eChapters

Any sprayer nozzle essentially breaks the liquid into small droplets and throws them. All nozzles in the field produce rangesof droplets of different size called spray spectrum. The hydraulic nozzles have wide range of size of droplets whereas the rotary nozzles have narrow range. Adroplet of 400 µm diameter is 1000 times bigger in volume than a droplet of 40 µm. The volume of spherical droplets can be worked out as 4/3 µr3. So if the droplet size of aspraying system could be reduced to half, then there will be 8 fold increases in the number of droplets and the coverage will also increase.

ABSTRACT

Albizzia lebbeck is commonly called as “vagai” in Tamil belonging to family Mimosaceae, is a large deciduous tree commonly seen throughout India. Our present aim, was to study the CNS depressant activity of Albizzia lebbeck in wistar albino rats. The bark and leaves of Albizzia lebbeck were shade dried and coarsely powdered. About 500 gm of powder was extracted using petroleum ether, chloroform and alcohol by cold maceration process. The depressant activity was accessed using actophotometer. It was claimed that in indigenous system of medicine the drug has anti-inflammatory, opthalmopathy, leucoderma, leprosy, wounds, ulcers and CNS depressant activity.

1. Botanical Name : Prunus undulata Buch.-Ham.

2. Family : Rosaceae

3. Common Name : Dieng tyrkhung

4. Name in Indian languages

Dieng tyrkhung (Khasi).

5. Description

It is locally known as Dieng tyrkhung in Meghalaya and belongs to Rosaceae family. It is a rare species growing wild in Khasi and Jaintia Hills occurring in mountainous or hilly forests or river valleys. It is a small deciduous tree, upright and moderately branched. It can grow 5 - 16 metres tall. The fruits are harvested from the wild for local used as a food and source of materials. It thrives in a well-drained moisture-retentive loamy soil.

Abstract

This chapter explains SWOT analysis, a tool for corporate planning to evaluate how an organisation compares with its rivals. It stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Albert Humphrey is traditionally considered the originator of the plan in the 1960s, but this claim is disputed. No one agrees on who created it. It has become useful for differentiating from and finding a niche within the larger market. It is also called the SWOT Matrix. SWOT Analysis is a tool that can apply outside of business to analyse a person’s status against their competitors. The tool considers both internal and external factors. The terms “weaknesses” and “strengths” relate internally. The former is a characteristic of a company or other entity that gives it a disadvantage over rivals. The latter is a trait of that same entity, which gives it an advantage over its rivals. For external factors, “opportunity” are aspects of the larger environment that the entity can exploit to its benefit. However, “threats” are also realities in the larger environment, which could harm the entity.

Ingredients; milk fat (cream)-12%, non-fat milk solids (skim milk powder)-11%, sugar-15%, stabilizer-0.2%, emulsifier-0.2%, flavors-a pinch Basic ice cream preparation: 1. Mix the ingredients 2. Pasteurization 3. Homogenization 4. Ageing (allowing to standby 24 hours at 4.440C) 5. Freezing (the mix is frozen at 5.5560c) 6. The freezing must be quick in order to prevent formation of large crystals. The ice cream is semi solid at this temperature. 7. The ice cream is finally frozen to a hard mass at about -30C.

Individuals in a population can vary considerably on physical, cognitive, and behavioural traits. Examples include height, weight, intelligence, personality, etc. Individual differences may arise from variation in genes, environmental experiences, or a combination of both. It is generally accepted that individual differences in most traits are due to both genetic and environmental factors. To the extent that a trait is influenced by genetic (heritable) effects, phenotypic similarity is correlated with genetic relatedness.
The degree of resemblance among relatives allows for the estimation of genetic variance as well as heritability of a trait. We will now focus on how phenotypic correlation of relatives can be used to estimate the relative magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on trait variation
Partitioning of Phenotypic Values
We previously introduced the general model of Y = G +E where Y is the trait value, G is the genotypic value, and E is the environmental deviation that is assumed to have a mean of 0 so that E(Y ) = E(G). If we assume that the genetic and environmental components are independent, we have that the variance of Y is Var(Y ) = s 2 Y = s 2 G +s 2 E .
We previously focused on the decomposition of the genetic variance s 2 G into additive and dominance components, i.e., G = A+D

