eChapters

There are number of eating type kiwi fruits in world but Actinidia deliciosa Chev, is most common. It was the recently introduced fruit in India. It was origin of China the oval fruits have flavor of gooseberry. It is egg sized, fuzzy, brown skinned green fleshed kiwifruit. Fruit is a berry, where as Actinidia chinenses a yellow fleshed fruits.

Abstract

Considerable variation for different metric and non-metric characters was observed in seedling population of Pistachionut. The variation for non-metric characters was observed for precocity in flowering, colour of the kernel, shelling and splitting percentage. The studies have resulted in the identification of two pistillate and three staminate trees with desirable traits which can be exploited in breeding programme or used as elite planting material.

Cell Genotypes

A large variety of bacterial strains, like E. coli, are frequently used in molecular biological experiments. Students should choose the strain or strains required for an experiment on the basis of genetic properties of the strains. It is thus pertinent that a sound knowledge of the genetic makeup of the E. coli stains is acquired.

The genetic makeup of the strains of E.coli is distinctly different from the wild type (K12 or B strains) strains from which they are derived and contains genes that can be modified. Genes are supposed to be mutated when they are not listed in a genotype. In most cases, the genes listed are mutated to the point of inactivity. In a few cases, a “-” (indicating inactive or absent or deleted), “+” (indicating active). , The genotype is a factor in choosing a bacterial strain. Chosen strains should be ascertained for their utility for the specific experiment.

Small Scale Cultures

Fresh culture from a freshly streaked plate should be taken while experimenting with E. coli cells. For preparing a small scale culture of E. coli , prepare 3-5 ml of LB medium/broth (or appropriate broth include antibiotic if the culture contains a plasmid) in two sterile 50 ml tubes. Inoculate one tube with a single colony from a fresh plate. The second tube is used as a broth control. Incubate both tubes at 37°C, shaking vigorously overnight. Inspect the tubes the next morning. The broth control should be clear and the inoculated culture should be very turbid. Make a note of any debris found in the tubes and only incubate longer if the culture is not dense. Never allow cells to overgrow. For some applications, cells can be stored at 4°C for short periods prior to use.

1. Botanical Name : Mimosops elengi L.

2. Family : Sapotaceae

3. Common Name : Spanish cherry, Molshri, Bullet wood tree

4. Name in Indian languages

Maulsri (Hindi), Magizhamboo (Tamil), Ilanni (Malayalam), Bakul (Bengali), Bakuli (Marathi), Ranjal (Kannada), Barsoli (Gujarati), Maulsari (Nepali).

5. Description

Maulshri is a evergreen small tree of the Indian subcontinent. It provides a dense shade. The main stem is often short and divided into several large main branches. The tree provides food, medicine and a range of commodities for the local people. It is often cultivated in the tropics and subtropics, as an ornamental avenue tree and in gardens.

Farm tractor designs and styles differ greatly. Tractors are often used on a daily basis for several agricultural and non-agricultural tasks by attaching or operating light, medium to heavy implements, equipment and machineries according to the requirement and hp of tractors. Tractors are very versatile and can be used on sandy (light textured), loamy (medium textured) and clayey (heavy textured) soil at different topographic and agro-climatic conditions. Earlier, the proportion of tractor usage in agricultural and non-agricultural work was 70:30. This proportion has increased to about 55: 45 over the past two to three years. It is expected to reach 50:50 in (agricultural:non-agricultural applications) in the coming years. The major application of farm tractors for agricultural and non-agricultural sectors is given below.

It’s because it impacts the active development of the plant at a low temperature. Yellowing of the leaves and severe destruction of the tissue. In cases of flowering plants, the stalk carrying the bunches freely lengthens and drapes down the complete inflorescence.

Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L) ancient fruit of India grown in arid regions, ‘king of arid zone fruits’, thrive well in marginal areas. During severe hot, it shed off its leaves completely and thus conserves moisture by getting rid of transpiration mechanism. Flowering and fruiting mainly take place on secondary and tertiary branches.

Abstract

The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, or BLAST, is an online tool provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) that allows users to search for matches between their query sequences and the sequences stored in NCBI databases. BLAST can be used to search for nucleotide sequences against nucleotide sequences, protein sequences against protein sequences, and protein sequences against translated nucleotide sequences in the databases. BLAST is widely used to study sequence similarity, identify target sequences, analyze the functional aspects of molecular sequences, and investigate evolutionary relationships. This chapter details on the BLAST and its applications.

Participatory curriculum development (PCD) in extension education is an emerging approach to help and improve the quality of education in farm universities. The main steps of the PCD approach adopted here have high practical utility for the design of formal course contents for the Undergraduate and Postgraduate courses in Agricultural Extension. A great deal of thinking is required while deciding on how much participation will be required from which stakeholders, at what level(s).

The change of state of water from solid and liquid to the vapour and its diffusion into the atmosphere is referred as Evaporation. In the meteorology, evaporation is defined as the maximum possible loss of moisture from a wet, horizontal, flat surface exposed to weather which exist in the vicinity of plants.

FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION

1. Those affecting water supply at the evaporating surface. i.e., soil and plants including soil storage capacity, rainfall and irrigation and

2. Those affecting energy supply to the evaporating surface like solar radiation.

Abstract

In order to solve the problems of irregular bearing, lower yields and less colour development in apple, plants of different improved spur types and standard cultivars of delicious and other cultivars on EMLA 111 rootstock were imported from USA. Plants of different cultivars namely, Real Mecoy Red Delicious, Red Chief, Oregon Spur II, Criterion and Mutsu on EMLA 111 rootstock were planted at a distance of 15’x12’ with a density of 598 plants per hectare, in RBD design with 6 replications during 1989-90 at progeny cum demonstration orchard (PCDO) Anu (Jubbal). The observations were recorded during 1999-2002.

Clove bean is christened so because of the resemblance of its thickened pedicel to the cloves of spice grown in isolated pockets of Kerala. This crop is neglected so long and remained unexploited though it has good potential for development. The tender and swollen pedicel of the fruit is used as a delicious vegetable vernacularly known as michi in Hindi and Bengali, garyo in Gujarati, kattuthali in Tamil, gariya in Marathi and nithya vazhuthana in Malayalam.

This vegetable grows from sea level as in Western Coasts of Kerala to an altitude of 1700 m amol in the Himalayas (Kirthikar and Basu 1935). The crop grows in the Gangetic plains and in Deccan hills. It is distributed in warmer parts of South and South East Asia including Upper Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China and Japan. (Raizada and Saxena 1978).

Nitrates and nitrites are known to have injurious effects on animals when excess amounts are ingested. Nitrites are much more toxic but nitrates are reduced to nitrites by bacterial action in the digestive tract

Nitrites (NO₂) are rarely found in plants  in appreciable amounts except under very unusual conditions such as severe disease infections; therefore, the results are usually reported in terms of nitrates (NO₃). The usual method is to determine the total nitrate and nitrite in terms of nitrate. However, the method can also be used to determine the nitrite content of a feed separately if a nitrite problem is suspected.

1. Bordeaux Mixture

It was invented in the Bordeaux region of France by PM Millardet (1982).

Also called Bordo Mix.

Mixture of Copper sulfate (CuSO₄), Slaked lime and Water.

It is known locally in France as Bouillie Bordelaise.

1. Botanical Name : Morinda pubescens

2. Family : Rubiaceae

3. Common Name : Indian Mulberry, Morinda tree

4. Name in Indian languages

Aal (Hindi), Dhaula, Aseti (Marathi), Mannanunai, Mannanatti, Nonu, Nuna (Tamil), Mannappavitta (Malayalam), Maddi (Telugu), Haladipavette, Maddi (Kannada), Achu, Pindra (Oriya) , Paphanah (Sanskrit).

5. Description

Aall or Indian mulberry (Morinda pubescens) is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae, It is an evergreen shrub or small tree growing . The fruits are small and edible. A scarlet colouring matter is procured from the roots and bark, and used for dying hand kerchiefs, turbans, etc. It is also used to assist more expensive dyes in giving a red colour to yarnand cloth. The red threrads used in carpet-making used entirely to be dyed with it. The tree formerly used to be much more commonly cultivated than it is now. Since the introduction of the cheap aniline dyes’s its cultivation decreased.

Objectives

1. To study the maturity indices of various spices and condiments.
2. To study the harvesting time and yield of various spices and condiments.

Maturity: A stage of attainment of final state of biological function beyond which growth and development ceases.

Maturity indices: An indication of appropriate stage of harvesting of the produce.

Harvesting: It is deliberate action to separate the plant product from its source of attachment.

Why harvesting at right stage for spices and condiments?

1. To avoid loss of flavour and volatile oils
2. Reduction in yield due to shattering
3. To get the higher yield
4. Recovery of more essential oil
5. Chances of attack of mycotoxigenic and storage pest

This is primarily a physiological condition and, after heavy rains or heavy irrigation during hot weather, is mostly due to high atmospheric humidity. Two forms of splitting have been found, namely radial and transverse. There is more frequent radial cracking than transverse cracking. While splitting down to the inner core is very unusual, partial splitting is more prevalent.

Microgreens are tiny seedlings of some wild species as well as edible herbs, cereals, and vegetables. They are developed from the seeds of vegetables, legumes, herbs, and cereals and are regarded as immature greens (requiring light for photosynthesis and growing medium). They are picked shortly after the single set of true leaves has emerged from the cotyledon leaves. According to Xiao et al. (2012), microgreens have 4-6 times the nutritional density of their mature counterparts.

Forage preservation as silage is a key component of high input (zero-grazing) systems (Mannetje, 1999). It has allowed producers to intensify the productivity of the land and the productivity of the livestock. Large quantities of forage can be conserved in a short time, forage conservation is less weather dependent and thirdly, silage is well suited to mechanization. However, a major disadvantage associated with silage making is that the feeding value of the resultant forage is reduced relative to that of the original crop. Ensiling offers many advantages over haymaking.