticides, including biopesticides, is the Insecticide Act (1968). Various parameters like shelf life, cross-contamination, moisture content, and packaging are significant factors that must be addressed before a biopesticide is registered. According to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) recommendations, CIB simplified the protocols and listed the infrastructure needs for manufacturing of biopesticides. Information required to generate toxicity calls a strenuous effort.
The single piece of legislation under the Indian Government that regulates the import, manufacturing, sale, transportation, distribution, and use of all varieties of insecticides, including biopesticides, is the Insecticide Act (1968). Various parameters like shelf life, cross-contamination, moisture content, and packaging are significant factors that must be addressed before a biopesticide is registered. According to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) recommendations, CIB simplified the protocols and listed the infrastructure needs for manufacturing of biopesticides. Information required to generate toxicity calls a strenuous effort.
10 Promotion of Biopesticides in India: Role of Government and Growers
Pest and pathogen incidence is a natural occurrence that frequently goes unreported. However, they become a concern when their spectra expand and cause significant losses. Chemical pesticides are now commonly used in agricultural techniques to lessen the impact of such severe damages. Without a question, the use of chemical pesticides has put human health, ecological health, and sustainability at danger.
Pest and pathogen incidence is a natural occurrence that frequently goes unreported. However, they become a concern when their spectra expand and cause significant losses. Chemical pesticides are now commonly used in agricultural techniques to lessen the impact of such severe damages. Without a question, the use of chemical pesticides has put human health, ecological health, and sustainability at danger.
11 Growth of Biopesticides::Driving Force and Set-Back
Regulations should make it easier to utilise creative, long-lasting solutions, allowing for the selection of the most environmentally friendly pest management method. This can be accomplished by using expedited registration, priority registration, and a combination of comparative evaluation of pest control techniques and the substitution principle, which allows a natural pest control technique to take the place of a synthetic pesticide.
Regulations should make it easier to utilise creative, long-lasting solutions, allowing for the selection of the most environmentally friendly pest management method. This can be accomplished by using expedited registration, priority registration, and a combination of comparative evaluation of pest control techniques and the substitution principle, which allows a natural pest control technique to take the place of a synthetic pesticide.