Crop yield is influenced by genetical (heredity), external (environmental) and management factors that occur during the crop growing period. The external environment is the climate which regulates and determines the growth and development and final output of crop plants. But, man has no control over weather, hence it is dominance over the success or failure of agricultural enterprises. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the weather induced variability in crop yield is as high as 50 per cent. Therefore, weather should be taken as one of the inputs in agricultural planning.

Abstract

Plum breeding work has been in progress since 1991-92 and continued upto 1996- 97.  The hybrid seedlings thus obtained after one year of growth in nursery were planted in test rows for the selection of types that had improved quality and better shelf life. Cultivar Santa Rosa, the mainstay of plum industry in Himachal Pradesh though performing well from production and adaptation point of view but lacked in uniform fruit ripening, very acidic at seed and low shelf life or transportation ability. After detailed evaluation and characterization for various pomological traits, two-way hybridization in seven different cultivars belonging to Japanese and European plum were made. In test rows the hybrid seedlings were assessed for number of horticultural characters i.e. morphological, flower and fruit. On the basis of detailed analysis some promising types have been selected which are briefly described, however yield potential is being evaluated as most of  the seedling have started fruiting regularly only two to three years back.

Q.1.    In what sense the analysis of covariance is an extension of ANOVA ?

    Answer
    
    The analysis of covariance is an extension of ANOVA in the sense that it covers the case where observations are taken on more than one variable from each experimental unit. The interest centers on the study variable y which depends upon on auxillary variable x.

Reagents

Chloroform

EDTA, 0.5 M

Ethanol, absolute

Is amyl alcohol

Phenol

Proteinase K

RNase A

Sodium acetate, pH 5.2

Sodium chloride, 5 M
Sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN), 1 M

TE Buffer (Tris-EDTA), pH 7.4

Tween 20

Xylene

i) Common Maintenance

Clean outer surface with brush or cotton waste by using plenty of water or kerosene oil.

Oil the moving or rubbing surfaces of parts with lubricating oil or grease.

Filter the chemical solution/ fuel oil mixture while pouring into the tanks. Make the caps or lids leak-proof with gaskets.

Flush the equipment with clean water to wash inside parts of containers, tubes and nozzles to be free from chemicals.

24.1. What?

Most of the horticultural crops are raised by following special techniques such as budding and grafting. In case of landscape horticulture, frequent pruning and mowing are required to maintain the architecture. When new area is brought under cultivation, either jungle or unwanted plants have to be cleared. To perform all these operations, certain set of special tools are used. Some tools, though small, are of great need in raising and maintaining horticultural crops at various growth stages.

24.2. Special tools for horticultural crops

24.2.1. Manual

Axe, Dah, Hand shovel, Garden rake, Crow bar, Felling dao, Tea pruning dao, Billhook, Budding knife, Grafting knife, Budding and grafting knife, Pruning and slashing knives, Multipurpose chopping knife, Pruning secateurs, Pneumatic secateurs, Hedge shear, Hedge trimmer, Lopping shear, Forester shear, Grass shear, Garden sword, Flower scissors and coconut tree climber

1.1. Watershed development

Refers to the conservation, regeneration and judicious utilization of all the resources viz., land, water, vegetation, animal and human within a particular watershed in integrated manner.

Water drainage area on earth’s surface from which runoff, due to precipitation, flows into a single to a larger stream, a river, a lake or the ocean.

1.2. Concept of watershed management

Planning and design of soil and water conservation structures such as bunds, waterways, overflow structures, water harvesting structure.

Inverse Laplace Transform of 1/(s - 2)2 is
(A) exp(2t)            (B) t exp(2t)
(C) 2t exp(2t)         (D) t2 exp(2t)

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the Khair plantation for collection of stem cuttings then raised in polythene bags and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in Khair plantation.

To address the present day problems in agriculture and horticultural sectors and also to equip the graduating and postgraduate agricultural students, the ICAR has been continuously striving to bring necessary reforms for quality enhancement in agricultural education. The Council has appointed National Core Group and BSMA Committee for revision and restructuring of Post graduate and Doctoral syllabi in consultation with all the stakeholders to meet the challenges and harness opportunities in various disciplines of agriculture and allied sciences. It has been felt that a paradigm shift is necessary in academic regulations to comply with various provisions of National Education Policy-2020. The syllabus of Masters’ and Doctoral programs was restructured and new courses were introduced.

Principle

Restriction digestion is one of the most common reactions performed in molecular biology. Restriction endonucleases (RE) are also known as restriction enzymes, which recognize short, specific DNA sequences. There are three types of RE: Type-I, Type-II and Type-III. Type II RE, most commonly used for DNA analysis and genetic engineering, cleave double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) at specific sites within or adjacent to their recognition sequences. All Type II RE recognises a unique nucleotide sequence at which it cuts a DNA molecule and nowhere else. The recognition sequence is often a six base pair palindromic sequence (the top DNA strand from 5' to 3' is the same as the bottom DNA strand from 5' to 3'), but others recognize four or even eight base pair sequences. Many RE will not cut DNA that is methylated on one or both strands of the recognition site, although some require substrate methylation.

REs can also differ in the way they cut the DNA molecule. Some enzymes cut in the middle of the recognition sequence, resulting in a flush or “blunt end”. Other enzymes cleave in a staggered fashion, resulting in DNA products that have short single-stranded overhangs (usually two or four nucleotides) at each end. These are often called “cohesive ends”, as these single-stranded overhangs could potentially come together again through complementary base-pairing, as shown below:

The objective of correct pesticide application cannot be achieved without good quality Plant Protection Equipment. A sound designed machine shall be proficient as far as pesticide distribution and delivery to the target in minimum time with least wastages is concerned. Hence, the machines should be tested to ascertain that they are:

ABSTRACT

In vitro culture induced genetic variation constitutes an important source of variability for the improvement in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Hence attempts were made to standardize indirect method of in vitro plantlet regeneration in ginger using various explants like sprouted bud, shoot tip, leaf and pseudo stem. Explants from two cultivars of ginger viz. Maran and Rio-de-janeiro were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various levels of 2,4-D and in combination with different levels of BA. Cultures were incubated under two different culture conditions viz. light and dark. Callusing was observed in all the explants except mature leaf in MS medium supplemented with 2,4- D alone (1 - 2 mg l^-1) and in combination with BAP (0.5 - 3.0 mg l^-1). Shoot morphogenesis was achieved from one month old calli in MS medium supplemented with BAP (3.0 mg l^-1). Regenerated shoots were subcultured to medium of same composition for further shoot proliferation and rooting. Plantlets produced were hardened and planted out. From the present investigation, highly efficient protocol for indirect organogenesis in ginger could be developed and the response of two cultivars at various stages of morphogenesis could be studied in detail.

Introduction

It is necessary to ascertain the quality of irrigation water so as to gauge the possible effects of this water on the soil. The irrigation water often results in water logging, salinity and alkalinity problems. It is therefore very important to know its quality. Following are the basic criteria or characteristics on which irrigation water quality is judged.

1. Presence of total soluble salts in irrigation water.
2. Proportion of carbonates and bicarbonates in relation to calcium and magnesium in irrigation water.
3. Proportion of sodium in relation to other cations in irrigation water.
4. Concentration of specific ions in irrigation water.

Several parameters are employed to judge the quality of irrigation waters No parameter in complete in judging the quality of irrigation water. Further the quality of water should be judged by considering the crop and soil factors. Any judgment without considering the above factors may not be useful. Researchers devised many parameters by following above said criteria. Some of the commonly adopted parameters used to judge the quality of irrigation water are: